Localization of the motor endplate zone in human skeletal muscles of the lower limb: Anatomical guidelines for injection with botulinum toxin

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 108-119

  Van Campenhout, Anja ^a   Molenaers, Guy ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN;

ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DATA ANALYSIS; DISSECTION; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; GRACILIS MUSCLE; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; INJECTION SITE; LEG; MEDICAL RECORD; NERVE ENDING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSOAS MUSCLE; RECTUS FEMORIS MUSCLE; REVIEW; SEMITENDINOUS MUSCLE; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SOLEUS MUSCLE; TIBIALIS POSTERIOR MUSCLE;

ADULT; BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INJECTIONS, INTRAMUSCULAR; LEG; MOTOR ENDPLATE; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EID: 78751499680     PISSN: 00121622     EISSN: 14698749     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03816.x     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Berwerck S, Heinen F. Use of botulinum toxin in pediatric spasticity (cerebral palsy). Mov Disord 2004; 19 (Suppl. 19): S162-7.
2. Graham HK, Aoki KR, Autti-Ramo I, et al. Recommendations for the use of botulinum toxin type A in the management of cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2000; 11: 67-79.
3. Molenaers G, Desloovere K, Fabry G, De Cock P. The effects of quantitative gait assessment and botulinum toxin A on musculoskeletal surgery in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg 2006; 88: 161-70.
4. Ward AB. Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 607-16.
5. Wissel J, Ward AB, Ertzgaard P, et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41: 13-25.
6. Lim ECH, Seet RCS. Botulinum toxin: description of injection techniques and examination of controversies surrounding toxin diffusion. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 117: 73-84.
7. Childers MK. Rationale for localized injection of botulinum toxin type A in spasticity. Eur J Neurol 1997; 4: S37-40.
8. Childers M. Targeting the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 83: S38-44.
9. Childers MK, Kornegay JN, Aoki R, Otaviani L, Bogdan DJ, Petroski G. Evaluating motor-endplate-targeted injections of botulinum toxin type A in a canine model. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21: 653-5.
10. Shaari C, Sanders I. Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 964-9.
11. Gracies JM, Lugassy M, Weisz DJ, Vecchio M, Flanagan S, Simpson DM. Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 9-16.
12. Fheodoroff K, Schurch B, Heck G. Pocket atlas. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin. Scherzingen, Switzerland: Saentis, 2005.
13. Berweck S, Heinen F. Blue book. Treatment of cerebral palsy with botulinum toxin. Principles, clinical practice, atlas, 2nd edn. Berlin, Germany: Child & Brain, 2005.
14. Coers C, Durand J. La répartition des appareils cholinésterasiques en cupule dans divers muscles striés. Arch Biol 1957; 68: 209-15.
15. Christensson E. Topography of terminal motor innervation in striated muscles from stillborn infants. Am J Phys Med 1959; 38: 65-78.
16. Aquilonius SM, Askmark H, Gillberg PG, Nandedkar S, Olsson Y, Stalberg E. Topographical localization of motor endplates in cryosections of whole human muscles. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7: 287-93.
17. Parratte B, Tatu L, Vuillier F, Diop M, Monnier G. Intramuscular distribution of nerves in the human triceps surae muscle: anatomical bases for treatment of spastic drop foot with botulinum toxin. Surg Radiol Anat 2002; 24: 91-6.
18. Kim MW, Kim JH, Yang YJ, Ko YJ. Anatomic localization of motor points in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 84: 680-3.
19. Oddy MJ, Brown C, Mistry R, Eastwood DM. Botulinum toxin injection site localization for the tibialis posterior muscle. J Pediatr Orthop B 2006; 15: 414-7.
20. Seidel PMP, Seidel GK, Gans BM, Dijkers M. Precise localization of the motor nerve branches to the hamstring muscles: an aid to the conduct of neurolytic procedures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 1157-60.
21. Woodley SJ, Mercer SR. Hamstring muscles: architecture and innervation. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 179: 125-41.
22. Kumar V, Liu J, Lau HK, Pereira BP, Shen Y, Pho RW. Neurovascular supply of the gracilis muscle: a study in the monkey and human. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101: 1854-60.
23. Crystal RM, Malone AA, Eastwood DM. Motor points for neuromuscular blockade of the adductor muscle group. Clin Orthop 2005; 437: 196-200.
24. Sung DH, Jung Y-Y, Kim H-D, Ha BJ, Ko YJ. Motor branch of the rectus femoris: anatomic location for selective motor branch block in stiff-legged gait. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 1028-31.
25. Molenaers G, Eyssen M, Desloovere K, Jonkers I, De Cock P. A multilevel approach to botulinum toxin A treatment of the (ilio)psoas in spasticity in cerebral palsy. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6(Suppl. 4): 59-62.
26. Willenborg MJ, Shilt JS, Smith Paterson B, Estrada RL, Castle JA, Koman LA. Technique for iliopsoas ultrasound-guided active electromyography-directed botulinum A toxin injection in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 2002; 22: 165-8.
27. Westhoff B, Seller K, Wild A, Jaeger A, Krauspe R. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injection technique for the iliopsoas muscle. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003; 45: 829-32.
28. Ward AB. Botulinum toxin A treatment of hip and thigh spasticity: a technique for injection of psoas major muscle. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6(Suppl. 4): 91-3.
29. Van Campenhout A, Hubens G, Fagard K, Molenaers G. Localization of motor nerve branches of the human psoas muscle. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42: 207-17.
30. Kinnett DK. Botulinum toxin A injections in children. Technique and dosing issues. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 83: S59-64.
31. Borodic GE, Ferranta R, Pearce LB, Smith K. Histologic assessment of dose-related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum A toxin injections. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 31-9.
32. Shaari C, George E, Wu BL, Biller HF, Sanders I. Quantifying the spread of botulinum toxin through muscle fascia. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 960-4.
33. Heinen F, Desloovere K, Schroeder S, et al. The updated European consensus 2009 on the use of botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14: 45-66.
34. Rossi G, Cortesina G. Morphological study of the laryngeal muscles in man. Acta Otolaryngol 1965; 59: 575-92.
35. Yoshihara T, Kanda T, Yaku Y, Kaneko T. Neuromuscular junctions of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in the human adult, human fetus and cat: histochemical and electron microscopic study. Acta Otolaryngol 1984; 97: 161-8.
36. De Vito M, Malmgren L, Gacek R. Three-dimensional distribution of neuromuscular junctions in human cricothyroid. Arch Otolaryngol 1985; 111: 110-3.
37. Périé S, St Guily J, Callard P, Sebille A. Innervation of adult human laryngeal muscle fibers. J Neurol Sci 1997; 149: 81-6.
38. Sheppert A, Spirou G, Berrebi A, Garnett D. Three-dimensional reconstruction of immunolabeled neuromuscular junctions in the human thyroarytenoid muscle. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 1973-6.
39. Happak W, Liu J, Burgbrasser G, Flowers A, Gruber H, Freilinger G. Human facial muscles: dimensions, motor endplate distribution and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates. Anat Rec 1997; 249: 276-84.
40. Jianjun MA, Smith BP, Smith TL, Walker FO, Rosencrance EV, Koman LA. Juvenile and adult rat NMJ: density, distribution and morphology. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26: 804-9.
41. Childers MK, Stacy M, Cooke DL, Stonnington HH. Comparison of two injection techniques using botulinum toxin in spastic hemiplegia. Am J Phys Rehabil 1996; 75: 462-9.