Ischemic stroke in young adults: Risk factors, subtypes, and prognosis

Neurologist

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 16-20

  Balci, Kemal ^a   Utku, Ufuk ^a   Asil, Talip ^a   Celik, Yahya ^a  

^a TRAKYA UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

prognosis; risk factors; young stroke

Indexed keywords

LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY; ARTERY DISSECTION; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CADASIL; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EMBOLISM; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM MYXOMA; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIGRAINE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; POLYCYTHEMIA VERA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY; PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULITIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; STROKE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 78651355848     PISSN: 10747931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e3181f954a7     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Bonita R, Mendis S, Truelsen T, et al. The global stroke initiative. LancetNeurol. 2004;3:391-393.
2. Kristensen B, Malm J, Carlberg B, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of ischemic stroke in young adults aged 18-44 years in northern Sweden. Stroke. 1997;28:1702-1709.
3. Lee TH, Hsu WC, Chen CJ, et al. Etiologic study of young ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Stroke. 2002;33:1950-1955.
4. Garbusinski JM, Van der Sande MA, Bartholome EJ, et al. Stroke presentation and outcome in developing countries: a prospective study in the Gambia. Stroke. 2005;36:1388-1393.
5. Leys D, Bandu L, Henon H, et al. Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2002;59:26-33.
6. Nedeltchev K, Der Maur TA, Georgiadis D, et al. Ischemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:191-195.
7. Biswas A, Ranjan R, Meena A, et al. Homocystine levels, polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke in young Asian Indians. J Stroke Cerebvasc Dis. 2009;18:103-110.
8. World Health Organization. The World Health Report: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
9. Olesen J, Goadsby P, Steiner T. The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:720.
10. Goldstein LB, Jones MR, Matchar DB, et al. Improving the reliability of stroke subgroup classification using the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Stroke. 2001;32:1091-1098.
11. Johnson CJ, Kittner SJ, McCarter RJ, et al. Interrater reliability of an etiologic classification of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1995;26: 46-51.
12. Rasura M, Spalloni A, Ferrari M, et al. A case series of young stroke in Rome. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:146-152.
13. Marini C, Totaro R, De Santis F, et al. Stroke in young adults in the community-based L'Aquila registry: incidence and prognosis. Stroke. 2001;32:52-56.
14. Nayak SD, Nair M, Radhakrishnan K, et al. Ischemic stroke in the young adult: clinical features, risk factors and outcome. Nat Med JIndia. 1997;10:107-112.
15. Al Rajeh S, Awada A. Stroke in Saudi Arabia. Cerebrovas Dis. 2002;13:3-8.
16. Adams HP Jr, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, et al. Ischemic stroke in young adults: experience in 329 patients enrolled in the Iowa Registry of stroke in young adults. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:491-495.
17. Carolei A, Marini C, Ferranti E, et al. A prospective study of cerebral ischemia in the young: analysis of pathogenic determi-nants: the National Research Council Study Group. Stroke. 1993;24:362-367.
18. Williams LS, Garg BP, Cohen M, et al. Subtypes of ischemic stroke in children and young adults. Neurology. 1997;49:1541-1545.
19. Khan FY, Yasin M, Abu-Khattab M, et al. Stroke in Qatar; a first prospective hospital based study of acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;17:69-78.
20. Kwon SU, Kim JS, Lee JH, et al. Ischemic stroke in Korean young adults. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;101:19-24.
21. You RX, McNeil JJ, O'Malley HM, et al. Risk factors for stroke due to cerebral infarction in young adults. Stroke. 1997;28: 1913-1918.
22. Rohr J, Kittner S, Feeser B, et al. Traditional risk factors and ischemic stroke in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study. Arch Neurol. 1996;53: 603-607.
23. Girot M. Smoking and stroke. Presse Med. 2009;38:1120-1125.
24. Bhat VM, Cole JW, Sorkin JD, et al. Dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young women. Stroke. 2008;39:2439-2443.
25. Albucher JF, Ferrieres J, Ruidavets JB, et al. Serum lipids in young patients with ischaemic stroke: a case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:29-33.
26. Zivkovic SA, Lopez OL, Zaretsky M, et al. Rapidly progressive stroke in a young adult with very low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. JNeuroimaging. 2000;10:233-236.
27. Brass LM, Isaacsohn JL, Merikangas KR, et al. A study of twins and stroke. Stroke. 1992;23:221-223.
28. Liao D, Myers R, Hunt S, et al. Familial history of stroke and stroke risk: the family heart study. Stroke. 1997;28:1908-1912.
29. Floßmann E, Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Systematic review of methods and results of studies of the genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:212-227.
30. De Silva R, Gamage R, Wewelwala C, et al. Young strokes in Sri Lanka: an unsolved problem. JStroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18: 304-308.
31. Kolominsky Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, et al. Epidemio-logy of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria; incidence, recurrence, and long term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population based study. Stroke. 2001;32:2735-2740.
32. Camerlingo M, Romorini A, Ferrante C, et al. Migraine and cerebral infarction in young people. Neurol Sci. DOI 10.1007/s10072-009-0195-7.
33. Wingerchuk DM, Spencer B, Dodick DW, et al. Migraine with aura is a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease: a critically appraised topic Neurologist. 2007;13:231-233.
34. Leung DY, Black IW, Cranney GB, et al. Selection of patients for transesophageal echocardiography after stroke and systemic embolic events: role of transthoracic echocardiography. Stroke. 1995;26:1820-1824.
35. Job FP, Ringelstein EB, Grafen Y, et al. Comparison of transcranial contrast Doppler sonography and transesophageal contrast echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74: 381-384.
36. Bousser MG, Kittner SJ. Oral contraceptives and stroke. Cephalalgia. 2000;20:183-189.
37. Barinagarrementeria F, Gonzàlez-Duarte A, Miranda L, et al. Cerebral infarction in young women: analysis of 130 cases. Eur Neurol. 1998;40:228-233.
38. Lipska K, Sylaja PN, Sarma PS, et al. Risk factors for acute ischemic stroke in young adults in South India. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:959-963.
39. Schwaag S, Nabavi DG, Frese A, et al. The association between migraine and juvenile stroke: a case-control study. Headache. 2003;43:90-95.
40. Weinberger J. Interactions between migraine and stroke. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2006;8:513-517.
41. Kurth T, Diener HC Current views of the risk of stroke for migraine with and migraine without aura. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2006;10:214-220.