Reading Schmitt geopolitically: Nomos, territory and Großraum

Radical Philosophy

Volumn , Issue 161, 2010, Pages 18-26

  Elden, Stuart ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 79251583061     PISSN: 0300211X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. The earlier literature is extensive. For samplings, see David Dyzenhaus, ed., Law as Politics: Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism, Duke University Press, Durham NC, 1998;
2. and Chantal Mouffe, ed., The Challenge of Carl Schmitt, Verso, London, 1999.
3. Louiza Odysseos and Fabio Petito, 'Introduction: The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt', in Louiza Odysseos and Fabio Petito, eds, The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War and the Crisis of Global Order, Routledge, London, 2007, pp. 1-17, p. 2.
4. See Louiza Odysseos and Fabio Petito, eds, 'The International Theory of Carl Schmitt', Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 19, no. 1, 2006, pp. 1-103. For a critique,
5. see David Chandler, 'The Revival of Carl Schmitt in International Relations: The Last Refuge of Critical Theorists?' Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, 2008, pp. 27-48, and the subsequent exchange.
6. William Hooker, Carl Schmitt's International Thought: Order and Orientation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, p. 3.
7. Kam Shapiro, Carl Schmitt and the Intensification of Politics, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD, 2008, p. 68.
8. Hooker, Carl Schmitt's International Thought, p. 196.
9. Stephen Legg, ed., Geographies of the Nomos: Schmitt, Spatiality, and Sovereignty, forthcoming.
10. As well as works cited above, see William Rasch, ed., 'World Orders: Confronting Carl Schmitt's The Nomos of the Earth', South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 104, no. 2, 2005, pp. 177-392;
11. and Gabriella Slomp, Carl Schmitt and the Politics of Hostility, Violence and Terror, Palgrave, London, 2009. For a critique of the appropriation of Schmitt in security studies,
12. see Mark Neocleous, 'The Fascist Moment: Security, Exclusion, Extermination', Studies in Social Justice, vol. 3, no. 1, 2009, pp. 23-37.
13. Mark Neocleous, 'Friend or Enemy? Reading Schmitt Politically', Radical Philosophy 79, September/October 1996, pp. 13-23, p. 21.
14. See also the more documentary account in Jan-Werner Müller, A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Post-War European Thought, Yale University Press, New Haven CT, 2003. To answer the obvious charge that this is a bit rich coming from someone so indebted to Heidegger,
15. see the analysis in Stuart Eiden, Speaking against Number: Heidegger, Language and the Politics of Calculation, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006, which tries to suggest that what insights he has can only be used having passed through detailed textual, contextual and political analysis.
16. In this regard, this article bears more comparison to the papers in 'Schmitt's Nomos of the Earth', Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, vol. 11, no. 4, 2004, pp. 492-550.
17. Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen: Text von 1932 mit einem Vorwort und drei Corollarien (1932), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2002;
18. The Concept of the Political, trans. George Schwab, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1996;
19. Politische Theologie: Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souverä nität (1922), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2009;
20. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, trans. George Schwab, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1985.
21. Carl Schmitt, Politische Theologie II: Die Legende von der Erledigung jeder Politischen Theologie, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1970;
22. Political Theology 11: The Myth of the Closure of any Political Theology, trans. Michael Hoelzl and Graham Ward, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008;
23. Theorie des Partisanen: Zwischenbemerkung zum Begriff des Politischen (1963), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2006;
24. Theory of the Partisan: Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political, trans. Gregory L. Ulmen, Telos, New York, 2007.
25. Carl Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum (1950), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1997;
26. The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum, trans. G.L. Ulmen, Telos, New York, 2003 (hereafter cited in text as NE, with German and English pagination; I have frequently modified the translation).
27. Müller, A Dangerous Mind, p. 87.
28. Joseph W. Bendersky, Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1983, pp. 250-51;
29. Gopal Balakrishnan, The Enemy: An Intellectual Portrait of Carl Schmitt, Verso, London, 2000, p. 226.
30. Carl Schmitt, Völkerrechtliche Großraumordnung mit Interventionsverbot für raumfremde Mächte: Ein Beitrag zum Reichsbegriff im Völkerrecht (1941), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1991 (hereafter cited as VG).
31. See also the collection Staat, Großraum, Nomos: Arbeiten aus den Jahren 1916-1969, ed. Günter Maschke, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1995. The argument about the pairings of pre- and postwar works on related themes is made in Michael Hoelzl and Graham Ward, 'Editors' Introduction', in Schmitt, Political Theology II, pp. 1-29, pp. 4-5.
32. Carl Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar - Genf- Versailles, 1923-1939 (1940), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1988, p. 317.
33. The literature on this in English is not extensive. See Bendersky, Carl Schmitt, pp. 250-62; Jean-François Kervégan, 'Carl Schmitt and "World Unity'", in Mouffe, ed., The Challenge of Carl Schmitt, pp. 54-74;
34. Mika Luoma-Aho, 'Geopolitics and Grosspolitics: From Carl Schmitt to E.H. Carr and James Burnham', in Odysseos and Petito, eds, The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, pp. 36-55;
35. Hooker, Carl Schmitt's International Thought, pp. 126-55;
36. and - by far the best - Peter Stirk, 'Carl Schmitt's Vö lkerrechtliche Grossraumordnung', History of Political Thought, vol. 10, no. 2, 1999, pp. 357-74.
37. G.L. Ulmen, 'Translator's Introduction', NE 23.See VG 12, where Schmitt recognizes but rejects the relation.
38. See Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe, pp. 295-302.
39. This had been the case in the 1920s in his analysis of the Rhine region. See Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe, pp. 26-33, 97-108.
40. Friedrich Naumann, Mitteleuropa, Georg Reimer, Berlin, 1915;
41. see H.C. Meyer, Mitteleuropa in German Thought and Action 1815-1945, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1955, particularly pp. 194-217;
42. Peter Stirk, ed., Mitteleuropa: History and Prospects, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1994.
43. The classic text on this was Hans Grimm, Volk ohne Raum, Albert Langen, Munich, 1926.
44. Schmitt, Staat, Großraum, Nomos, p. 433.
45. Balakrishnan, The Enemy, p. 237.
46. Bendersky, Carl Schmitt, p. 258.
47. Ibid., pp. 258-9. For a detailed discussion, see Lothar Gruchmann, Nationalsozialistische Grossraumordnung: Die Konstruktion einer 'deutscher Monroe-Doctrin', Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1962.
48. G.L. Ulmen, 'Translator's Note and Acknowledgements', NE 35.
49. Balakrishnan, The Enemy, p. 240, suggests that this is the subtext of Schmitt, Land und Meer: Eine weltgeschichtliche Betrachtung, Philipp Reclam, Leipzig, 1942.
50. Schmitt, Staat, Großraum, Nomos, pp. 431, 447.
51. Thalin Zarmanian, 'Carl Schmitt and the Problem of Legal Order: From Domestic to International', Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 19, no. 1, 2006, pp. 41-67, p. 55. For minor exceptions, see NE 214-16/242-3, 221 n1/248 n10 on Abyssinia and the Munich Agreement.
52. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, Second Treatise, § 121, p. 349.
53. See also NE 171/199 where this is related to state and colonial territory. See Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law, trans. W. Hastie, T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1887, p. 182.
54. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1958, p. 63 n62.
55. Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen, p. 20; Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, p. 19, translation modified.
56. Schmitt, Politische Theologie, p. 43; Political Theology, p. 36, translation modified.
57. Baldus de Ubaldis is never mentioned; the one substantive reference to Bartolus of Sassoferrato (NE 33-4/64) is misleading.
58. In Die Diktatur von den Anfängen des modernen Souveränitä tsgedankens, bis zum proletarischen Klassenkampf, Duncker & Humblot, Munich, 1921, p. 190, Schmitt describes the 'state of emergency' in terms reminiscent of Weber, as establishing 'an unconstitutional situation for a determined territory [ein bestimmtes Gebiet)'.
59. Otto Gierke, Das Deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht, 4 vols, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 1868-1913;
60. R.W. Carlyle and A.J. Carlyle, A History of Mediœvel Political Theory in the West, 6 vols, William Blackwell, Edinburgh, 1903-1936;
61. Otto Brunner, Land und Herrschaft: Grundfragen der territorialen Verfassungsgeschichte Südostdeutschlands im Mittelalter (1939), Vienna, 1942.
62. Hooker, Carl Schmitt's International Thought, p. 101.
63. See Schmitt, Politische Theologie II, p. 107;
64. Political Theology II, p. 114.
65. Schmitt also blames the interwar politics of the allies at Yalta for Czechoslovakia's ending up in the 'eastern Großraum', at NE 221 n1/248 n10.
66. See Stuart Eiden, Terror and Territory: The Spatial Extent of Sovereignty, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2009.
67. See Chantai Mouffe, 'Schmitt's Vision of a Multipolar World', South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 104, no. 2, 2005, pp. 245-51.
68. For an excellent recent study, see Gerry Kearns, Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.
69. The explicit references in NE 56/88, 258/283 are rather muted. See, though, VG 76, 78.
70. See, for example, Hooker, Carl Schmitt's International Thought, pp. 69-101.
71. For discussions, see Stuart Eiden, 'Governmentality, Calculation, Territory', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 25, no. 3, 2007, pp. 562-80;
72. and Neil Brenner and Stuart Elden, 'Henri Lefebvre on State, Space, Territory', International Political Sociology, vol. 3, no. 4, 2009, pp. 353-77.
73. Hooker, Carl Schmitt's International Thought, p. 2.