Worry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 99-105

  Leigh, Eleanor ^a   Hirsch, Colette R ^a,b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Attentional control; Generalised anxiety disorder; Imagery; Working memory; Worry

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGERY; MENTAL STRESS; TASK PERFORMANCE; THINKING; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; WORKING MEMORY; WORRY;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANXIETY; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; PERSONALITY; QUESTIONNAIRES; THINKING;

EID: 78751702567     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.005     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
2. Attneave F. Applications of information theory to psychology 1959, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
3. Baddeley A.D. The capacity for generating information by randomization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1966, 18:119-129.
4. Baddeley A.D. Working memory 1986, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
5. Baddeley A., Emslie H., Kolodny J., Duncan J. Random generation and the executive control of working memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1998, 51A:819-852.
6. Baddeley A.D., Emslie H., Nimmo-Smith I. The speed of comprehension test: version A. Speed and capacity of language processing test 1992, Thames Valley Test Company, Suffolk, England.
7. Baddeley A.D., Hitch G.J. Working memory. Recent advances in learning and motivation 1974, Vol. 8:47-89. Academic Press, New York. G.A. Bower (Ed.).
8. Bergman R.L., Craske M.G. Verbalization and imagery during worry activity. Depression and Anxiety 2000, 11:169-174.
9. Borkovec T.D., Alcaine O., Behar E. Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice 2004, 77-108. Guilford Press, New York. R.G. Heimberg, C.L. Turk, D.S. Mennin (Eds.).
10. Borkovec T.D., Inz J. The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: a predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990, 28:153-158.
11. Borkovec T.D., Newman M.G., Pincus A.L., Lytle R. A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2002, 70:288-298.
12. Borkovec T.D., Robinson E., Pruzinsky T., DePree J.A. Preliminary exploration of worry: some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983, 21:9-16.
13. Butler G., Wells A., Dewick H. Differential effects of worry and imagery after exposure to a stressful stimulus: a pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1995, 23:45-56.
14. Collette F., Van der Linden M. Brain imaging of the central executive component of working memory. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews 2002, 26:105-125.
15. Crowe S.F., Matthews C., Walkenhorst E. The relationship between worry, anxiety and thought suppression and the components of working memory in a non-clinical sample. Australian Psychologist 2007, 42:170-177.
16. Derakshan N., Eysenck M.W. Working memory capacity in high trait-anxious and repressor groups. Cognition and Emotion 1998, 12:697-713.
17. Derryberry D., Reed M.A. Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:225-236.
18. Engle R.W., Kane M.J. Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. The psychology of learning and motivation 2004, Vol. 44:145-199. Elsevier, New York. B. Ross (Ed.).
19. Ericsson K.A., Kintsch W. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 1995, 102:211-245.
20. Evans F.J. Monitoring attention deployment by random number generation-index to measure subjective randomness. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1978, 12:35-38.
21. Eysenck M.W. Anxiety, learning, and memory: a reconceptualization. Journal of Research in Personality 1979, 13:363-385.
22. Eysenck M.W., Calvo M.G. Anxiety and performance: the processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion 1992, 6:409-434.
23. Eysenck M.W., Derakshan N., Santos R., Calvo M.G. Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion 2007, 7:336-353.
24. Freeston M.H., Dugas M.J., Ladouceur R. Thoughts, images, worry, and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1996, 20:265-273.
25. Gillis M.M., Haaga D.A.F., Ford G.T. Normative values for the beck anxiety inventory, fear questionnaire, Penn state worry questionnaire, and social phobia and anxiety inventory. Psychological Assessment 1995, 7:450-455.
26. Hayes S., Hirsch C.R. Information processing biases in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research 2007, 6:176-182.
27. Hayes S., Hirsch C.R., Mathews A. Restriction of working memory capacity during worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117:712-717.
28. Hirsch C.R., Hayes S., Mathews A. Looking on the bright side: accessing benign meanings reduces worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:44-54.
29. Hirsch, C.R., Hayes, S., Mathews, A., Perman, G., & Borkovec, T. (submitted for publication). The extent and nature of imagery during worry and positive thinking in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
30. Holmes E.A., Mathews A. Mental imagery and emotion: a special relationship?. Emotion 2005, 5:489-497.
31. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Eshleman S., et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994, 51:8-19.
32. MacLeod C., Donnellan A.M. Individual differences in anxiety and the restriction of working memory capacity. Personality and Individual Differences 1993, 15:163-173.
33. Mathews A., Milroy R. Effects of priming and suppression of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994, 32:843-850.
34. Merckelbach H., Dijkstra A., de Jong P.J., Muris P. No effects of verbal versus imaginal cognitive responses to aversive slides. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1994, 22:199-209.
35. Meyer T.J., Miller M.L., Metzger R.L., Borkovec T.D. Development and validation of the Penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990, 28:487-495.
36. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A., Wager T.D. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 41:49-100.
37. Molina S., Borkovec T.D. The Penn state worry questionnaire: psychometric properties and associated characteristics. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment 1994, 265-283. Wiley, New York. G.C.L. Davey, F. Tallis (Eds.).
38. Nelson J., Harvey A.G. The differential functions of imagery and verbal thought in insomnia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:665-669.
39. Newman M.G., Zuellig A.R., Kachin K.E., Constantino M.J., Przeworski A., Erickson T., et al. Preliminary reliability and validity of the generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire-IV: a revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy 2002, 33:215-233.
40. Philippot P., Baeyens C., Douilliez C. Specifying emotional information: regulation of emotional intensity via executive processes. Emotion 2006, 6:560-571.
41. Philippot P., Schaefer A., Herbette G. Schematic versus propositional processing of emotional information: impact of generic versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion 2003, 3:270-283.
42. Pruzinsky T., Borkovec T.D. Cognitive and personality characteristics of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990, 28:507-512.
43. Rapee R.M. The utilisation of working memory by worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993, 31:617-620.
44. Richards A., French C.C., Keogh E., Carter C. Test anxiety, inferential reasoning and working memory load. Anxiety, Stress and Coping 2000, 13:87-109.
45. Santos, R., Wall, M.B., Eysenck, M. (submitted for publication). Anxiety and processing efficiency: fMRI evidence.
46. Schneider W., Eschman A., Zuccolotto A. E-Prime user's guide. Psychology 2002, Software Tools, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA.
47. Sibrava N.J., Borkovec T.D. The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment 2006, 239-256. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, UK. G.C.L. Davey, A. Wells (Eds.).
48. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R.D. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory 1970, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
49. Stöber J. Worry, problem elaboration and suppression of imagery: the role of concreteness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:751-756.
50. Stöber J., Tepperwien S., Staak M. Worrying leads to reduced concreteness of problem elaborations: evidence for the avoidance theory of worry. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 2000, 13:217-227.
51. Stokes, C., & Hirsch, C. R., (2010). Engaging in imagery vs. verbal processing of worry: impact on negative intrusions in high worriers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 418-523.
52. Stuyven E., Van der Goten K. Stimulus independent thoughts and working memory: the role of the central executive. Psychologica Belgica 1995, 35:241-251.
53. Towse J.N. On random generation and the central executive of working memory. British Journal of Psychology 1998, 89:77-101.
54. Towse J.N., Neil D. Analyzing human random generation behaviour: a review of methods used and a computer program for describing performance. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 1998, 30:583-591.
55. Vandierendonck A. Analyzing human random time generation behaviour: a methodology and a computer program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 2000, 32:555-565.
56. Vandierendonck A., De Vooght G., Van der Goten K. Does random time interval generation interfere with working memory executive functions?. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1998, 10:413-442.
57. Vandierendonck A., Kemps E., Fastame C.M., Szmalec A. Working memory components of the Corsi blocks task. British Journal of Psychology 2004, 95:57-79.
58. Vasey M.W., Borkovec T.D. A catastrophizing assessment of worrisome thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1992, 16:505-520.
59. Watkins E.R. Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin 2008, 134:163-206.
60. Watkins E.R., Moulds M. Distinct modes of ruminative self-focus: impact of abstract versus concrete rumination on problem solving in depression. Emotion 2005, 5:319-328.
61. Wells A., Papageorgiou C. Worry and the incubation of intrusive images following stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:579-583.