Physical Examination in Radiculopathy

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 7-40

  De Luigi, Arthur J ^a,b   Fitzpatrick, Kevin F ^a,b  

^a Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center   (United States)

^b WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical; Lumbar; Physical examination; Radiculopathy

Indexed keywords

ANKLE DORSIFLEXION TEST; BOWSTRING SIGN; CLINICAL FEATURE; CROSSED FEMORAL NERVE TEST; CROSSED STRAIGHT LEG RAISE TEST; DERMATOME; FEMORAL NERVE STRETCH TEST; FLIP TEST; FUNCTION TEST; HOFFMAN SIGN; HOOVER SIGN; HUMAN; KEMP SIGN; LHERMITTE SIGN; LOW BACK PAIN; LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY; MYOTOME; NECK DISTRACTION TEST; NECK PAIN; NEGATIVE EXTENSION SIGN; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROVOCATION TEST; RADICULOPATHY; REVIEW; SHOULDER ABDUCTION TEST; SLUMP TEST; SPURLING TEST; STRAIGHT LEG RAISE TEST; UPPER LIMB TENSION TEST;

HUMANS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; MUSCLES; NECK; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RADICULOPATHY; SKIN;

EID: 79251563150     PISSN: 10479651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Greenberg S.A. The history of dermatome mapping. Arch Neurol 2003, 60:126-131.
2. Marzo J.M., Simmons E.H., Kallen F. Intradural connections between adjacent cervical spinal roots. Spine 1987, 12(10):964-968.
3. Foerster O. The dermatomes in man. Brain 1933, 56:1-39.
4. Brazier M.A., Watkins A.L., Michelsen J.J. Electromyography in differential diagnosis of ruptured cervical disk. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1946, 56:651-658.
5. Brendler S.J. The human cervical myotomes: functional anatomy studied at operation. J Neurosurg 1968, 28:105-111.
6. Levin K.H., Maggiano H.J., Wilbourn A.J. Cervical radiculopathies: comparison of surgical and EMG localization of single-root lesions. Neurology 1996, 46:1022-1025.
7. Tsao B.E., Levin K.H., Bodner R.A. Comparison of surgical and electrodiagnostic findings in single root lumbosacral radiculopathies. Muscle Nerve 2003, 27:60-64.
8. Phillips L.H., Park T.S. Electrophysiologic mapping of the segmental anatomy of the muscle of the lower extremity. Muscle Nerve 1991, 14:1213-1218.
9. Lauder T.D., Dillingham T.R., Andary M., et al. Effect of history and exam in predicting electrodiagnostic outcome among patients with suspected lumbosacral radiculopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2000, 79:60-68.
10. Levin K.H. Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected radiculopathy. Neurol Clin 2002, 20:397-421.
11. Eubanks J.D. Cervical radiculopathy: nonoperative management of neck pain and radicular symptoms. Am Fam Physician 2010, 81(1):33-40.
12. Kuijper B., Tans J.T., Schimsheimer R.J., et al. Degenerative cervical radiculopathy: diagnosis and conservative treatment. A review. Eur J Neurol 2009, 16(1):15-20.
13. Rubenstein S.M., van Tulder M. A best-evidence review of diagnostic procedures for neck and low-back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008, 22(3):471-482.
14. Rubenstein S.M., Pool J.J., van Tulder M.W., et al. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 2007, 16(3):307-319.
15. Nordin M., Carragee E.J., Hogg-Johnson S., et al. Assessment of neck pain and its associated disorders: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008, 33(Suppl 4):S101-S122.
16. Guzman J., Haldeman S., Carroll L.J., et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008, 33(Suppl 4):S199-S213.
17. Abbed K.M., Coumans J.V. Cervical radiculopathy: pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical evaluation. Neurosurgery 2007, 60(1 Supp1 1):S28-S34.
18. Malanga G.A., Landes P., Nadler S.F. Provocative tests in cervical spine examination: historical basis and scientific analyses. Pain Physician 2003, 6(2):199-205.
19. Landes P., Malanga G.A., Nadler S.F., et al. Musculoskeletal physical examination: an evidence-based approach. Physical examination of the cervical spine 2006, 33-57,. Elsevier Mosby, chapter 3. G.A. Malanga, S.F. Nadler (Eds.).
20. Douglass A.B., Bope E.T. Evaluation and treatment of posterior neck pain in family practice. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004, 17(Suppl):S13-S22.
21. Wainner R.S., Fritz J.M., Irrgang J.J., et al. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003, 28(1):52-62.
22. Manifold S.G., McCann P.D. Cervical radiculitis and shoulder disorders. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999, 368:105-113.
23. Malanga G.A. The diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997, 29(Suppl 7):S236-S245.
24. Ellenberg M.R., Honet J.C., Treanor W.J. Cervical radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994, 75(3):342-352.
25. Ellenberg M.R., Honet J.C. Clinical pearls in cervical radiculopathy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1996, 7:487-508.
26. Hong C.Z., Lee S., Lum P. Cervical radiculopathy. Clinical, radiographic and EMG findings. Orthop Rev 1986, 15(7):433-439.
27. Fager C.A. Identification and management of radiculopathy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1993, 4(1):1-12.
28. Spurling R.G., Scoville W.B. Lateral rupture of the cervical intervertebral discs: a common cause of shoulder and arm pain. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1944, 78:350-358.
29. Shah K.C., Rajshekhar V. Reliability of diagnosis of soft cervical disc prolapse using Spurling's test. Br J Neurosurg 2004, 18(5):480-483.
30. Viikari-Juntura E. Interexaminer reliability of observations in physical examination of the neck. Phys Ther 1987, 67:1526-1532.
31. Viikari-Juntura E., Porras M., Laasonen E.M. Validity of clinical tests in the diagnosis of root compression in cervical disease. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989, 14:253-257.
32. Tong H.C., Haig A.J., Yamaka K. The Spurling test and cervical radiculopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002, 27(2):156-159.
33. Sandmark H., Nisell R. Validity of five common manual neck pain provoking tests. Scand J Rehabil Med 1995, 27(3):131-136.
34. Uchihara T., Furukawa T., Tsukagoshi H. Compression of brachial plexus as a diagnosis test of cervical cord lesion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994, 19:2170-2173.
35. Lhermitte J.J. Les forms douloureuses de commotion de la moelle epiniere. Rev Neurol 1920, 36:257-262.
36. Lhermitte J.J., Pollak N.M. Les douleurs à type discharge éléctrique consécutives à la flexion cephalique dans la sclérose en plaques. Un cas de la sclérose multiple. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1924, 2:56-57.
37. Lhermitte J.J. Multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1929, 22:5-8.
38. Marie P., Chatelin C. Sur certains symtomes vraisemblablement d'orogine radiculaire chez les blessed du crane. Rev Neurol 1917, 31:336.
39. Babinski J., Dubois R. Douleurs a forme de decharge electrique, consecutives aux traumatismes de la nuque. Presse Med 1918, 26:64.
40. Davidson R.I., Dunn E.J., Metzmaker J.N. The shoulder abduction test in the diagnosis of radicular pain in cervical extradural compressive monoradiculopathies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1981, 6(5):441-446.
41. Magee D.J. Cervical spine. Orthopedic physical assessment 1997, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 3rd editon. D.J. Magee (Ed.).
42. BeattyRM, Fowler F.D., Hanson E.J. The abducted arm as a sign of ruptured cervical disc. Neurosugery 1987, 21(5):731-732.
43. Fast A., Parikh S., Marin E.L. The shoulder abduction relief sign in cervical radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989, 70:402-403.
44. Quintner J.L. A study of upper limb pain and paraesthesiae following neck injury in motor vehicle accidents: assessment of the brachial plexus tension test of Elvey. Br J Rheumatol 1989, 28(6):528-533.
45. Elvey R.L. The investigation of arm pain: signs of adverse responses to the physical examination of the brachial plexus, related tissues. Grieve's modern manual therapy. 2nd edition 1995, 577-585. Churchill Livingstone, New York (NY). J.D. Boyling, N. Palastanga (Eds.).
46. Bendheim O.L. On the history of Hoffmann's sign. Bull Inst Hist Med 1937, 5:684-685.
47. Cooper M.J. Mechanical factors governing the Tromner reflex. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1933, 30:166-169.
48. Curschmann H. Uber die diagnostiche bedeutung des Babinskischen phanomens im prauramischen zustand. Munch Med Wochenschr 1911, 58:2054-2057.
49. Echols D.H. The Hoffmann sign: its incidence in university students. J Nerv Ment Dis 1936, 84:427-431.
50. Keyser T.S. Hoffmann's sign or the " digital reflex" J Nerv Ment Dis 1916, 44:51-62.
51. Madonick M.J. Statistical control studies in neurology. III: The Hoffmann sign. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1952, 68:109-115.
52. Pitfield R.L. The Hoffmann reflex: a simple way of reinforcing it and other reflexes. J Nerv Ment Dis 1929, 69:252-258.
53. Schneck J.M. The unilateral Hoffman reflex. J Nerv Ment Dis 1946, 104:597-598.
54. Tromner E. Euber sehnen-respective muskelreflexe und die merkmale ihrer schwachung und steigerung. Berl Klin Wchnschr 1913, 50:1712-1715.
55. Sung R.D., Wang J.C. Correlation between a positive Hoffman's reflex and cervical pathology in asymptomatic individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001, 26:67-70.
56. Denno J.J., Meadows G.R. Early diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a useful clinical sign. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991, 16:1353-1355.
57. Glaser JA, et al. Cervical cord compression and the Hoffman's sign. Presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the North American Spine Society. Chicago (IL), October 21, 1999.
58. Raaf J. Surgery for cervical rib and scalenus anticus syndrome. JAMA 1965, 157:219.
59. Suri P., Rainville J., Katz J.N., et al. The accuracy of the physical examination for the diagnosis of midlumbar and low lumbar nerve root impingement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011, 36(1):63-73.
60. van der Windt D.A., Simons E., Riphagen, et al. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 2. CD007431.
61. Coster S., de Bruijn S.F., Tavy D.L. Diagnostic value of history, physical examination and needle electromyography in diagnosing lumbosacral radiculopathy. J Neurol 2010, 257(3):332-337.
62. Last A.R., Hulbert K. Chronic low back pain: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician 2009, 79(12):1067-1074.
63. Chou R., Qaseem A., Snow V., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147(7):478-491.
64. Miller K.J. Physical assessment of lower extremity radiculopathy and sciatica. J Chiropr Med 2007, 6(2):75-82.
65. van Rijn J.C., Klemetso N., Reitsma J.B., et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic abnormalities in patients with lumbosacral radicular syndrome: clinical examination compared with MRI. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006, 108(6):553-557.
66. Vroomen P.C., de Krom M.C., Wilmink J.T., et al. Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72(5):630-634.
67. Patel A.T., Ogle A.A. Diagnosis and management of acute low back pain. Am Fam Physician 2000, 61(6):1779-1786. 1789-90.
68. Humphreys S.C., Eck J.C. Clinical evaluation and treatment options for herniated lumbar disc. Am Fam Physician 1999, 59(3):575-582. 587-8.
69. Dvorak J. Epidemiology, physical examination, and neurodiagnostics. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998, 23(24):2663-2673.
70. Lazarevič L.K. Ischias postica cotunnii: a contribution to the differential diagnosis. Srp Arh Celok Lek 1880, 7:23-35. [Serbian Archives of Medicine].
71. Lazarevič L.K. Ischias postica Cotunnii. Ein Beitrag zu deren Differential-Diagnose. Allgemeine Wiener medizinische Zeitung 1884, 29:425-426.
72. Frost J.J. Contribution à l'ètude clinique de la sciatique. Thèse No 1881, 33.
73. Karbowski K., Radanov B.P. Historical perspective: the history of the discovery of the sciatica stretching phenomenon. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995, 20:1315-1317.
74. Inman V.T., Saunders J.B. The clinico-anatomical aspects of the lumbosacral region. Radiology 1942, 38:669-678.
75. Falconer M.A., McGeorge M., Begg A.C. Observations on the cause and mechanism of symptom production in sciatica and low back pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1948, 11:13-26.
76. Goddard M.D., Reid J.D. Movements induced by straight leg raising in the lumbosacral roots, nerves, and plexus and in the intrapelvic section of the sciatic nerve. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1965, 28:12-18.
77. Loebl W.Y. Measurement of spinal posture and range of spinal movement. Ann Phys Med 1967, 9:103-1107.
78. Macrae I.F., Wright V. Measurements of back movement. Ann Rheum Dis 1969, 28:584-589.
79. Fahrni W.H. Observation on straight leg raising with special reference to nerve root adhesions. Can J Surg 1966, 9:44-48.
80. Shiqing X., Quanzhi Z., Dehao F. Significance of the straight leg raising test in the diagnosis and clinical evaluation of lower lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987, 69:517-522.
81. Kosteljanetz M., Bang F., Schmidt-Olsen S. The clinical significance of straight leg raising (Lasegue's sign) in the diagnosis of prolapsed lumbar disc: interobserver variation and correlation with surgical findings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1988, 13:393-395.
82. Majlesi J., Togay H., Unalan H., et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the Slump and the Straight Leg Raising tests in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J Clin Rheumatol 2008, 14(2):87-91.
83. Spangfort E. Lasegue's sign in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Acta Orthop Scand 1971, 42:459-460.
84. Thomas M., Grant N., Marshall J. Surgical treatment of low backache and sciatica. Lancet 1983, 2:1437-1439.
85. Thomas E., Silman A.J., Papageorgiou A.C., et al. Association between measures of spinal mobility and low back pain: an analysis of new attenders in primary care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998, 23:343-347.
86. Kosteljanetz M., Esperen J.O., Halburt H., et al. Predictive value of clinical and surgical findings in patients with lumbago-sciatica; a prospective study (part 1). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1984, 73:67-76.
87. Jonsson B., Stromqvist B. The straight leg raising test and the severity of symptoms in lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995, 20:27-30.
88. Jonsson B., Stromqvist B. Symptoms and signs in degeneration of the lumbar spine: a prospective, consecutive study of 300 operated patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993, 75:381-385.
89. Vucetic N., Svensson O. Physical signs in lumbar disc hernia. Clin Orthop 1996, 333:192-201.
90. Kortelainen P., Puranen J., Koivisto E., et al. Symptoms and signs of sciatica and their relation to the localization of the lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1985, 10:88-92.
91. Spengler D.M., Ouellette A.E., Battie M., et al. Elective discectomy for herniation of lumbar disc. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990, 72:230-237.
92. Charnely J. Orthopaedic signs in the diagnosis of disc protrusion, with special reference to the straight leg raising test. Lancet 1951, 260:186-192.
93. Hakelius A. Prognosis in sciatica. Acta Orthop Scand 1970, 129(Suppl):1-70.
94. Hakelius A., Hindmarsh J. The comparative reliability of preoperative diagnostic methods in lumbar disc surgery. Acta Orthop Scand 1972, 43:234-238.
95. Deville W.L., van der Windt D.A., Dzaferagic A., et al. The test of Lasegue: a systematic review of the accuracy in diagnosing herniated discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000, 25:1140-1147.
96. Edgar M.A., Park W.M. Induced pain patterns of passive straight leg raising in lower lumbar disc protrusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1974, 56:658-666.
97. Kerr R.S., Cadoux-Hudson T.A., Adams C.B. The value of accurate clinical assessment in the surgical management of the lumbar disc protrusion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:169-173.
98. Knuttson B. Comparative value of electromyographic, myelographic, and clinical-neurological examinations in the diagnosis of lumbar root compression syndrome. Acta Orthop Scand 1961, 49(Suppl):1-34.
99. Gudjian E.S., Webster J.E., Ostrowski A.Z., et al. Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs: an analysis of 1176 operated cases. J Trauma 1961, 1:158-176.
100. Aronson H.A., Dunsmore R.H. Herniated upper lumbar discs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1963, 45:311-317.
101. Albeck M.J. A critical assessment of clinical diagnosis of disc herniation in patients with monoradicular sciatica. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996, 138:40-44.
102. Hirsch C., Nachemson A. The reliability of lumbar disk surgery. Clin Orthop 1963, 29:189-195.
103. Supik L.F., Broom M.J. Sciatic tension signs and lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994, 19:1066-1069.
104. Andersson G.B., Deyo R.A. History and physical examination in patients with herniated lumbar discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996, 21(Suppl 24):10-85.
105. Rabin A., Gerszten P.C., Karausky P., et al. The sensitivity of the seated straight-leg raise test compared with the supine straight-leg raise test in patients presenting with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of lumbar nerve root compression. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007, 88(7):840-843.
106. Ekedahl K.H., Jonsson B., Frobell R.B. Validity of the fingertip-to-floor test and straight leg raising test in patients with acute and subacute low back pain: a comparison by sex and radicular pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010, 91(8):1243-1247.
107. Nadler S.F., Malanga G.A., Ciccone D.S. Positive straight-leg raising in lumbar radiculopathy: is documentation affected by insurance coverage?. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85(8):1336-1338.
108. Fajersztajn J. Ueber das gekreutzte ischiaphanomen. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1901, 14:41-47.
109. Woodhall B., Hayes G. The well leg raising test of Fajerstajn in the diagnosis of ruptured lumbar inter-vertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1950, 32:786-792.
110. Hudgins W.R. The crossed straight leg raising test: a diagnostic sign of herniated disc. J Occup Med 1979, 21:407-408.
111. Khuffash B., Porter R.W. Cross leg pain and trunk list. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989, 14:602-603.
112. Cram R.H. A sign of the sciatic nerve root pressure. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1953, 25:192-195.
113. Cyriax J. Perineuritis. Br Med J 1942, 1:578-580.
114. Geraci M.C., Alleva J.T. Physical examination of the spine and its functional kinetic chain. The low back pain handbook 1996, 60. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia. A.J. Cole, S.A. Herring (Eds.).
115. Waddell G., McCulloch J.A., Kummel E., et al. Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1980, 5:117-125.
116. Stankovic R., Johnell O., Maly P., et al. Use of lumbar extension, slump test, physical and neurological examination in the evaluation of patients with suspected herniated nucleus pulposus: a prospective clinical study. Man Ther 1999, 4(1):25-32.
117. Walsh M.J. Evaluation of orthopedic testing of the low back for nonspecific lower back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998, 21(4):232-236.
118. Summers B., Mishra V., Jones J.M. The flip test: a reappraisal. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009, 34(15):1585-1589.
119. Alexander A.H., Jones A.M., Rosenbaum D.H. Nonoperative management of herniated nucleus pulposus: patient selection by the extension sign. Long-term follow-up. Orthop Rev 1992, 21(2):181-188.
120. Wassermann S. Euber ein neues Schenkelnersyptom nebstr Bemerkungen zur Diagnostik der Schenkelnerverkrankungen. Ditsch Z Nervenbeilk 1918/19, 43:140-143.
121. Estridge M.N., Rothe S.A., Johnson N.G. The femoral stretching test: a valuable sign in diagnosing upper lumbar disc herniation. J Neurosurg 1982, 57:813-817.
122. Dyck P. The femoral nerve traction test with lumbar disc protrusions. Surg Neurol 1976, 6:163-166.
123. Christodoulides A.N. Ipsilateral sciatica on the femoral nerve stretch test is pathognomonic of an L4/5 disc protrusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1989, 71:88-89.
124. Abdullah A.F., Wolber P.G., Warfield J.R., et al. Surgical management of extreme lateral lumbar disc herniations. Neurosurgery 1988, 22:648-653.
125. Porchet F., Frankhauser H., de Tribolet N. Extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation: a clinical presentation of 178 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994, 127:203-209.
126. Penning L., Wolmink J.T. Biomechanics of Lumbosacral dural sac: a study of flexion-extension myelography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1981, 6:398-408.
127. Nadler S.F., Malanga G.A., Stitik T.P., et al. The crossed femoral nerve stretch test to improve diagnostic sensitivity for the high lumbar radiculopathy: two case reports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82:522-523.
128. Waddell G., Main C.J., Morris E.W., et al. Normality and reliability in the clinical assessment of backache. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982, 284:1519-1523.
129. Waddell G., Somerville D., Henderson I., et al. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1992, 17:617-628.
130. Arieff A.J. The Hoover sign: an objective sign of pain and/or weakness in the back or lower extremities. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1961, 86:191.
131. Arieff A.J., Tigay E.L., Kurtz J.F., et al. The Hoover sign. An objective-sign of pain and/or weakness in the back or lower extremities. Arch Neurol 1961, 5:673-678.
132. Barz T., Melloh M., Staub L.P., et al. Nerve root sedimentation sign: evaluation of a new radiological sign in lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 2010, 35(8):892-897.
133. Freynhagen R., Rolke R., Baron R., et al. Pseudoradicular and radicular low-back pain-a disease continuum rather than different entities? Answers from quantitative sensory testing. Pain 2008, 135(1-2):65-74.
134. Rainville J., Noto D.J., Jouve C., et al. Assesment of forearm pronation strength in C6 and C7 radiculopathies. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 2007, 32(1):72-75.
135. Haig A.J., Tzeng H.M., LeBreck D.B. The value of electrodiagnostic consultation for patients with upper extremity nerve complaints: a prospective comparison with the history and physical examination. Arch Phy Med Rehabil 1999, 80(10):1273-1281.