Psychopharmacology of Pediatric Bipolar Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 173-187

  Thomas, Tiffany ^a   Stansifer, Libbie ^a   Findling, Robert L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticonvulsants; Atypical antipsychotics; Lithium; Pediatric bipolar disorder; Pharmacotherapy; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZATROPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOZAPINE; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; OLANZAPINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; ZIPRASIDONE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACNE; ACUTE DRUG ADMINISTRATION; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; AKATHISIA; ALOPECIA; ANOREXIA; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ATAXIA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BIPOLAR MANIA; COMA; COMORBIDITY; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSARTHRIA; EBSTEIN ANOMALY; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROME; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GLAUCOMA; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEADACHE; HEART SINOATRIAL BLOCK; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LITHIUM BLOOD LEVEL; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG TERM CARE; MANIA; MENSTRUATION; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MIXED MANIA AND DEPRESSION; MONOTHERAPY; MOTOR COORDINATION; MYOCARDITIS; NAUSEA; NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PANCREATITIS; PARESTHESIA; PARKINSONISM; POLYDIPSIA; POLYURIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; QT INTERVAL; QT PROLONGATION; RAPID CYCLING BIPOLAR DISORDER; RASH; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SALIVATION; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TACHYCARDIA; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREMOR; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING; WEIGHT CHANGE; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY; ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIMANIC AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; LITHIUM COMPOUNDS; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY;

EID: 79251540901     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Birmaher B., Axelson D., Goldstein B. Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) Study. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:795-804.
2. Freeman A.J., Youngstrom E.A., Michalak E., et al. Quality of life in pediatric bipolar disorder. Pediatrics 2009, 123:e446-e452.
3. Goldstein T.R., Birmaher B., Axelson D., et al. Psychosocial functioning among bipolar youth. J Affect Disord 2009, 114(1-3):174-183.
4. Goldstein T.R. Suicidality in pediatric bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009, 18(2):339-352.
5. Moreno C., Laje G., Blanco C., et al. National trends in outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:1032-1039.
6. Chang K. Adult bipolar disorder is continuous with pediatric bipolar disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2007, 52:418-425.
7. Geller B., Tillman R., Craney J.L., et al. Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:459-467.
8. Birmaher B., Axelson D., Strober M., et al. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63:175-183.
9. Joshi G., Wilens T. Comorbidity in pediatric bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009, 18(2):291-319.
10. McClellan J., Kowatch R., Findling R.L. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46(1):107-125.
11. Findling R.L., Pavuluri M.N. Lithium. Treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents 2008, 43-68. The Guilford Press, New York. B. Geller, M. DelBello (Eds.).
12. Madaan V., Chang K.D. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for pediatric bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007, 8(12):1801-1819.
13. Kowatch R.A., DelBello M.P. Pharmacotherapy of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2005, 28(2):385-397.
14. Kowatch RA, Findling RL, Scheffer RE, et al. Pediatric bipolar collaborative mood stabilizer trial. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Boston, October 23-28, 2007.
15. Findling R.L. Treatment of childhood-onset bipolar disorder. Bipolar depression: molecular neurobiology, clinical diagnosis and pharmacotherapy 2009, 241-252. Birkhauser, Verlag (Switzerland). C.A. Zarate, H.K. Manji (Eds.).
16. Findling R.L., Frazier J.A., Karantaris V., et al. The Collaborative Lithium Trials (CoLT): specific aims, methods, and implementation. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2008, 2(1):21.
17. Kowatch R.A., Suppes T., Carmody T.J., et al. Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000, 39(6):713-720.
18. Wagner K.D., Redden L., Kowatch R.A., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex extended-release in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48(5):519-532.
19. Findling R.L., Kuich K. Bipolar disorders. Clinical manual of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2008, 229-263. Guilford Press, New York. R.L. Findling (Ed.).
20. DelBello M.P., Findling R.L., Kushner S., et al. A pilot controlled trial of topiramate for mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44(6):539-547.
21. Wagner K.D., Kowatch R.A., Emslie G.J., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163(7):1179-1186.
22. Smarty S., Findling R.L. Psychopharmacology of pediatric bipolar disorder: a review. Psychopharmacology 2007, 191(1):39-54.
23. Kowatch R.A. Pharmacotherapy 1: mood stabilizers. Clinical manual for management of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents 2009, 133-156. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc, Arlington (VA). R.A. Kowatch, M.A. Fristad (Eds.).
24. Pavuluri M.N., Henry D.B., Moss M., et al. Effectiveness of lamotrigine in maintaining symptom control in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009, 19(1):75-82.
25. Haas M., DelBello M.P., Pandina G., et al. Risperidone for the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:687-700.
26. Tohen M., Kryzhanovskaya L., Carlson G., et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of adolescents with bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:1547-1556.
27. DelBello M.P., Kowatch R.A., Adler C.M., et al. A double-blind randomized pilot study comparing quetiapine and divalproex for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45(3):305-313.
28. DelBello MP, Findling RL, Earley WR, et al. Efficacy of quetiapine in children and adolescents with bipolar mania: a 3-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Boston, October 23-28, 2007.
29. Delbello MP, Findling RL, Wang PP, et al. Efficacy and safety of ziprasidone in pediatric bipolar disorder. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC, May 3-8, 2008.
30. Geodon and Pediatric Bipolar Disorder U.S. Food and Drug Administration website Available at:, Accessed August 11, 2010. http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm208976.htm.
31. Findling R.L., Nyilas M., Forbes R.A., et al. Acute treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed episode, with aripiprazole: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009, 70(10):1441-1451.
32. Masi G., Mucci M., Millepiedi S. Clozapine in adolescent inpatient mania. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2002, 12(2):93-99.
33. Kafantaris V., Coletti D.J., Dicker R., et al. Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 43(8):984-993.
34. Findling R.L., McNamara N.K., Youngstrom E.A., et al. Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44(5):409-417.
35. Wagner KD, Nyilas M, Johnson B, et al. Long-term efficacy of aripiprazole in children (10-17 years old) with mania. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Boston, October 23-28, 2007.
36. Correll CU, Nyilas M, Aurang C, et al. Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in children (10-17) with mania. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Boston, October 23-28, 2007.
37. Judd L.L., Akiskal H.S., Schettler P.J., et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:530-537.
38. Chang K. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric bipolar depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2009, 11(1):73-80.
39. Patel N.C., DelBello M.P., Bryan H.S., et al. Open-label lithium for the treatment of adolescents with bipolar depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45(3):289-297.
40. Chang K., Saxena K., Howe M. An open-label study of lamotrigine adjunct or monotherapy for the treatment of adolescents with bipolar depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45(3):298-304.
41. DelBello M.P., Chang K., Welge J.A., et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of quetiapine for depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11:483-493.
42. Bridge J.A., Birmaher B., Iyengar S., et al. Placebo response in randomized controlled trials of antidepressants for pediatric major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:42-49.
43. Joseph M., Youngstrom E.A., Soares J.C. Antidepressant-coincident mania in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Future Neurol 2009, 4(1):87-102.
44. Kowatch R.A., Fristad M., Birmaher B., et al. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44(3):213-235.
45. Biederman J., Faraone S.V., Mick E., et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996, 35(8):997-1008.
46. Scheffer R.E., Kowatch R.A., Carmody T., et al. Randomized, placebo controlled trial of mixed amphetamine salts for symptoms of comorbid ADHD in pediatric bipolar disorder after mood stabilization with divalproex sodium. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:58-64.
47. Findling R.L., Short E.J., McNamara N.K., et al. Methylphenidate in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46:1445-1453.
48. Geller B., Cooper T.B., Sun K., et al. Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998, 37:171-178.
49. Campbell M., Silva R.R., Kafantaris V., et al. Predictors of side effects associated with lithium administration in children. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991, 27(3):373-380.
50. Hagino O.R., Weller E.B., Weller R.A., et al. Untoward effects of lithium treatment in children aged four through six years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34(12):1584-1590.
51. Kowatch R.A., DelBello M.P. Pediatric bipolar disorder: emerging diagnostic and treatment approaches. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2006, 15(1):73-108.
52. Kowatch R.A. Mood stabilizers. Treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents 2008, 109-125. The Guilford Press, New York. B. Geller, M. DelBello (Eds.).
53. American Diabetes Association American Psychiatric Association. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004, 27(2):596-601.
54. Blair J., Scahill L., State M., et al. Electrocardiographic changes in children and adolescents treated with ziprasidone: a prospective study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44(1):73-79.