Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in water: An unexplored environmental health risk

Environment International

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 412-417

  Andra, Syam S ^a   Makris, Konstantinos C ^a  

^a CYPRUS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Cyprus)

Author keywords

Cancer risk; Drinking water; Environmental health; Exposure; Nitrosamines; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANOL; 4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANOL GLUCURONIDE; 4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANONE; 4 DIPHENYLNITROSAMINE; ALDEHYDE; ARSENIC; BENZO[A]PYRENE; CADMIUM; DIETHYLNITROSAMINE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; DIPHENYLNITROSAMINE; DIPROPYLNITROSAMINE; ETHYLMETHYLNITROSAMINE; N NITROSOANABASINE; N NITROSOPYRROLIDINE; NICKEL; NITROSAMINE; NITROSO DI N BUTYLAMINE; NITROSOANABASINE GLUCURONIDE; NITROSOANATABINE; NITROSOANATABINE GLUCURONIDE; NITROSOMORPHOLINE; NITROSONORNICOTINE; NITROSONORNICOTINE GLUCURONIDE; NITROSOPIPERIDINE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER; DRINKING WATER; HEALTH RISK; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; TOBACCO;

ARTICLE; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENICITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; EXPOSURE; FLUID INTAKE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MOUTH CANCER; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TOBACCO; URINE LEVEL; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER CYCLE; WATER POLLUTANT;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 78751640176     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.003     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Akhtar S. Prevalence and predictors of smokeless tobacco use among high-school males in Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 2007, 13(4):916-924.
2. Boffetta P., Hecht S., Gray N., Gupta P., Straif K. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008, 9(7):667-675.
3. ChemSketch ACD/ChemSketch Freeware, version 10.00, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada Available at:, Accessed September 14, 2010. http://www.acdlabs.com.
4. Colilla S.A. An epidemiologic review of smokeless tobacco health effects and harm reduction potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010, 56(2):197-211.
5. Connolly G.N., Alpert H.R. Trends in the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products, 2000-2007. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 2008, 299(22):2629-2630.
6. GoO (Government of Ontario) Government of Ontario Available at, Accessed September 14, 2010. http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_030169_e.htm.
7. Gupta P.C., Ray C.S. Smokeless tobacco and health in India and south Asia. Respirology 2003, 8(4):419-431.
8. Hatsukami D.K., Ebbert J.O., Feuer R.M., Stepanov I., Hecht S.S. Changing smokeless tobacco products - new tobacco-delivery systems. Am J Prev Med 2007, 33(6 Suppl):368-378.
9. Hecht S.S., Carmella S.G., Chen M.L., et al. Quantitation of urinary metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen after smoking cessation. Cancer Res 1999, 59(3):590-596.
10. Hecht S.S., Carmella S.G., Murphy S.E., et al. Similar exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen in smokeless tobacco users and cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 2007, 16(8):1567-1572.
11. Hecht S.S., Carmella S.G., Stepanov I., et al. Metabolism of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone to its biomarker total nnal in smokeless tobacco users. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 2008, 17(3):732-735.
12. Hecht S.S., Hoffmann D. The relevance of tobacco-specific nitrosamines to human cancer. Cancer Surv 1989, 8(2):273-294.
13. Hecht S.S., Hoffmann D. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, an important group of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco-smoke. Carcinogenesis 1988, 9(6):875-884.
14. Hecht S.S. Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem Res Toxicol 1998, 11(6):559-603.
15. Hoffmann D., Brunnemann K.D., Prokopczyk B., Djordjevic M.V. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994, 41(1):1-52.
16. Hu R., Zhang L., Yang Z. Picogram determination of estrogens in water using large volume injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008, 390(1):349-359.
17. International Agency for Research on Cancer monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Smokeless tobacco products. Lyon, France 2008, 89.
18. Idris A.M., Nair J., Ohshima H., et al. Unusually high levels of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Sudan snuff (toombak). Carcinogenesis 1991, 12(6):1115-1118.
19. Jurado-Sanchez B., Ballesteros E., Gallego M. Comparison of several solid-phase extraction sorbents for continuous determination of amines in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2009, 79(3):613-620.
20. Jurado-Sanchez B., Ballesteros E., Gallego M. Screening of N-nitrosamines in tap and swimming pool waters using fast gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010, 33(4-5):610-616.
21. Kaduri P., Kitua H., Mbatia J., Kitua A.Y., Mbwambo J. Smokeless tobacco use among adolescents in Ilala Municipality, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 2008, 10(1):28-33.
22. Kodamatani H., Yamazaki S., Saito K., et al. Highly sensitive method for determination of N-nitrosamines using high-performance liquid chromatography with online UV irradiation and luminol chemiluminescence detection. J Chrom A 2009, 1216(1):92-98.
23. Krauss M., Longree P., Dorusch F., Ort C., Hollender J. Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 2009, 43(17):4381-4391.
24. Lee P.N., Hamling J. The relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Northern Europe and North America. A commentary on differences between the conclusions reached by two recent reviews. BMA Cancer 2009, 9. art. no.-256.
25. Melikian A.A., Hoffmann D. Smokeless tobacco: a gateway to smoking or a way away from smoking. Biomarkers 2009, 14(1 Suppl):85-89.
26. Mhlongo S.H., Mamba B.B., Krause R.W. Monitoring the prevalence of nitrosamines in South African waters and their removal using cyclodextrin polyurethanes. Phys Chem Earth 2009, 34(13-16):819-824.
27. Mitch W.A., Sedlak D.L. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from dimethylamine during chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 2002, 36(4):588-595.
28. Mitch W.A., Sharp J.O., Trussell R.R., et al. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environ Eng Sci 2003, 20(5):389-404.
29. Muula A.S., Siziya S., Rudatsikira E. Prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Malawi: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2005. Tanzan J Health Res 2008, 10(3):166-176.
30. NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) 11th report on carcinogens Available at:, Accessed September 14, 2010. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932.
31. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Grellier J., Smith R., et al. The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water. Philos Trans Roy Soc London Ser A 2009, 367(1904):4043-4076.
32. OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment) State Government of California, USA Available at:, Accessed September 14, 2010. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf.
33. Planas C., Palacios O., Ventura F., Rivera J., Caixach J. Analysis of nitrosamines in water by automated SPE and isotope dilution GC/HRMS - occurrence in the different steps of a drinking water treatment plant, and in chlorinated samples from a reservoir and a sewage treatment plant effluent. Talanta 2008, 76(4):906-913.
34. Plumlee M.H., Lopez-Mesas M., Heidlberger A., Ishida K.P., Reinhard M. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) removal by reverse osmosis and UV treatment and analysis via LC-MS/MS. Water Res 2008, 42(1-2):347-355.
35. Ray C.S., Gupta P.C. Bidis and smokeless tobacco. Curr Sci 2009, 96(10):1324-1334.
36. Richardson S.D., Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Schoeny R., DeMarini D.M. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutat Res Rev Mutat 2007, 636(1-3):178-242.
37. Richter P., Hodge K., Stanfill S., Zhang L.Q., Watson C. Surveillance of moist snuff: total nicotine, moisture, pH, un-ionized nicotine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Nicotine Tob Res 2008, 10(11):1645-1652.
38. Rudatsikira E., Muula A.S., Siziya S., Mataya R.H. Correlates of cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in Thailand: findings from the Thai global youth tobacco survey. Int Arch Med 2008, 1. art. no. -8.
39. Rudatsikira E., Muula A.S., Siziya S. Current use of smokeless tobacco among adolescents in the Republic of Congo. BMC Public Health 2010, 10. art. no.-16.
40. Schreiber I.M., Mitch W.A. Occurrence and fate of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors in wastewater-impacted surface waters using boron as a conservative tracer. Environ Sci Technol 2006, 40(10):3203-3210.
41. Sedlak D.L., Deeb R.A., Hawley E.L., et al. Sources and fate of nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Environ Res 2005, 77(1):32-39.
42. Spiegelhalder B., Bartsch H. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Eur J Cancer Prev 1996, 5(1 Suppl):33-38.
43. Stepanov I., Hecht S.S. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their pyridine-N-glucuronides in the urine of smokers and smokeless tobacco users. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 2005, 14(4):885-891.
44. Stoner G.D., Adams C., Kresty L.A., et al. Inhibition of N'-nitrosonornicotine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis by 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19(12):2139-2143.
45. Siziya S., Rudatsikira E., Muula A.S. Antismoking messages and current cigarette smoking status in Somaliland: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2004. Confl Health 2008, 2. art. no.-6.
46. Siziya S., Muula A.S., Kazembe L.N., Rudatsikira E. Harmful lifestyles' clustering among sexually active in-school adolescents in Zambia. BMC Pediatr 2008, 8. art. no.-6.
47. Urban M., Scherer G., Kavvadias D., et al. Quantitation of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in smokers' urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2009, 33(5):260-265.
48. USCB (United States Census Bureau) U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 Population Estimates, Census 2000, 1990 Census Accessed September 14, 2010., Available at:. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_submenuId=population_0.
49. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Moist snuff and dry snuff: United States Department of Agriculture, Tobacco stocks 2009.
50. USTTB (United States Department of Treasury, Alcohol, and Tobacco Tax, and Trade Bureau) Chewing tobaccco: United States Department of Treasury, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 2009.
51. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) USEPA Clean Water Act Available at:, Accessed September 14, 2010. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ucmr/ucmr2/methods.html.
52. Walse S.S., Mitch W.A. Nitrosamine carcinogens also swim in chlorinated pools. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42(4):1032-1037.
53. WHO (World Health Organization) The WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, implementing smoke-free environments 568 pp. Available at:, Accessed September 14, 2010. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2009/en/index.html.
54. Zhao Y.Y., Boyd J., Hrudey S.E., Li X.F. Characterization of new nitrosamines in drinking water using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2006, 40(24):7636-7641.
55. Zhao Y.Y., Boyd J.M., Woodbeck M., et al. Formation of N-nitrosamines from eleven disinfection treatments of seven different surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42(13):4857-4862.
56. Zhu S.H., Wang J.B., Hartman A., et al. Quitting cigarettes completely or switching to smokeless tobacco: do US data replicate the Swedish results?. Tob Control 2009, 18(2):82-87.