Brown bears possess anal sacs and secretions may code for sex

Journal of Zoology

Volumn 283, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 143-152

  Rosell, F ^a   Jojola, S M ^a,b   Ingdal, K ^a   Lassen, B A ^a   Swenson, J E ^b,c   Arnemo, J M ^d   Zedrosser, A ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH EASTERN NORWAY   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d INLAND NORWAY UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Norway)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES   (Austria)

Author keywords

Analog coding; Digital coding; Gas chromatography mass spectrometry; Partial least squares regression; Sex difference

Indexed keywords

BEAR; BIOCHEMISTRY; CARNIVORE; COLOR; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEAST SQUARES METHOD; MASS SPECTROMETRY; OLFACTORY CUE; SECRETION; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; SEXUAL MATURITY;

AILUROPODA; AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA; URSUS ARCTOS;

EID: 78751498177     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: 14697998     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00754.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Albone, E.S. (1984). Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals. Chichester: John Wiley Press.
2. Andersen, K.F. & Vulpius, T. (1999). Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, Panthera leo. Chem. Senses 24, 179-189.
3. Arnemo, J.M., Ahlqvist, P., Andersen, R., Berntsen, F., Ericsson, G., Odden, J., Brunberg, S., Segerström, P. & Swenson, J.E. (2006). Risk of anaesthetic mortality in large free-ranging mammals: experiences from Scandinavia. Wildl. Biol. 12, 109-113.
4. Arnemo, J.M. & Fahlman, Å. (2008). Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, gray wolves, wolverines and lynx. Evenstad: Hedmark University College.
5. Asa, C.S., Peterson, E.K., Seal, U.S. & Mech, D.L. (1985). Deposition of anal sac secretion by captive wolves (Canis lupus). J. Mammal. 66, 89-93.
6. Bellemain, E., Zedrosser, A., Manel, S., Waits, L.P. & Swenson, J.E. (2006). The dilemma of female mate selection in the brown bear, a species with sexually selected infanticide. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 273, 283-291.
7. Bradbury, J.W. & Vehrencamp, S.L. (1998). Principles of animal communication. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
8. Breiter, M. (2008). Bears, a year in the life. London: A & C Black.
9. Brown, R.E. & Macdonald, D.W. (1985). Social odours in mammals, Vol. 2: 686-708. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10. Buesching, C.D., Newman, C. & Macdonald, D.W. (2002a). Variations in colour and volume of the subcaudal gland secretion of badgers (Meles meles) in relation to sex, season and individual-specific parameters. Mamm. Biol. 67, 147-156.
11. Buesching, C.D., Waterhouse, J.S. & Macdonald, J.S. (2002b). Gas-chromatographic analyses of the subcaudal gland secretion of the European badger (Meles meles) Part I: chemical differences related to individual parameters. J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 41-56.
12. Burgener, N., Denhard, M., Hofer, H. & East, M.L. (2009). Does anal gland scent signal identity in the spotted hyaena? Anim. Behav. 77, 707-715.
13. Burst, T.L. & Pelton, M.R. (1983). Black bear mark trees in the Smoky Mountains. Int. Conf. Bear Res. Mgmt. 5, 45-53.
14. Dahle, B. & Swenson, J.E. (2003). Home ranges in adult Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos): effect of mass, sex, reproductive category, population density and habitat type. J Zool. (Lond.) 260, 329-335.
15. Davies, J.M., Lachno, D.R. & Roper, T.J. (1988). The anal gland secretion of the European badger (Meles meles) and its role in social communication. J. Zool. (Lond.) 216, 455-463.
16. Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O. & Wensing, C.J.G. (1996). Textbook of veterinary anatomy. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
17. Esbensen, K.E. (2002). Multivariate data analysis - in practice: an introduction to multivariate data analysis and experimental design, 5th edn. Oslo: Camo.
18. Gosling, L.M. (1982). A reassessment of the function of scent marking in territories. Z. Tierpsychol. 60, 89-118.
19. Hagey, L. & Macdonald, E. (2003). Chemical cues identify gender and individuality in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J. Chem. Ecol. 29, 1479-1488.
20. Johnson, R.A. & Wichern, D.W. (1992). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
21. Liu, D., Yuan, H., Tian, H., Wei, R., Zhang, G., Sun, L., Wang, L. & Sun, R. (2006). Do anogenital gland secretions of giant panda code for their sexual ability? Chin. Sci. Bull. 51, 1986-1995.
22. Macdonald, D.W. (1985). The carnivores: order Carnivora. In Social odours in mammals: 619-722. Brown, R.E. & Macdonald, D.W. (Eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
23. Matson, G., Daele, L.V., Goodwin, E., Aumiller, L., Reynolds, H. & Hristienko, H. (1993). A laboratory manual for cementum age determination of Alaska brown bear first premolar teeth. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation, Matson's Laboratory, Milltown.
24. Mclellan, B.N. (1994). Density-dependent population regulation of brown bears. In Density dependent population regulation in black, brown, and polar bears: 14-24. Taylor, M. (Ed). Washington: Port City Press.
25. Müller-Schwarze, D. (2006). Chemical ecology of vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Natynczuk, S., Bradshaw, J.W.S. & Macdonald, D.W. (1989). Chemical constituents of the anal sacs of domestic dogs. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 17, 83-87.
27. Pocock, R.I. (1921). The external characters and classification of the Procyonidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 27, 389-422.
28. Preti, G., Muetterties, E.L., Furman, J.M., Kennelly, J.J. & Johns, B.E. (1976). Volatile constituents of dog (Canis familiaris) and coyote (Canis latrans) anal sacs. J. Chem. Ecol. 2, 177-186.
29. Raymer, J., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Asa, C., Seal, U.S. & Mech, L.D. (1985). Chemical investigations of wolf (Canis lupus) anal-sac secretion in relation to breeding season. J. Chem. Ecol. 11, 593-608.
30. Rosell, F. & Steifetten, Ø. (2004). Subspecies discrimination in the Scandinavian beaver (Castor fiber): combining behavioral and chemical evidence. Can. J. Zool. 82, 902-909.
31. Rosell, F. & Sun, L. (1999). Use of anal gland secretion to distinguish the two beaver species Castor canadensis and C. fiber. Wildl. Biol. 5, 119-123.
32. Sahlèn, V., Swenson, J., Brunberg, S. & Kindberg, J. (2007). The brown bear in Sweden. A report from SBBRP to Svenska Rovdjursutredningen. Report No. 2006-4 from the Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project, E 64 (in Swedish).
33. Schaffer, J. (1940). Die Hautdrüsenorgane der Säugetiere. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
34. Schaller, G.B., Hu, J., Pan, W. & Zhu, J. (1985). The giant pandas of Wolong. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
35. Schulte, B.A., Müller-Schwarze, D. & Sun, L. (1995). Using anal gland secretion to determine the sex in beaver. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 59, 614-618.
36. Schwartz, C.C., Miller, S.D. & Haroldson, M.A. (2003). Grizzly bear. In Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation: 556-586. Feldhamer, G.A., Thompson, B.A. & Chapman, J.A. (Eds). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
37. Scott, D.W., Miller, W.H. Jr & Griffin, C.E. (2001). Muller & Kirk's small animal dermatology, 6th edn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
38. Sliwa, A. (1996). A functional analysis of scent-marking and mating behavior in the aardwolf, Proteles cristiatus (Sparrman, 1783). PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
39. Støen, O.G., Bellemain, E., Sæbø, S. & Swenson, J.E. (2005). Kin related spatial structure in brown bears, Ursus arctos. Behav. Ecol. Soc. 59, 191-197.
40. Sun, L. & Müller-Schwarze, D. (1998a). Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver. Behav. Ecol. Soc. 44, 199-208.
41. Sun, L. & Müller-Schwarze, D. (1998b). Anal gland secretion codes for relatedness in the beaver, Castor canadensis. Ethology 104, 917-927.
42. Swaisgood, R.R., Lindburg, D. & Zhou, X. (1999). Giant pandas discriminate individual differences in conspecific scent. Anim. Behav. 57, 1045-1053.
43. Tegt, J.L. (2004). Coyote (Canis latrans) recognition of relatedness using odor cues in feces, urine, serum, and anal sac secretions. MSc thesis, Utah State University, Logan.
44. Tschanz, B., Mayer-Holzapfel, M. & Bachmann, S. (1970). Das Informationsystem bei Braunbären. Z. Tierpsychol. 27, 47-72.
45. Wilson, E.O. (1963). Pheromones. Sci. Am. 208, 100-111.
46. Wold, S., Martens, H. & Wold, H. (1983). The multivariate calibration problem in chemistry solved by the PLS method. In Lecture notes in mathematics, Vol. 973: 286-293. Kågstrøm, B. & Ruhe, A. (Eds). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
47. Wold, S., Ruhe, A., Wold, W.J. & Dunn, I. II (1984). The colinearity problem in linear regression. The partial least squares (PLS) approach to generalized inverses. J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 5, 735-743.
48. Wold, S., Sjöström, M. & Eriksson, L. (2001). PLS-regression: a basic tool for chemometrics. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Sys. 58, 109-130.
49. Wood, W.F., Terwillinger, M. & Copeland, J.P. (2005). Volatile compounds from anal glands of the wolverine, Gulo gulo. J. Chem. Ecol. 12, 2111-2117.
50. Wyatt, T.D. (2003). Pheromones and animal behavior, communication by smell and taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Yuan, H., Liu, D., Sun, L., Wei, R., Zhang, G. & Sun, R. (2004). Anogenital gland secretions code for sex and age in the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Can. J. Zool. 82, 1596-1604.
52. Zar, J.H. (1998). Biostatistical analysis, 4th edn. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
53. Zedrosser, A., Bellemain, E., Taberlet, P. & Swenson, J.E. (2007). Genetic estimates of annual reproductive success in male brown bears: the effects of body size, age, internal relatedness and population density. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 368-375.
54. Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B., Støen, O.G. & Swenson, J.E. (2009). The effects of primiparity on reproductive performance in the brown bear. Oecologia 160, 847-854.
55. Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B. & Swenson, J.E. (2006). Population density and food conditions determine adult female body size in brown bears. J. Mammal. 87, 510-518.
56. Zhang, J.X., Liu, D., Sun, L., Wei, R., Zhang, G., Wu, H., Zhang, H. & Zhao, C. (2008). Potential chemosignals in the anogenital gland secretion of Giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, associated with sex and individual identity. J. Chem. Ecol. 34, 398-407.
57. Zhang, J.X., Ni, J., Ren, X.J., Sun, L., Zhang, Z.B. & Wang, Z.W. (2003). Possible coding for recognition of sexes, individuals and species in anal gland volatiles of Mustela eversmanni and M. sibirica. Chem. Senses 28, 381-388.
58. Zhang, J.X., Soini, H.A., Bruce, K.E., Wiesler, D., Woodley, S.K., Baum, M.J. & Novotny, M.V. (2005). Putative chemosignals of the ferret (Mustela furo) associated with individual and gender recognition. Chem. Senses 32, 727-737.
59. Zhang, J.X., Sun, L., Zhang, Z.B., Wang, Z.W., Chen, Y. & Wang, Y. (2002). Volatile compounds in anal gland of Siberian weasels (Mustela sibirica) and steppe polecats (M. eversmanni). J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 1287-1297.