Environmental factors affecting elite young athletes

Medicine and Sport Science

Volumn 56, Issue , 2010, Pages 150-170

  Williams, Craig ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AIR POLLUTION; ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; CHILD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; JET LAG; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; AIR POLLUTION; ALTITUDE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; CHILD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; JET LAG SYNDROME;

EID: 78751512570     PISSN: 02545020     EISSN: 16622812     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000320646     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. De Marian JO: Observation Botanique. Historie de lAcademie Royale des Sciences, Paris, 1729.
2. Carskadon MA: Sleep and circadian rhythms in children and adolescents: Relevance for athletic performance of young people. Clin Sports Med 2005;24: 319-328.
3. Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA: Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev Neurosci 2009;31:276-284.
4. National Sleep Foundation Sleep and Teens Task Force: Adolescent Sleep Needs and Patterns: Research Report and Resource Guide. Washington National Sleep Foundation. 2000: 1-26.
5. Yang CK, Kim JK, Patel SR, Lee JH: Agerelated changes in sleep/wake patterns among Korean teenagers. Pediatrics 2005;115(suppl 1):250-256.
6. Thorleifsdottir B, Bjornsson JK, Benediktsdottir B, Gislason TH, Kristbjarnarson H: Sleep and sleep habits from childhood to young adulthood over a 10-year period. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:529-537.
7. Russo PM, Bruni O, Lucidi F, Ferri R, Vilani C: Sleep habits and circadian preference in Italian children and adolescents. J Sleep Res 2007;16:163-169.
8. Carskadon MA: Maturation of processes regulating sleep in adolescents; in Marcus CL, Carroll JL, Donnelly DF, Loughlin GM (eds): Sleep in Children: Developmental Changes in Sleep Patterns, ed 2. London, Informa Healthcare, 2008, pp 95-109.
9. Taylor DJ, Jenni OG, Acebo C, Carskadon MA: Sleep tendency during extended wakefulness: insights into adolescent sleep regulation and behaviour. J Sleep Res 2005;14:239-244.
10. Jenni OG, Van Reen E, Carskadon MA: Regional differences of the sleep electroencephalogram in adolescents. J Sleep Res 2005;28:1446-1454.
11. Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Arnedt J: Failure to identify pubertally-mediated melatonin sensitivity to light in adolescents. Sleep 2002;25:A191.
12. Silman R: Melatonin and the human gonadotrophin-releasing hormone pulse generator. J Endocrinol 1991;128:7-11.
13. Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA: Understanding adolescents sleep patterns and school performance: a critical appraisal. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7: 491-506.
14. Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA: Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Dev 1998;69:875-887.
15. Carskadon MA, Acebo C: Regulation of sleepiness in adolescents: update, insights, and speculation. Sleep 2002;25: 606-614.
16. Crowley SJ, Acebo C, Carskadon MA: Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep Med 2007;8: 602-612.
17. Carskadon MA, Dement WC: Effects of a daytime nap on sleepiness during sleep restriction. Sleep Res 1986;15:69.
18. Reilly T, Atkinson G, Waterhouse J: Biological Rhythms and Exercise. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997.
19. Preston F, Bateman S, Short R, Wilkinson RT: Effects of flying and of time changes on menstrual cycle length and performance in airline stewardesses. Aerospace Med 1973;44:438-443.
20. Harma M, Laitinen J, Partinen M, Suvanto S: The effect of four-day round trip flights over 10 time zones on the circadian variation of salivary melatonin and cortisol in airline flight attendants. Ergon 1994;37:1479-1489. (Pubitemid 24301877)
21. Gander P, Nguyen D, Rosekind M, Connell LJ: Age, circadian rhythms, and sleep loss in flight crews. Aviat Space Environ Med 1993;64:189-195.
22. Waterhouse J, Edwards B, Neville A, Carvalho S, Atkinson G, Buckley P, Reilly T, Godfrey R, Ramsay R: Identifying some determinants of jet lag and its symptoms: a study of athletes and other travellers. Brit J Sports Med 2002;36: 54-60.
23. Lowden A, Akerstedt T: Retaining home base sleep hours to prevent jet lag in connection with a westward flight across nine time zones. Chronobiol Int 1998;15:365-376.
24. Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Atkinson G: Jetlag. Lancet 1997;350:1611-1616.
25. Canadian Paediatric Society: Air travel and childrens health issues. Paediatr Child Health 2007;12:45-50.
26. Atkinson G, Drust B, Reilly T, Waterhouse J: Melatonin, exercise and human performance. Sports Med 2003; 33:809-831.
27. James SP, Mendelson WB, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE, Wehr TA: The effect of melatonin on normal sleep. Neuropsychopharma 1990;3:19-23.
28. Smith MR, Lee C, Crowley SJ, Fogg LF, Eastman CI: Morning melatonin has limited benefit as a soporific for daytime sleep after night work. Chronobiol Int 2005;22:873-888.
29. Friedman MS, Powell KE, Hutwagner L, Graham LM, Teague WG: Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviours during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. JAMA 2001;285: 897-905.
30. Pereira LA, Loomis D, Conceicao GM, Braga AL, Arcas RM, Kishi HS, Singer JM, Saldiva PH: Association between air pollution and intrauterine mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106:325-329.
31. Ritz B, Yu F, Chap G Fruin S: Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in southern California between 1989 and 1993. Epidemiology 2000;11:502-511.
32. Lin MC, Chiu HF, Yu HS, Tsai SS, Cheng BH, Wu TN, Sung FC, Yang CY: Increased risk of preterm delivery in areas with air pollution from a petroleum refinery plant in Taiwan. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001;64:37-44.
33. Dejmek J, Selevan SG, Benes I, Solansky I, Sram RJ: Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:475-480.
34. Bobak M, Richards M, Wadsworth M: Air pollution and birth weight in Britain in 1946. Epidemiology 2001;12:358-359.
35. Schwartz J: Air pollution and childrens health. Pediatrics 2004;113:1037-1043.
36. Ren C, Tong S: Health effects of ambient air pollution -recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges. Environ Health 2008;7:56.
37. Kinney PL, Lippmann M: Respiratory effects of seasonal exposures to ozone and particles. Arch Environ Health 2000; 55:210-216.
38. Jalaudin BB, Chey T, OToole BI, Smith WT, Capon AG, Leeder SR: Acute effects of low levels of ambient ozone on peak expiratory flow rate in a cohort of Australian children. Int J Epidemiol 2000;29:549-557.
39. Van der Zee S, Hoel G, Boezen HM, Schouten JP, van Wijnen JH, Brunekreef B: Acute effects of urban air pollution on respiratory health of children with and without chronic respiratory symptoms. Occup Environ Med 1999;12:802-812.
40. Epton MJ, Dawson RD, Brooks WM, Kingham S, Aberkane T, Cavanagh JE, Frampton CM, Hewitt T, Cook JM, McLeod S, McCartin F, Trought K, Brown L: The effect of ambient air pollution on respiratory health of school children: a panel study. Environ Health 2008;7:16.
41. Spektor DM, Mao J, He D, Thurston GD, Hayes C, Lippmann M: Effects of single and multi day ozone exposures on respiratory function in active normal children. Environ Res 1991;55:107-122.
42. Berry M, Lioy PJ, Gelperin K, Buckler G, Klotz J: Accumulated exposure to ozone and measurement of health effects in children and counsellors at two summer camps. Environ Res 1991;54:135-150.
43. Saldiva PH, Clarke RW, Coull BA, Stearns RC, Lawrence J, Murthy GG: Lung inflammation induced by concentrated ambient air particles is related to particle composition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1610-1617.
44. Rice TM, Clarke RW, Godleski JJ, Al-Mutairi E, Jiang N-F, Hauser R, Paulauskis JD: Differential ability of transition metals to induce pulmonary inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001;177:46-53.
45. Devlin RB, McDonnell WF, Mann R, Becker S, House DE: Exposure of humans to ambient levels of ozone for 6.6 hours causes cellular and biochemical changes in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991;4:72-81.
46. Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, Berhane K, McConnell R, Kuenzli N, Lurmann F, Rappaport E, Margolis H, Bates D, Peters J: The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1057-1067.
47. Chen P-C, Lai Y-M, Chan C-C, Hwang J-S, Yang C-Y, Wang J-D: School-term effect of ozone on the pulmonary function of children in primary school. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107: 921-925.
48. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Mora-Tiscareno A, Fordham LA, Chung CJ, Valencia-Salazar G, Flores-Gomez S, Solt AC, Gomez-del campo A, Jardon-Torres R, Henriquez-Roldan C, Hazucha MJ, Reed W: Lung radiology and pulmonary function of children chronically exposed to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1432-1437.
49. Ferdinands JM, Gotway Crawford CA, Greenwald R, Van Sickle D, Hunter E, Teague Gerald W: Breath acidification in adolescent runners exposed to atmospheric pollution: A prospective, repeated measures observational study. Environ Health 2008;7:10.
50. Rundell KW, Im J, Wilber RL, Judelson D, Williams S: Mild expiratory flow rates of cold weather athletes with exerciseinduced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:A59.
51. Wilber RL, Rundell KW, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Im J, Drake SD: Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:732-737.
52. Sue-Chu M, Karjalainen EM, Laitinen A, Larsson L, Laitinen LA, Bjermer L: Placebo-controlled study of inhaled budesonide on indices of airway inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsies in cross-country skiers. Respiration 2000;67:417-425.
53. Rundell RW: High levels of airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter in indoor ice arenas. Inhal Toxicol 2003;15: 237-250.
54. Milledge JS: High altitude; in Harries M, Williams C, Stanish WD, Micheli LJ (eds): Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 217-230.
55. Huicho L, Pawson IG, Leon-Velarde F, Rivera-Ch M, Pacheco A, Muro M, Silva J: Oxygen saturation and heart rate in healthy school children and adolescents living at high altitude. Am J Hum Biol 2001;13:761-770.
56. Kohler M, Kriemler S, Wilhelm EM, Brunner-LaRocca H, Zehnder M, Bloch KE: Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults. Eur Respir J 2008;32:189-197.
57. Bass JL, Corwin M, Gozal D, Moore C, Nishida H, Parker S, Schonwald A, Wilker RE, Stehle S, Kinane TB: The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 2004;114:805-816.
58. Weitz CA, Garruto RM, Chen-Ting C, Lui J-C: Morphological growth and thorax dimensions among Tibetan compared to Han children, adolescents and young adults born and raised at high altitude. Annal Hum Biol 2004;31:292-310.
59. Huicho L, Muro M, Pacheco A, Silva J, Gloria E, Marticorena E, Niermeyer S: Cross-sectional study of echocardiographic characteristics in healthy children living at high altitude. Am J Hum Biol 2005;17:704-717.
60. Huicho L, Niermeyer S: Cross-sectional study at electrocardiographic pattern in healthy children resident at high altitude. Am J Phys Anthrop 2007;133: 879-886.
61. Nicholas R, Yaron M, Reeves J: Oxygen saturation in children living at moderate altitude. J Am Board Fam Pract 1993;6: 452-456.
62. Protti A, Singer M: Bench-to-bench review: potential strategies to protect or reverse mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis-induced organ failure. Crit Care 2006;10:228.
63. Veglio M, Maule S, Cametti G, Cogo A, Lussiana L, Madrigale G, Pecchio O: The effects of exposure to moderate altitude on cardiovascular autonomic function in normal subjects. Clin Auton Res 1999;9: 123-127.
64. Sutton JR, Reeves JT, Groves BM, Wagner PD, Alexander JK, Hultgren HN, Cymerman A, Houston CS: Oxygen transport and cardiovascular function at extreme altitude: lessons from Operation Everest II. Int J Sports Med 1992;13: S13-S18.
65. Sampson JB, Cymerman A, Burse RL, Maher JT, Rock PB: Procedures for the measurement of acute mountain sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med 1983;54: 1063-1073.
66. Kriemler S, Kohler M, Zehnder M, Bloch KE, Brunner-La Rocca H: Successful treatment of severe acute mountain sickness and excessive pulmonary hypertension with dexamethasone in a prepubertal girl. High Alt Med Biol 2006;7: 256-261.
67. Bloch J, Duplain H, Rimoldi SF, Stuber T, Kriemler S, Allemann Y, Sartori C, Scherrer U: Prevalence and time course of acute mountain sickness in older children and adolescents after rapid ascent to 3450 meters. Pediatrics 2009;123:1-5.
68. Murdoch DR: Altitude illness among tourists flying to 3740 meters elevation in the Nepal Himalayas. J Travel Med 1995;2:255-256.
69. Scrase E, Laverty A, Gavlak JCD, Sonnappa S, Levett DZH, Martin D, Grocott MPW, Stocks J: The young Everest study: effects of hypoxia at high altitude on cardiorespiratory function and general well-being in healthy children. Arch Dis Child 2009;94:621-626.
70. Roach RC, Bartsch P, Oelz O, et al: The Lake Louise acute mountain sickness scoring system; in Sutton Jr, Houston CS, Coates G (eds): Hypoxia and Molecular Medicine. Burlington, Queen City Press, 2003, pp 272-274.
71. Pollard AJ, Niermeyer S, Barry P, et al: Children at high altitude: an international consensus by an ad hoc committee of the international society for mountain medicine, March 12, 2001. High Alt Med Biol 2001;2:389-403.
72. Bedu M, Fellmann N, Spielvogel H, Falgairette G, van Praagh E, Coudert J: Force-velocity and 30-s Wingate tests in boys at high and low altitudes. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:1031-1037.
73. Fellmann N, Coudert J, Spielvogel H, Bedu M, Obert P, Falgairette G, van Praagh E: Physical fitness of children resident at high altitude in Bolivia. Int J Sports Med 1992;13:S92-S95.
74. Blonc S, Falgairette G, Bedu M, Fellmann N, Spielvogel H, Coudert J: The effect of acute hypoxia at low altitude and acute normoxia at high altitude on performance during a 30-s Wingate test in children. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15:403-407.
75. Di Prampero PE, Mognoni P, Veicsteimas A: The effects of hypoxia on maximal alactic power in man; in Brendel W, Zink RA (eds): High Altitude Physiology and Medicine. Springer, New York, 1982, pp 88-93.
76. Macek M, Vavra J, Benesova H, Radvansky J: The adjustment of oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise: a comparison between prepubertal boys and young adults. Int J Sports Med 1980;1: 75-77.
77. Williams CA, Ratel S, Armstrong N: The achievement of peak VO2 during a 90 s maximal intensity cycle sprint in adolescent children. Can J Appl Physiol 2005; 30:157-171.
78. Chia M, Armstrong N, Childs D: The assessment of childrens anaerobic performance using modifications of the Wingate anaerobic test. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1997;9:80-89.
79. Armstrong N, Welsman JR, Williams CA, Kirby BJ: Longitudinal changes in young peoples short-term power output. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2000;32:1140-1145.
80. Dore E, Bedu M, Franca NM, Van Praagh E: Anaerobic cycling performance characteristics in prepubescent, adolescent and young adult females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;84:476-481.
81. McLellan TM, Kavanagh MF, Jacobs I: The effect of hypoxia on performance during 30-or 45 s of supramaximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1990;60: 155-161.
82. Richalet JP, Marchal M, Lamberto C, Le Tong JL, Antezana AM, Cauchy E: Alteration of aerobic and anaerobic performance after 3 weeks at 6542 m (Mt Sajama). Int J Sports Med 1992;13:86.
83. Green HJ, Sutton J, Young P, Cymerman A, Houston CS: Operation Everest. II. Muscle energetics during maximal exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol 1989;66:142-150.