Isotope dilution mass spectrometry - A primary method of measurement and its role for RM certification

Mapan - Journal of Metrology Society of India

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 135-164

  Vogl, Jochen ^a   Pritzkow, Wolfgang ^a  

^a BAM FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TESTING   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651345275     PISSN: 09703950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12647-010-0017-7     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. E. Roth, Critical Evaluation of the Use and Analysis of Stable Isotopes, Pure Appl. Chem., 69 (1997) 1753-1828.
2. M. Berglund, Introduction to Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) in P. De Groot (ed.), Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, 1 (2004) 820-834.
3. G. von Hevesy and F. Paneth, The Solubility of Lead Sulphides and Lead Chromates, Z. Anorg. Chem., 82 (1913) 323-328.
4. R. Schoenheimer and D. Rittenberg, Studies in Protein Metabolism I. General Considerations in the Application of Isotopes to the Study of Protein Metabolism. The Normal Abundance of Nitrogen Isotopes in Amino Acids, J. Biol. Chem., 127 (1939) 285-290.
5. D. Rittenberg, A. S. Keston, F. Rosebury and R. Schoenheimer, Studies in Protein Metabolism II. The Determination of Nitrogen Isotopes Organic Compounds, J. Biol. Chem., 127 (1939) 291-299.
6. R. Schoenheimer and S. Ratner, Studies in Protein Metabolism III. Synthesis of Amino Acids Containing Isotopic Nitrogen, J. Biol. Chem., 127 (1939) 301-313.
7. D. Rittenberg, R. Schoenheimer and A. S. Keston, Studies in Protein Metabolism IX. The Utilization of Ammonia by Normal Rats on a Stock Diet, J. Biol. Chem., 128 (1939) 603-607.
8. R. Schoenheimer, S. Ratner and D. Rittenberg, Studies in Protein Metabolism X. The Metabolic Activity of Body Proteins Investigated with l (-)-Leucine Containing Two Isotopes, J. Biol. Chem., 130 (1939) 703-732.
9. A. V. Grosse, S. G. Hindin and A. D. Kirshenbaum, Elementary Isotopic Analysis - Determination of Oxygen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68 (1946) 2119-2119.
10. A. V. Grosse, A. D. Kirshenbaum and S. G. Hindin, Elementary Isotopic Analysis - Determination of Carbon, Science, 105 (1947) 100-101.
11. A. V. Grosse, S. G. Hindin and A. D. Kirshenbaum, Elementary Isotopic Analysis - Determination of Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen in Organic Compounds, Anal. Chem., 21 (1949) 386-390.
12. A. D. Kirshenbaum and A. V. Grosse, Determination of Sulfur by Elementary Isotopic Analysis, Anal. Chem., 22 (1950) 613-614.
13. R. J. Hayden, J. H. Reynolds and M. G. Inghram, Reactions Induced by Slow Neutron Irradiation of Europium, Physical Review, 75 (1949) 1500-1507.
14. H. E. Suess, R. J. Hayden and M. G. Inghram, Age of Tektites, Nature, 168 (1951) 432-433.
15. E. P. Steinberg, L. E. Glendenin, M. G. Inghram and R. J. Hayden, Fine Structure in u233 Fission, Physical Review, 95 (1954) 867-868.
16. K. G. Heumann, Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, in: F. Adams, R. Gijbels and R. van Grieken, (Eds.), Inorganic Mass Spectrometry, Wiley & Sons, New York, (1988) 301-356.
17. K. Okamoto, Preparation and Certification of Rice Flour Unpolished Reference Material, Sci. Total Environ., 107 (1991) 29-44.
18. Y. Igarashi, K. Shiraishi, Y. Takaku, K. Masuda, R. Seki and M. Yamamoto, Application of Isotope-Dilution for the Determination of Thorium in Biological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry, Anal. Sci., 8 (1992) 475-479.
19. L. Rottmann and K. G. Heumann, Determination of Heavy-Metal Interactions with Dissolved Organic Materials in Natural Aquatic Systems by Coupling a High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography System with an Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 66 (1994) 3709-3715.
20. W. Yi, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee and M. Rehkamper, Precise Determination of Cadmium, Indium and Tellurium Using Multiple Collector ICP-MS, Geostand. Newsl., 22 (1998) 173-179.
21. K. G. Heumann, Isotope-Dilution Mass-Spectrometry (IDMS) of the Elements, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 11 (1992) 41-67.
22. K. G. Heumann, Isotope-Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process., 118 (1992) 575-592.
23. P. De Bièvre, Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS), in: R. F. Herber and M. Stoeppler (Eds.): Trace Element Analysis in Biological Specimens, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (1994) 169-183.
24. L. J. Moore, H. M. Kingston, T. J. Murphy and P. J. Paulsen, The Use of Isotope-Dilution Mass- Spectrometry for the Certification of Standard Reference Materials, Environ. Int., 10 (1984) 169-173.
25. J. I. G. Alonso, J. R. Encinar, P. R. Gonzalez and A. Sanz-Medel, Determination of Butyltin Compounds in Environmental Samples by Isotope-Dilution GC-ICP-MS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 373 (2002) 432-440.
26. P. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, J. M. Marchante-Gayon, J. I. G. Alonso and A. Sanz-Medel, Isotope Dilution Analysis for Elemental Speciation: A Tutorial Review, Spectrochimica Acta, Part BAtomic Spectroscopy, 60 (2005) 151-207.
27. R. Clough, J. Truscatt, S. T. Belt, E. H. Evans, B. Fairman and T. Catterick, Isotope Dilution ICPMS for Speciation Studies, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 38 (2003) 101-132.
28. C. Pin and B. Le Fevre, Isotope Dilution with Matrix Element Removal: A Key for High- Precision, High-Accuracy Trace Analysis of Geological Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Geostand. Newsl., 26 (2002) 135-148.
29. K. G. Heumann, Isotope-Dilution ICP-MS for Trace Element Determination and Speciation: From a Reference Method to a Routine Method?, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 378 (2004) 318-329.
30. J. Vogl, Characterisation of Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution mass Spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 22 (2007) 475-492.
31. J. Diemer, C. R. Quétel and P. D. P. Taylor, Comparison of the Performance of Different ICPMS Instruments on the Measurement of CU in a Water Sample by ICP-IDMS, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17 (2002) 1137-1142.
32. F. Wombacher, M. Rehkamper, K. Mezger and C. Munker, Stable Isotope Compositions of Cadmium in Geological Materials and Meteorites Determined by Multiple-Collector ICPMS, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 67 (2003) 4639-4654.
33. NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA, http://www. nist. gov.
34. IRMM: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium, http://irmm. jrc. ec. europa. eu.
35. J. R. De Laeter, J. K. Bohlke, P. De Bievre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor, Atomic Weights of the Elements: Review, 2000 - (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl. Chem., 75 (2003) 683-800.
36. R. D. Loss, Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001 - (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl. Chem., 75 (2003) 1107-1122.
37. A. Henrion, Reduction of Systematic-Errors in Quantitative-Analysis by Isotope-Dilution Mass-Spectrometry (IDMS) - an Iterative Method, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 350 (1994) 657-658.
38. M. Sargent, R. Harte and C. Harrington, Guidelines for Achieving High Accuracy in Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (2002).
39. K. G. Heumann, E. Kubassek and W. Schwabenbauer, Mass-Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis of Small Calcium Concentrations in Minerals, Fresenius Zeitschrift Fur Analytische Chemie, 287 (1977) 121-127.
40. M. J. T. Milton and J. A. Wang, High Accuracy Method for Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry with Application to the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 218 (2002) 63-73.
41. M. J. T. Milton and J. Wang, High Accuracy Method for the Application of Isotope Dilution to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Gases, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17 (2003) 2621-2625.
42. J. Vogl and W. Pritzkow, Isotope Reference Materials for Present and Future Isotope Research, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 25 (2010) 923-932.
43. L. Rottmann and K. G. Heumann, Development of an Online Isotope-Dilution Technique with HPLC ICP-MS for the Accurate Determination of Elemental Species, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 350 (1994) 221-227.
44. K. G. Heumann, L. Rottmann and J. Vogl, Elemental Speciation with Liquid-Chromatography Inductively-Coupled Plasma Isotope-Dilution Mass-Spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9 (1994) 1351-1355.
45. G. Koellensperger, S. Hann, J. Nurmi, T. Prohaska and G. Stingeder, Uncertainty of Species Unspecific Quantification Strategies in Hyphenated ICP-MS Analysis, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 18 (2003) 1047-1055.
46. K. G. Kehl, K. Weirauch, S. Wunderli and V. R. Meyer, The Influence of Variations in Atmospheric Pressure on the Uncertainty Budget of Weighing Results, Analyst, 125 (2000) 959-962.
47. A. Reichmuth, S. Wunderli, M. Weber and V. R. Meyer, The Uncertainty of Weighing Data Obtained with Electronic Analytical Balances, Microchim. Acta., 148 (2004) 133-141.
48. M. Pozivil, W. Winiger, S. Wunderli and V. R. Meyer, The Influence of Climate Conditions on Weighing Results, Microchim. Acta., 154 (2006) 55-63.
49. Mettler Toledo Switzerland, http://ch. mt. com/home.
50. J. Vogl and M. Ostermann, On the Measurement of the Moisture Content in Different Matrix Materials, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 11 (2006) 356-362.
51. H. Z. Wei, Y. K. Xiao, A. Sun, C. G. Zhang and S. Z. Li, Effective Elimination of Isobaric Ions Interference and Precise Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer Analysis for Boron Isotope, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 235 (2004) 187-195.
52. I. T. Platzner (Ed.), Modern Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, (1997).
53. J. Vogl, Calibration Strategies and Quality Assurance, in: S. Nelms (Ed.) ICP Mass Spectrometry, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, (2005) 147-181.
54. G. Horlick and A. Montaser, Analytical Characteristics of ICP-MS, in: A. Montaser (Ed.), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Wiley-VCH, New York, (1998) 503-614.
55. P. Dulski, Interferences of Oxide, Hydroxide and Chloride Analyte Species in the Determination of Rare-Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 350 (1994) 194-203.
56. J. Vogl, C. R. Quétel, M. Ostermann, I. Papadakis, L. van Nevel and P. D. P. Taylor, Contribution to the Certification of B, Cd, Mg, Pb, Rb, Sr and U in a Natural Water Sample for the International Measurement Evaluation Programme Round 9 (IMEP-9) Using ID-ICPMS, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 5 (2000) 272-279.
57. C. J. Park, K. H. Cho, J. K. Suh and M. S. Han, Determination of Cadmium in Sediment Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Correction of Tin Isobaric Interference Using Mass Bias Equations, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15 (2000) 567-570.
58. P. Klingbeil, J. Vogl, W. Pritzkow, G. Riebe and J. Muller, Comparative Studies on the Certification of Reference Materials by ICPMS and TIMS Using Isotope Dilution Procedures, Anal. Chem., 73 (2001) 1881-1888.
59. P. Evans, C. Wolff-Briche and B. Fairman, High Accuracy Analysis of Low Level Sulfur in Diesel Fuel by Isotope Dilution High Resolution ICPMS Using Silicon for Mass Bias Correction of Natural Isotope Ratios, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16 (2001) 964-969.
60. J. Vogl, P. Klingbeil, W. Pritzkow and G. Riebe, High Accuracy Measurements of fe Isotopes Using Hexapole Collision Cell MC-ICP-MS and Isotope Dilution for Certification of Reference Materials, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 18 (2003) 1125-1132.
61. D. J. Douglas and S. D. Tanner, Fundamental Considerations in ICP-MS, in: A. Montaser (Ed.), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Wiley-VCH, New York, (1998), pp. 421-501.
62. L. A. Allen, J. J. Leach and R. S. Houk, Spatial Location of the Space Charge Effect in Individual Ion Clouds Using Monodisperse Dried Microparticulate Injection with a Twin Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 69 (1997) 2384-2391.
63. K. Habfast, Fractionation in the Thermal Ionization Source, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process., 51 (1983) 165-189.
64. D. C. Gregoire, B. M. Acheson and R. P. Taylor, Measurement of Lithium Isotope Ratios by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Application to Geological Materials, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11 (1996) 765-772.
65. F. Vanhaecke, L. Moens, R. Dams, I. Papadakis and P. Taylor, Applicability of High-Resolution ICP Mass Spectrometry for Isotope Ratio Measurements, Anal. Chem., 69 (1997) 268-273.
66. Q. L. Xie and R. Kerrich, Isotope Ratio Measurement by Hexapole ICP-MS: Mass Bias Effect, Precision and Accuracy, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17 (2002) 69-74.
67. Q. L. Xie and R. Kerrich, Optimization of Operating-Conditions for Improved Precision of Zirconium and Hafnium Isotope Ratio Measurement by Inductively-Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10 (1995) 99-103.
68. J. I. G. Alonso, F. Sena, P. Arbore, M. Betti and L. Koch, Determination of Fission-Products and Actinides in Spent Nuclear-Fuels by Isotope- Dilution Ion Chromatography Inductively- Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10 (1995) 381-393.
69. T. Hirata, Lead Isotopic Analyses of NIST Standard Reference Materials Using Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled with a Modified External Correction Method for Mass Discrimination Effect, Analyst, 121 (1996) 1407-1411.
70. P. D. P. Taylor, P. Debievre, A. J. Walder and A. Entwistle, Validation of the Analytical Linearity and Mass Discrimination Correction Model Exhibited by a Multiple Collector Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer by Means of a Set of Synthetic Uranium Isotope Mixtures, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10 (1995) 395-398.
71. M. H. Dodson, A Theoretical Study of Use of Internal Standards for Precise Isotopic Analysis by Surface Ionization Technique. 1. General First-Order Algebraic Solutions, Journal of Scientific Instruments, 40 (1963) 289-295.
72. W. A. Russell, D. A. Papanastassiou and T. A. Tombrello, Ca Isotope Fractionation on Earth and Other Solar-System Materials, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 42 (1978) 1075-1090.
73. G. P. Russ and J. M. Bazan, Isotopic Ratio Measurements with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Source-Mass Spectrometer, Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr., 42 (1987) 49-62.
74. W. Pritzkow, S. Wunderli, J. Vogl and G. Fortunato, The Isotope Abundances and the Atomic Weight of Cadmium by a Metrological Approach, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 261 (2007) 74-85.
75. J. Vogl, Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung von Schwermetall/Huminstoff-Species durch HPLC/ICP-MS, Doctoral Thesis, University of Regensburg, (1997).
76. N. S. Belshaw, P. A. Freedman, R. K. O'Nions, M. Frank and Y. Guo, A New Variable Dispersion Double-Focusing Plasma Mass Spectrometer with Performance Illustrated for Pb Isotopes, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 181 (1998) 51-58.
77. P. Evans, C. Wolff-Briche and B. Fairman, High Accuracy Analysis of Low Level Sulfur in Diesel Fuel by Isotope Dilution High Resolution' ICPMS, Using Silicon for Mass Bias Correction of Natural Isotope Ratios, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16 (2001) 964-969.
78. A. G. Adriaens, W. R. Kelly and F. C. Adams, Propagation of Uncertainties in Isotope-Dilution Mass-Spectrometry Using Pulse Counting Detection, Anal. Chem., 65 (1993) 660-663.
79. A. Held and P. D. P. Taylor, A Calculation Method Based on Isotope Ratios for the Determination of Dead Time and Its Uncertainty in ICP-MS and Application of the Method to Investigating Some Features of a Continuous Dynode Multiplier, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 14 (1999) 1075-1079.
80. S. M. Nelms, C. R. Quétel, T. Prohaska, J. Vogl and P. D. P. Taylor, Evaluation of Detector Dead Time Calculation Models for ICP-MS, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16 (2001) 333-338.
81. J. Moser, W. Wegscheider, T. Meisel and N. Fellner, An Uncertainty Budget for Trace Analysis by Isotope-Dilution ICP-MS with Proper Consideration of Correlation, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 377 (2003) 97-110.
82. W. Pritzkow, J. Vogl, R. Köppen and A. Ostermann, Determination of Sulfur Isotope Abundance Ratios for SI-Traceable Low Sulfur Concentration Measurements in Fossil Fuels by ID-TIMS, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 242 (2005) 309-318.
83. ASTM D2622-05, Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, (2006), http://www. astm. org.
84. Z. W. Chen, F. Wei, I. Radley and B. Beumer, Low-Level Sulfur in Fuel Determination Using Monochromatic WD XRF - ASTM D 7039-04″, J. ASTM Int., 2 (2005), DOI: 10. 1520/JAI12971.
85. L. van Nevel, I. Verbist, C. Harper, S. Bynens, P. Smeyers, Y. Aregbe, P. Robouch, P. D. P. Taylor, G. Turck, R. Vocke and W. R. Kelly, IMEP-18 Sulphur in Diesel Fuel (Gasoil) Report to Participants, European Commission, Report EUR 21765 EN, European Communities, (2005).
86. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms VIM, 3rd edition, JCGM 200: 2008, http://www. bipm. org/en/publications/guides/vim. html also ISO Guide 99-12 (2007).
87. International Standards Organization, Guide to Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, ISO, Geneva, (1995).
88. EURACHEM, Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement, LGC, Teddington, UK, (1995).
89. GUM workbench, Metrodata GmbH, Germany, http://www. metrodata. de/.
90. H. Kipphardt, R. Matschat, O. Rienitz, D. Schiel, W. Gernand and D. Oeter, Traceability System for Elemental Analysis, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 10 (2006) 633-639.
91. K. G. Heumann, S. M. Gallus, G. Radlinger and J. Vogl, Precision and Accuracy in Isotope Ratio Measurements by Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 13 (1998) 1001-1008.
92. Comité consultatif pour la quantité de matière - métrologie en chimie, Sèvres, France, http://www. bipm. fr/en/committees/cc/ccqm/.
93. J. C. Wolff, B. Dyckmans, P. D. P. Taylor and P. De Bièvre, Certification of a N-15-Enriched Nitrate Species-Specific spike Isotopic Reference Material IRMM-627, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process., 156 (1996) 67-75.
94. P. De Bièvre and H. S. Peiser, Basic Equations and Uncertainties in Isotope-Dilution Mass Spectrometry for Traceability to SI of Values Obtained by This Primary Method, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 359 (1997) 523-525.
95. I. Papadakis, P. D. P. Taylor and P. De Bièvre, SITraceable Values for Cadmium and Lead Concentration in the Candidate Reference Material, MURST-ISS A1 Antarctic Sediment, by Combination of ICP-MS with Isotope Dilution, Anal. Chim. Acta., 346 (1997) 17-22.
96. I. Papadakis, C. R. Quétel, P. D. P. Taylor and P. De Bièvre, Contribution to the Certification of Cadmium and Lead Amount Content in the BCR CRM-278R Mussel Tissue by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 5 (2000) 198-204.
97. J. Vogl, D. Liesegang, M. Ostermann, J. Diemer, M. Berglund, C. R. Quétel, P. D. P. Taylor and K. G. Heumann, Producing SI-Traceable Reference Values for Cd, Cr and Pb Amount Contents in Polyethylene Samples from the Polymer Elemental Reference Material (PERM) Project Using Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 5 (2000) 314-324.
98. A. Dobney, H. Klinkenberg, F. Souren and W. van Borm, Uncertainty Calculations for Amount of Chemical Substance Measurements Performed by Means of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry as Part of the PERM Project, Anal. Chim. Acta., 420 (2000) 89-94.
99. W. Pritzkow, J. Vogl, A. Berger, K. Ecker, R. Grotzschel, P. Klingbeil, L. Persson, G. Riebe and U. Watjen, Contribution of ICP-IDMS to the Certification of Antimony Implanted in a Silicon Wafer - Comparison with RBS and INAA Results, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 371 (2001) 867-873.
100. J. L. Love, Chemical Metrology, Chemistry and the Uncertainty of Chemical Measurements, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 7 (2002) 95-100.
101. S. Wunderli, Uncertainty and Sampling, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 8 (2003) 90-90.
102. J. Love, Untitled, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 8 (2003) 161-162.
103. S. Wunderli, Untitled, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 8 (2003) 367.
104. M. Thompson, Reply to the Letters to the Editor by Samuel Wunderli, Accred. Qual. Assur., 8 (2003) 90 and 367, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 9 (2004) 425-426.
105. S. Wunderli, Sampling and Uncertainty - Reply to the Letters to the Editor, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 10 (2005) 255-256.
106. J. Vogl, P. Klingbeil, W. Pritzkow, G. Riebe, G. Wermann, P. Turner, N. Wortel and J. Woittiez, High Resolution ICP-IDMS for Reference Material Definition Measurement, RTD-Project within the 4th Framework of the European Commission DG XII, Contract No. SMT4-CT96-2141, (2002), p. 17.
107. P. Klingbeil, Methodenentwicklung für die Präzisionsanalytik von Spurenelementen mittels Multikollektor-ICP-MS unter Anwendungder Isotopenverdünnungstechnik, Doctoral Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, (2001).
108. H. Kipphardt, Traceability in Isotopic Measurements, in: P. De Groot (Ed.), Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, 1 (2004) 928-943.
109. The international System of Units (SI), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 7th edition, Sèvres (France), (1998).
110. A. Lamberty, W. van Borm and Ph. Quevauviller, The Certification of Mass Fraction of As, Br, Cl, Cr, Hg, Pb and S in Two Polyethylene CRMs - BCR-680 and BCR-681, European Commission, (2001), EUR 19450 EN.
111. D. R. Christmann and J. D. Ingle, Problems with Sub-ppb Mercury Determinations - Preservation of Standards and Prevention of Water Mist Interferences, Anal. Chim. Acta., 86 (1976) 53-62.
112. S. E. Long, T. D. Martin, and E. R. Martin, Method 200. 8 Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Revision 5. 4, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (1994).
113. J. Allibone, E. Fatemian and P. J. Walker, Determination of Mercury in Potable Water by ICP-MS Using Gold as a Stabilising Agent, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 14 (1999) 235-239.
114. B. T. Sturman, Comment on Determination of Mercury in Potable Water by ICP-MS Using Gold as a Stabilising Agent (J. Allibone, E. Fatemian and P. J. Walker, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 14 (1999) 235), J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15 (2000) 1512-1512.
115. J. Diemer and K. G. Heumann, Development of an ICP-IDMS Method for Accurate Routine Analyses of Toxic Heavy Metals in Polyolefins and Comparison with Results by TI-IDMS, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 368 (2000) 103-108.
116. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Key Comparison CCQM-K8, Internet Homepage: http://www. bipm. fr, BIPM, Paris, France.
117. I. Müller, Digestion and Preparation of Organic and Biological Microsamples for Ultratrace Elemental Analysis, Atom. Spectrosc., 19 (1998) 45-47.
118. K. H. Ecker, U. Watjen, A. Berger, L. Persson, W. Pritzkow, M. Radtke and H. Riesemeier, RBS, SY-XRF, INAA and ICP-IDMS of Antimony Implanted in Silicon - a Multi-Method Approach to Characterize and Certify a Reference Material, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 188 (2002) 120-125.
119. K. H. Ecker, U. Wätjen, A. Berger, R. Grötzschel, L. Persson, W. Pritzkow, G. Riebe and J. Vogl, Certification Report, Antimony Implanted in Silicon Wafer with a Silicon Dioxide Diffusion Barrier, Certified Reference Materials ERMEG001″, Report EUR 20125 EN, (2001).