Interactions between Low-Angle normal faults and plutonism in the upper crust: Insights from the Island of Elba, Italy

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 123, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 329-346

  Smith, S A F ^a   Holdsworth, R E ^a   Collettini, C ^b,c  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^c ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTOUR ANALYSIS; EXTENSIONAL COLLAPSE; EXTENSIONAL FAULTS; FAULT NETWORKS; FAULT ZONE; FOLD-AND-THRUST BELTS; IGNEOUS BODIES; KINEMATIC INDICATORS; LATE MIOCENE; NORMAL FAULTS; PLIOCENE; SPATIAL LOCATION; UPPER CRUST;

SEDIMENTATION; TECTONICS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

EMPLACEMENT; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FAULT GEOMETRY; FAULT ZONE; FAULTING; FOLD AND THRUST BELT; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; MIOCENE; NORMAL FAULT; PLIOCENE; PLUTON; PLUTONISM; UPLIFT; UPPER CRUST;

APENNINES; ELBA; ITALY; LIVORNO [TUSCANY]; TUSCAN ARCHIPELAGO; TUSCANY;

EID: 79251482769     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30200.1     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Acocella, V., 2000, Space accommodation by roof lifting during pluton emplacement at Amiata (Italy): Terra Nova, v. 12, p. 149-155, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00286.x.
2. Acocella, V., and Rossetti, F., 2002, The role of extensional tectonics at different crustal levels on granite ascent and emplacement: An example from Tuscany (Italy): Tectonophysics, v. 354, p. 71-83, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00290-1.
3. Anderson, E.M., 1942, The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation with Application to Britain: Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, 191 p.
4. Barchi, M.R., Minelli, R., and Pialli, G., 1998, The CROP 03 profile: A synthesis of results on deep structures of the northern Apennines: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 52, p. 383-400.
5. Boncio, P., Brozetti, F., Ponziani, F., Barchi, M.R., Lavecchia, G., and Pialli, G., 1998, Seismicity and extensional tectonics in the northern Umbria-Marches Apennines: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 52, p. 539-555.
6. Bortolotti, V., Fazzuoli, M., Pandeli, E., Principi, G., Babbini, A., and Corti, S., 2001, Geology of Central and Eastern Elba Island, Italy: Ofioliti, v. 26, p. 97-150.
7. Bouillin, J.P., Bouchez, J.L., Lespinasse, P., and Pecher, A., 1993, Granite emplacement in an extensional setting-An AMS study of the magmatic structures of Monte-Capanne (Elba, Italy): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 118, p. 263-279, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90172-6.
8. Brichau, S., Ring, U., Carter, A., Monie, P., Bolhar, R., Stockli, D., and Brunel, M., 2007, Extensional faulting on Tinos island, Aegean Sea, Greece: How many detachments?: Tectonics, v. 26, TC4009, doi: 10.1029/2006TC001969.
9. Brogi, A., 2008, The structure of the Monte Amiata volcano-geothermal area (Northern Apennines, Italy): Neogene-Quaternary compression versus extension: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 97, p. 677-703, doi: 10.1007/s00531-007-0191-1.
10. Brogi, A., Lazzarotto, A., Liotta, D., and Ranalli, G., 2003, Extensional shear zones as imaged by reflection seismic lines: The Larderello geothermal field (central Italy): Tectonophysics, v. 363, p. 127-139, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00668-6.
11. Brun, J.-P., Sokoutis, D., and Va n Den Driessche, J., 1994, Analogue modeling of detachment systems and core complexes: Geology, v. 22, p. 319-322, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0319:AMODFS>2.3.CO;2.
12. Buck, W.R., 1988, Flexural rotation of normal faults: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 959-973, doi: 10.1029/TC007i005p00959.
13. Byerlee, J., 1978, Friction of rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 615-626, doi: 10.1007/BF00876528.
14. Cann, J.R., Blackman, D.K., Smith, D.K., McAllister, E., Janssen, B., Mello, S., Avgerinos, E., Pascoe, A.R., and Escartin, J., 1997, Corrugated slip surfaces formed at ridge-transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Nature, v. 385, p. 329-332, doi: 10.1038/385329a0.
15. Carmignani, L., and Kligfield, R., 1990, Crustal extension in the Northern Apennines-The transition from compression to extension in the Alpi Apuane core complex: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 1275-1303, doi: 10.1029/TC009i006p01275.
16. Cemen, I., Tekeli, O., Seyitoglu, G., and Isik, V., 2005, Are turtleback fault surfaces common structural elements of highly extended terranes?: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 73, p. 139-148, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.001.
17. Chiaraluce, L., Chiarabba, C., Collettini, C., Piccinini, D., and Cocco, M., 2007, Architecture and mechanics of an active low-angle normal fault: Alto Tiberina fault, Northern Apennines, Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 112, no. B10, B10310, doi: 10.1029/12007JB005015.
18. Collettini, C., and Barchi, M.R., 2002, A low-angle normal fault in the Umbria region (central Italy): A mechanical model for the related microseismicity: Tectonophysics, v. 359, p. 97-115, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00441-9.
19. Collettini, C., and Holdsworth, R.E., 2004, Fault zone weakening and character of slip along low-angle normal faults: Insights from the Zuccale fault, Elba, Italy: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 161, p. 1039-1051, doi: 10.1144/0016-764903-179.
20. Collettini, C., and Sibson, R.H., 2001, Normal faults, normal friction?: Geology, v. 29, no. 10, p. 927-930, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0927:NFNF>2.0.CO;2.
21. Collettini, C., De Paola, N., and Goulty, N.R., 2006a, Switches in the minimum compressive stress direction induced by overpressure beneath a low-permeability fault zone: Terra Nova, v. 18, no. 3, p. 224-231, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00683.x.
22. Collettini, C., De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R.E., and Barchi, M.R., 2006b, The development and behaviour of low-angle normal faults during Cenozoic asymmetric extension in the Northern Apennines, Italy: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 333-352, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.10.003.
23. Collettini, C., Viti, C., Smith, S.A.F., and Holdsworth, R.E., 2009, Development of interconnected talc networks and weakening of continental low-angle normal faults: Geology, v. 37, p. 567-570, doi: 10.1130/G25645A.1.
24. Coney, P.J., 1980, Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: A review, in Crittenden, M.D., Coney, P.J., and Davis, G.H., eds., Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes: Geological Society of America Memoir 153, p. 7-31.
25. Corry, C.E., 1988, Laccoliths-Mechanisms of Emplacement and Growth: Boulder, Geological Society of America, 110 p.
26. Cowan, D.S., Cladouhos, T.T., and Morgan, J.K., 2003, Structural geology and kinematic history of rocks formed along low-angle normal faults, Death Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 10, p. 1230-1248, doi: 10.1130/B25245.1.
27. Cruden, A.R., 1998, On the emplacement of tabular granites: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 155, p. 852-862.
28. Cruden, A.R., and McCaffrey, K.J.W., 2001, Growth of plutons by floor subsidence: Implications for rates of emplacement, intrusion spacing and melt-extraction mechanisms: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy, v. 26, no. 4-5, p. 303-315, doi: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00060-6.
29. Daniel, J.M., and Jolivet, L., 1995, Detachment faults and pluton emplacement, Elba Island (Tyrrhenian Sea): Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 166, p. 341-354.
30. Davis, G.A., Fowler, T.K., Bishop, K.M., Brudos, T.C., Friedmann, S.J., Burbank, D.W., Parke, M.A., and Burchfiel, B.C., 1993, Pluton pinning of an active Miocene detachment fault system, eastern Mojave Desert: California Geology, v. 21, p. 627-630.
31. Davis, G.H., 1987, A shear zone model for the structural evolution of metamorphic core complexes in southeastern Arizona, in Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., and Hancock, P.L., eds., Continental Extensional Tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, p. 247-266.
32. Davis, G.H., and Lister, G.S., 1988, Detachment faulting in continental extension: Perspectives from the southwestern US Cordillera, in Clark, P., Burchfiel, B.C., and Suppe, J., eds., Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation: Geological Society of America Special Paper 218, p. 133-159.
33. Decandia, F.A., Lazzarotto, A., Liotta, D., Cernobori, L., and Nicolich, R., 1998, The CROP 03 traverse: Insights on the post-collisional evolution of the Northern Apennines: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 52, p. 413-425.
34. Dietl, C., and Koyi, H., 2008, Formation of tabular plutons-Results and implications of centrifuge modelling: Journal of Geosciences, v. 53, p. 253-261, doi: 10.3190/jgeosci.032.
35. Dini, A., Innocenti, F., Rocchi, S., Tonarini, S., and Wes-terman, D.S., 2002, The magmatic evolution of the late Miocene laccolith-pluton-dyke granitic complex of Elba Island, Italy: Geological Magazine, v. 139, p. 257-279, doi: 10.1017/S0016756802006556.
36. Dini, A., Gianelli, G., Puxeddu, M., and Ruggieri, G., 2005, Origin and evolution of Pliocene-Pleistocene granites from the Larderello geothermal field (Tuscan MAG-MATIC PROVINCE, Italy): Lithos, v. 81, p. 1-31, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.002.
37. Dini, A., Farina, F., Innocenti, F., Rocchi, S., and Westerman, D.S., 2007, Monte Capanne pluton revisited 40 years after Giglia's contributions: Rendiconti della Società Geologica Italiana, v. 5, p. 126-128.
38. Dini, A., Mazzarini, F., Musumeci, G., and Rocchi, S., 2008, Multiple hydro-fracturing by boron-rich fluids in the late Miocene contact aureole of eastern Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy): Terra Nova, v. 20, p. 318-326, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00823.x.
39. Duranti, S., Palmeri, R., Pertusati, P.C., and Ricci, C.A., 1992, Geological evolution and metamorphic petrology of the basal sequences of eastern Elba (complex II): Acta Vulcanologica, v. 2, p. 213-229.
40. Elter, P., Giglia, G., Tongiorgi, M., and Trevisan, L., 1975, Tensional and compressional areas in recent (Tortonian to present) evolution of the Northern Apennines: Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata, v. 17, p. 3-18.
41. Escartin, J., Mevel, C., MacLeod, C.J., and McCaig, A.M., 2003, Constraints on deformation conditions and the origin of oceanic detachments: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge core complex at 15°45"N: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 4, 1067, doi: 10.1029/2002GC000472.
42. Faure, M., Bonneau, M., and Pons, J., 1991, Ductile deformation and syntectonic granite emplacement during the late Miocene extension of the Aegean (Greece): Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 162, p. 3-11.
43. Farina, F., Dini, A., Innocenti, F., Rocchi, S., and Wester-man, D.S., 2010, Rapid incremental assembly of the Monte Capanne pluton (Elba Island, Tuscany) by downward stacking of magma sheets: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1463-1479.
44. Gagnevin, D., Daly, J.S., and Poli, G., 2004, Petrographic, geochemical and isotopic constraints on magma dynamics and mixing in the Miocene Monte Capanne monzogranite (Elba Island, Italy): Lithos, v. 78, p. 157-195, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.043.
45. Gans, P.B., Mahood, G.A., and Schermer, E.R., 1989, Synextensional magmatism in the Basin and Range Province; a case study from the eastern Great Basin: Geological Society of America Special Paper 233, p. 1-53.
46. Garfagnoli, F., Menna, F., Pandeli, E., and Principi, G., 2005, The Porto Azzurro Unit (Mt. Calamita promontory, south-eastern Elba Island, Tuscany): Stratigraphic, tectonic and metamorphic evolution: Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 3, Special issue, p. 119-138.
47. Gueydan, F., Leroy, Y. M., Jolivet, L., and Agard, P., 2003, Analysis of continental midcrustal strain localization induced by microfracturing and reaction-softening: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 108, no. B2, 2064, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000611.
48. Hirth, G., and Tullis, J., 1994, The brittle-plastic transition in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 11,731-11,747, doi: 10.1029/93JB02873.
49. Holm, D.K., 1995, Relation of deformation and multiple intrusion in the Death Valley extended region, California, with implications for magma entrapment mechanism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,495-10,505, doi: 10.1029/94JB03255.
50. Hreinsdóttir, S., and Bennett, R.A., 2009, Active aseismic creep on the Alto Tiberina low-angle normal fault, Italy: Geology, v. 37, p. 683-686, doi: 10.1130/G30194A.1.
51. Hunstad, I., Selvaggi, G., D'Agostino, N., England, P., Clarke, P., and Pierozzi, M., 2003, Geodetic strain in peninsular Italy between 1875 and 2001: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, p. 1181, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016447.
52. Ildefonse, B., Blackman, D.K., John, B.E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D.J., and MacLoed, C., 2007, Oceanic core complexes and crustal accretion at slow spreading ridges: Geology, v. 35, p. 623-626, doi: 10.1130/G23531A.1.
53. John, B.E., 1987, Geometry and evolution of a mid-crustal extensional fault system: Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California, in Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., and Hancock, P.L., eds., Continental Extensional Tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, p. 313-336.
54. Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Goffe, B., Mattei, M., Rossetti, F., Brunet, C., Storti, F., Funiciello, R., Cadet, J.P., d'Agostino, N., and Parra, T., 1998, Midcrustal shear zones in postorogenic extension: Example from the northern Tyrrhenian Sea: Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, v. 103, p. 12,123-12,160, doi: 10.1029/97JB03616.
55. Keller, J.V.A., and Coward, M.P., 1996, The structure and evolution of the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea: Geological Magazine, v. 133, p. 1-16, doi: 10.1017/S0016756800007214.
56. Keller, J.V.A., and Pialli, G., 1990, Tectonics of the Island of Elba: A reappraisal: Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, v. 109, p. 413-425.
57. Keller, J.V.A., Minelli, G., and Pialli, G., 1994, Anatomy of late orogenic extension-the Northern Apennines case: Tectonophysics, v. 238, p. 275-294, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90060-4.
58. Koyi, H.A., and Skelton, A., 2001, Centrifuge modelling of the evolution of low-angle detachment faults from high-angle normal faults: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 1179-1185, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00185-1.
59. Kumerics, C., Ring, U., Brichau, S., Glodny, J., and Monie, P., 2005, The extensional Messaria shear zone and associated brittle detachment faults, Aegean Sea, Greece: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 162, p. 701-721, doi: 10.1144/0016-764904-041.
60. Lister, G.S., and Baldwin, S.L., 1993, Plutonism and the origin of metamorphic core complexes: Geology, v. 21, p. 607-610, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0607:PATOOM>2.3.CO;2.
61. Lister, G.S., and Davis, G.A., 1989, The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, USA: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 65-94, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(89)90036-9.
62. Maineri, C., Benvenuti, M., Costagliola, P., Dini, A., Lat-tanzi, P., Ruggieri, G., and Villa, I.M., 2003, Sericitic alteration at the La Crocetta deposit (Elba Island, Italy): Interplay between magmatism, tectonics and hydrothermal activity: Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, p. 67-86, doi: 10.1007/s00126-002-0279-2.
63. Mancktelow, N.S., and Pavlis, T.L., 1994, Fold-fault relationships in low-angle detachment systems: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 668-685, doi: 10.1029/93TC03489.
64. Mancktelow, N.S., and Pennacchioni, G., 2005, The control of precursor brittle fracture and fluid-rock interaction on the development of single and paired ductile shear zones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 27, p. 645-661, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2004.12.001.
65. Miller, M.B., and Pavlis, T.L., 2005, The Black Mountains turtlebacks: Rosetta Stones of Death Valley tectonics: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 73, p. 115-138, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.04.007.
66. Miller, M.G., 1992, Brittle faulting induced by ductile deformation of a rheologically stratified rock sequence, Badwater Turtleback, Death Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1376-1385, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1376:BFIBDD>2.3.CO;2.
67. Montone, P., Mariucci, M. T., Pondrelli, S., and Amato, A., 2004, An improved stress map for Italy and surrounding regions (central Mediterranean): Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 109, B10410, doi: 10.1029/12003JB002703.
68. Parsons, T., and Thompson, G.A., 1993, Does magmatism influence low-angle normal faulting?: Geology, v. 21, p. 247-250, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0247:DMILAN>2.3.CO;2.
69. Pascucci, V., Merlini, S., and Martini, I.P., 1999, Seismic stratigraphy of the Miocene-Pleistocene sedimentary basins of the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea and western Tuscany (Italy): Basin Research, v. 11, p. 337-356, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1999.00104.x.
70. Passchier, C.W., and Trouw, R.A.J., 2005, Microtectonics (second ed.): Berlin, Springer, 730 p.
71. Pauselli, C., Barchi, M.R., Federico, C., Magnani, M.B., and Minelli, G., 2006, The crustal structure of the Northern Apennines (central Italy): An insight by the CROP03 seismic line: American Journal of Science, v. 306, p. 428-450, doi: 10.2475/06.2006.02.
72. Pavlis, T.L., 1996, Fabric development in syntectonic intrusive sheets as a consequence of melt-dominated flow and thermal softening of the crust: Tectonophysics, v. 253, p. 1-31, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00049-6.
73. Pennacchioni, G., and Mancktelow, N.S., 2007, Nucleation and initial growth of a shear zone network within compositionally and structurally heterogeneous granitoids under amphibolite facies conditions: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 29, p. 1757-1780, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.002.
74. Perugini, D., and Poli, G., 2007, Tourmaline nodules from Capo Bianco aplite (Elba Island, Italy): An example of diffusion limited aggregation growth in a magmatic system: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 153, p. 493-508, doi: 10.1007/s00410-006-0167-3.
75. Reynolds, S.J., and Lister, G.S., 1987, Structural aspects of fluid-rock interactions in detachment zones: Geology, v. 15, p. 362-366, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<362:SAOFII>2.0.CO;2.
76. Ring, U., and Collins, A.S., 2005, U-Pb SIMS dating of synkinematic granites: Timing of core-complex formation in the Northern Anatolide belt of western Turkey: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 162, p. 289-298, doi: 10.1144/0016-764904-016.
77. Rocchi, S., Westerman, D.S., Dini, A., Innocenti, F., and Tonarini, S., 2002, Two-stage growth of laccoliths at Elba Island, Italy: Geology, v. 30, p. 983-986, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0983:TSGOLA>2.0.CO;2.
78. Rossetti, F., Faccenna, C., Jolivet, L., Funiciello, R., Tecce, F., and Brunet, C., 1999, Synversus post-orogenic extension: The case study of Giglio Island (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): Tectonophysics, v. 304, p. 71-93, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00304-7.
79. Rossetti, F., Tecce, F., Billi, A., and Brilli, M., 2007, Patterns of fluid flow in the contact aureole of the late Miocene Monte Capanne pluton (Elba Island, Italy): The role of structures and rheology: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 153, p. 743-760, doi: 10.1007/s00410-006-0175-3.
80. Rossetti, F., Balsamo, F., Villa, I., Bouybaouenne, M., Faccenna, C., and Funiciello, R., 2008, Pliocene-Pleistocene HT-LP metamorphism during multiple granitic intrusions in the southern branch of the Lardarello geothermal field (southern Tuscany, Italy): Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 165, p. 247-262, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492006-132.
81. Saupe, F., Marignac, C., Moine, B., Sonet, J., and Zimmermann, J.L., 1982, K/Ar and Rb/Sr dating of rocks from the eastern part of Elba Island (Province of Livorno, Italy): Bulletin de Mineralogie, v. 105, p. 236-245.
82. Serri, G., Innocenti, F., and Manetti, P., 1993, Geological and petrological evidence of the subduction of delaminated Adriatic continental lithosphere in the genesis of the Neogene-Quaternary magmatism of central Italy: Tectonophysics, v. 223, p. 117-147, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90161-C.
83. Sibson, R.H., 1985, A note on fault reactivation: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 7, p. 751-754, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(85)90150-6.
84. Smith, D.K., Escartin, J., Schouten, H., and Cann, J.R., 2008, Fault rotation and core complex formation: Significant processes in seafloor formation at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 13°-15°N): Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001699.
85. Smith, S.A.F., and Faulkner, D.R., 2010, Laboratory measurements of the frictional strength of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault, Elba Island, Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 115, B02407, doi: 10.1029/2008JB006274.
86. Smith, S.A.F., Holdsworth, R.E., Collettini, C., and Imber, J., 2007, Using footwall structures to constrain the evolution of low-angle normal faults: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 164, p. 1187-1191, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492007-009.
87. 2-induced fluidization of breccias in the footwall of a sealing low-angle normal fault: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 30, p. 1034-1046, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2008.04.010.
88. Tanelli, G., Benvenuti, M., Costagliola, P., Dini, A., Lat-tanzi, P., Maineri, C., Mascaro, I., and Ruggieri, G., 2001, The iron mineral deposits of Elba Island: State of the art: Ofioliti, v. 26, p. 239-248.
89. Trevisan, L., Marinelli, G., Barberi, F., Giglia, G., Innocenti, F., Raggi, G., Squarci, P., Taffi, L., and Ricci, C.A., 1967, Carta Geologica dell'Isola d'Elba: Pisa, Italy, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Gruppo di Ricerca per la Geologia dell'Appennino centro-settentrionale e della Toscana, scale 1:25,000.
90. Tschegg, C., and Grasemann, B., 2009, Deformation and alteration of a granodiorite during low-angle normal faulting: Lithosphere, v. 1, p. 139-154, doi: 10.1130/L33.1.
91. Wernicke, B., 1981, Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and Range Province-Nappe tectonics in an extending orogen: Nature, v. 291, p. 645-648, doi: 10.1038/291645a0.
92. Wernicke, B., and Axen, G.J., 1988, On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal-fault systems: Geology, v. 16, p. 848-851, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0848:OTROII>2.3.CO;2.
93. Westerman, D.S., Innocenti, F., Tonarini, S., and Ferrara, G., 1993, The Pliocene intrusions of the Island of Gi-glio: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 49, p. 345-363.
94. Westerman, D.S., Dini, A., Innocenti, F., and Rocchi, S., 2004, Rise and fall of a nested Christmas-tree laccolith complex at Elba Island, Italy, in Petford, N., and Breitkreuz, C., eds., Physical Geology of High-Level Mag-matic Systems: Geological Society of London Special Publication 234, p. 195-213.
95. Wickham, S.M., Peters, M.T., Fricke, H.C., and Oneil, J.R., 1993, Identification of magmatic and meteoric fluid sources and upward-moving and downward-moving infiltration fronts in a metamorphic core complex: Geology, v. 21, p. 81-84, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0081:IOMAMF>2.3.CO;2.
96. Wright, L.A., Otten, J., and Troxel, B.W., 1974, Turtle-back fault surfaces of Death Valley viewed as a phenomenon of extension: Geology, v. 2, p. 53-54, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<53:TSODVV>2.0.CO;2.
97. Yin, A., 1991, Mechanisms for the formation of domal and basinal detachment faults-A 3-dimensional analysis: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets, v. 96, p. 14,577-14,594, doi: 10.1029/91JB01113.