Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries: An overview

Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-income Countries

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 3-27

  Jiménez, Blanca ^a   Drechsel, Pay ^b   Koné, Doulaye ^c   Bahri, Akiça ^d   Raschid Sally, Liqa ^d   Qadir, Manzoor ^e  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^b International Water Management Institute IWMI   (Sri Lanka)

^c SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^d INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE   (Ghana)

^e INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS ICARDA   (Syrian Arab Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651338256     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. AATSE-Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (2004) Water Recycling in Australia, AATSE, Victoria, Australia
2. Abaidoo, R., Keraita, B., Drechsel, P., Dissanayake, P. and Maxwell, A. (2009) 'Soil and crop contamination through wastewater irrigation and options for risk reduction in developing countries', in P. Dion (ed) Soil Biology and Agriculture in the Tropics, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg
3. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Henseler, M. (2007) 'Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups', Journal of Water and Health, vol 5, no 3, pp455-66
4. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Ntow, W. J. (2006) 'Pesticide and pathogen contamination of vegetables in Ghana's urban markets', Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 50, no 1, pp1-6
5. Andreoli, C., Garbossa, L., Lupatini, G. and Pegorini, S. (2008) 'A Brazilian approach in United Nations Human Settlements Programme', in R. LeBlanc, P. Matthews and P. Roland (eds) Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management: Moving Forward the Sustainable and Welcome Uses of a Global Resource, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, pp131-46
6. Asano, T., Burton, H., Leverenz, H., Tsuchihashi, R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (2007) Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, p1570
7. Asare, I., Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G. and Cofie, O. (2003) 'Faecal sludge application for agriculture in Tamale', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 10, pp31-3
8. Blumenthal, U. J. and Peasey, A. (2002) 'Critical review of epidemiological evidence of the health effects of wastewater and excreta use in agriculture', unpublished document prepared for World Health Organization, Geneva, www.who.int/water_sanitation_ health/wastewater/whocriticalrev.pdf
9. Bonfoh, B., Ankers, P., Sall, A., Diabaté, M., Tembely, S., Farah, Z., Alfaroukh, O. I. and Zinsstag, J. (2006) 'Operational plan for small scale milk producers in peri-urban of Bamako (Mali)', Journal of Sahelian Studies and Research, vol 12, nos 7-25
10. Bonfoh, B., Sall, A., Diabaté, M., Diarra, A., Netoyo, L., Mbaye, Y., Simbé, C. F., Alfaroukh, O. I., Farah, Z. and Zinsstag, J. (2003) 'Viabilité technico-économique du système extensif de production et de collecte de lait à Bamako', Revue Etudes et Recherches Sahéliennes, vols 8-9, pp173-84
11. Bratton, R. and Nesse, R. (1993) 'Ascariasis: An infection to watch for in immigrants', Postgraduate Medicine, vol 93, pp171-8
12. Buechler, S., Devi, G. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2002) 'Livelihoods and wastewater irrigated agriculture along the Musi River in Hyderabad City, Andhra Pradesh, India', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 8, pp14-17
13. Chang, A. C., Pan, G., Page, A. L. and Asano, T. (2002) 'Developing human healthrelated chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater and sewage sludge applications in agriculture', report submitted to World Health Organization, Geneva
14. Cofie, O., Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G., Drechsel, P. (2005) 'The use of human waste for peri-agriculture in northern Ghana', Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, vol 20, no 2, pp73-80
15. Cofie, O., Strauss, M., Montangero, A., Zurbrugg, C. and Drescher, S. (2003) 'Cocomposting of faecal sludge and municipal organic waste for urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana', Final Project Report submitted to PSEau, IWMI, Ghana, p123
16. Cornish, G. and Lawrence, P. (2001) 'Informal irrigation in peri-urban areas: A summary of findings and recommendations', Report OD/TN 144, Nov 2001, HR Wallingford Ltd, Wallingford, UK
17. Danso, G., Drechsel, P., Wiafe-Antwi, T. and Gyiele, L. (2002) 'Income of farming systems around Kumasi', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 7, pp5-6
18. Drechsel, P., Blumenthal, U. J. and Keraita, B. (2002) 'Balancing health and livelihoods: Adjusting wastewater irrigation guidelines for resource-poor countries', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 8, pp7-9
19. Drechsel, P., Cofie, O., Fink, M., Danso, G., Zakari, F. M. and Vasquez, R. (2004) 'Closing the rural-urban nutrient cycle. options for municipal waste composting in Ghana', Final Scientific Report submitted to IDRC (project 100376), IWMI, Ghana
20. Drechsel, P., Graefe, S., Sonou, M. and Cofie, O. (2006) 'Informal irrigation in urban West Africa: An overview', Research Report 102, International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
21. Ensink, J. (2006) 'Water quality and the risk of hookworm infection in Pakistani and Indian sewage farmers', PhD thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London
22. Ensink, J., Mahmood, T., van der Hoek, W., Raschid-Sally, L. and Amerasinghe, F. (2004) 'A nation-wide assessment of wastewater use in Pakistan: An obscure activity or a vitally important one?', Water Policy, vol 6, pp197-206
23. FAO (2006) 'Country pasture/forage resource profiles - Burkina Faso', FAO, Rome, www.fao.org
24. Faruqui, N., Niang, S. and Redwood, M. (2004) 'Untreated wastewater reuse in market gardens: A case study of Dakar, Senegal', in C. Scott, N. Faruqui and L. Raschid-Sally (eds) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp113-25
25. Gaye, M. and Niang, S. (2002) Epuration des eaux usées et l'agriculture urbaine, Etudes et Recherches, ENDA-TM, Dakar, Senegal
26. Godfrey, S., Labhasetwar, P., Swami, A., Wate, S. R., Parihar, G. and Dwivedi, H. (2007) 'Water safety plans for grey water in tribal schools', Water Lines, vol 5, no 3, pp8-10
27. Godfrey, S., Labhasetwar, P. and Wate, S. (2009) 'Greywater reuse in residential schools in Madhya Pradesh India - a case study of cost benefit analysis', Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol 53, pp287-93
28. Hamilton, A. J., Stagnitti, F., Xiong, X., Kreidl, S. L., Benke, K. K. and Maher, P. (2007) 'Wastewater irrigation: The state of play', Vadose Zone Journal, vol 6, no 4, pp 823-40
29. Hoek, W. van der (2004) 'A framework for a global assessment of the extent of wastewater irrigation: The need for a common wastewater typology', in C. A. Scott, N. I. Faruqui and L. Raschid-Sally (eds) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp11-24
30. Hoek, W. van der, Ul Hassan, M., Ensink, J., Feenstra, S., Raschid-Sally, L. and Munir, S. (2002) 'Urban wastewater: A valuable resource for agriculture', International Water Management Institute Research Report, vol 63, Colombo
31. Huibers, F., Moscoso, O., Duran, A. and van Lier, J. (2004) 'The use of wastewater in Cochobamba, Bolivia: A degrading environment', in C. Scott, N. Faruqui and L. Raschid-Sally (eds) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp135-44
32. IWMI (2008) 'Household survey on the role of backyard gardens for food security and food supply in Kumasi and Accra, Ghana', report, International Water Management Institute, Africa office, Accra
33. Jensen, P. K., Phuc, P. D., Dalsgaard, A. and Konradsen, F. (2005) 'Successful sanitation promotion must recognize the use of latrine wastes in agriculture - the example of Vietnam', WHO Bulletin, vol 83, pp273-4
34. Jiménez, B. (2005) 'Treatment technology and standards for agricultural wastewater reuse', Irrigation and Drainage, vol 54, no 1, pp 22-33
35. Jiménez, B. (2006) 'Irrigation in developing countries using wastewater', International Review for Environmental Strategies, vol 6, no 2, pp229-50
36. Jiménez, B. (2007) 'Helminth ova control in sludge: A review', Water Science and Technology, vol 56, no 9, pp147-55
37. Jiménez, B. and Asano, T. (2008) 'Water reclamation and reuse around the world', in B.Jiménez and T. Asano (eds) Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs, IWA Publishing, London, p648
38. Jiménez, B., Barrios, J., Mendez, J. and Diaz, J. (2004) 'Sustainable management of sludge in developing countries', Water Science and Technology, vol 49, no 10, pp251-8
39. Jiménez, B. and Garduño, G. (2001) 'Social, political and scientific dilemmas for massive wastewater reuse in the world', in C. Davis and R. McGinn (eds) Navigating Rough Waters: Ethical Issues in the Water Industry, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO
40. Jiménez, B. and Wang, L. (2006) 'Sludge treatment and management', in Z. Ujang and M. Henze (eds) Developing Countries: Principles and Engineering, IWA Publishing, London, pp237-92
41. Juanico, M. and Salgot, M. (2008) 'Northern Mediterranean world', in B. Jiménez and T. Asano (eds) Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs, IWA Publishing, London, p648
42. Keraita, B., Jiménez, B. and Drechsel, P. (2008) 'Extent and implications of agricultural reuse of untreated, partly treated and diluted wastewater in developing countries', Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, vol 3, no 58, p15
43. Koné, D. (in press) 'Making Urban Excreta and Wastewater Management Contributes to Cities' Economic Development. A Paradigm Shift', Water Policy
44. Koné, D., Cofie, O., Zurbrugg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (2007a) 'Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal sludge dewatering and cocomposting in tropical climates', Water Research , vol 41, no 19, pp4397-402
45. Koné, D., Strauss, M. and Saywell, D. (2007b) 'Towards an improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)', Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium and Workshop on Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) Policy, final report, Dakar, 9-12 May 2006, Die Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Dübendorf, Switzerland
46. Koottatep, T., Polprasert, C. and Hadsoi, S. (2006) 'Integrated faecal sludge treatment and recycling through constructed wetlands and sunflower plant irrigation', Water Science and Technology, vol 54, pp155-64
47. Lai, T. (2002) 'Perspectives of peri-urban vegetable production in Hanoi', background paper prepared for the Action Planning Workshop of the CGIAR Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Hanoi, 6-9 June, convened by International Potato Center (CIP)
48. Lima, Peru Mekala, G. D., Davidson, B. A. and Boland, A. (2007) 'Multiple uses of wastewater: A methodology for cost-effective recycling', in S. J. Khan, R. M. Stuetz and J. M. Anderson (eds) Water Reuse and Recycling, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Publishing and Printing Services, Sydney, Australia, pp335-43
49. Moran, J. (2005) Tropical Dairy Farming: Feeding Management for Small Holder Dairy Farmers in the Humid Tropics, Land Links, Collingwood, Australia
50. Morel, A. and Diener, S. (2006) Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland
51. Page, A. L. and Chang, A. C. (1994) 'Trace elements of environmental concern in terrestrial ecosystems: An overview', in Transactions of the 15th World Congress of Soil Science, vol 3a, pp568-85. Commission II: Symposia, Acapulco, Mexico, 10-16 July, 1994
52. Phuc, P. D., Konradsen, F., Phuong, P. T., Cam, P. D. and Dalsgaard, A. (2006) 'Use of human excreta as fertilizer in agriculture in Nghe An province, Viet Nam', Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol 37, pp222-9
53. Post, J. (2006) 'Wastewater treatment and reuse in eastern Mediterranean region', Water 2, pp36-41
54. Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., Minhas, P. S., Drechsel, P., Bahri, A. and McCornick, P. (2007) 'Agricultural use of marginal-quality water - opportunities and challenges', in D. Molden (ed) Water for Food, Water for Life. A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, Earthscan, London, and International Water Management Institute, Colombo, pp425-57
55. Raschid-Sally, L., Carr, R. and Buechler, S. (2005) 'Managing wastewater agriculture to improve livelihoods and environmental quality in poor countries', Irrigation and Drainage, vol 54, no 1, pp11-22
56. Raschid-Sally, L. and Jayakody, P. (2008) 'Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: Results from a global assessment, Colombo, Sri Lanka', IWMI Research Report 127, International Water Management Institute, Colombo
57. Rosemarin, A. (2004) 'The precarious geopolitics of phosphorous', Down to Earth, 30 June, pp27-34
58. Sanon, H. O., Kaboré-Zoungrana. C. and Ledin, I. (2007) 'Behaviour of goats, sheep and cattle and their selection of browse species on natural pasture in a Sahelian area', Small Ruminant Research, vol 67, no 1, pp64-74
59. Scott, C. A., Faruqui, N. I. and Raschid-Sally, L. (eds) (2004) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
60. Silva, N., Chan, M. and Bundy, A. (1997) 'Morbidity and mortality due to ascariasis: re-estimation and sensitivity analysis of global numbers at risk', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol 2, no 6, pp19-28
61. Snyman, H. (2008) 'South Africa', in R. LeBlanc, P. Matthews and P. Roland (eds) Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management: Moving Forward the Sustainable and Welcome Uses of a Global Resource, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, pp514-25
62. Soulié, M. and Tréméa, L. (1991) 'Technologie pour le traitement et la réutilisation des eaux usées dans le bassin méditerranéen', in Proceedings of the 3rd Meeting of the Regional Agency for Environment, Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur, pp171-255
63. State of California (2001) 'Wastewater recycling criteria', an excerpt from the California Code of Regulations, Title 22, Division 4, Environmental Health, Dept. of Health Services, Sacramento, California, June 2001 edition
64. Strauss, M., Larmie, S. A. and Heinss, U. (1997) 'Treatment of sludges from on-site sanitation - Low-cost options', Water Science and Technology, vol 6, no 35, pp129-36
65. Toutain B., Guervilly T., Le Masson, A. and Roberge, G. (2006) 'Leçons de quelques essais de régénération des parcours en région sahélienne', Sécheresse, vol 17, no 1-2, pp72-5
66. Trang, D., Hien, B., Mølbak, K., Cam, P. and Dalsgaard, A. (2007a) 'Epidemiology and aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in adults engaged in wastewater-fed agriculture and aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol 12, no 2, pp23-33
67. Trang, D., Hien, B., Mølbak, K., Cam, P. and Dalsgaard, A. (2007b) 'Helminth infections among people using wastewater and human excreta in peri-urban agriculture and aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol 12, no 2, pp82-90
68. United Nations (2003) UN World Water Development Report: Water for People, Water for Life, UNESCO and Berghahn Books, Paris, New York and Oxford
69. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2008), in R. LeBlanc, P. Matthews and P. Roland (eds) Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management: Moving Forward the Sustainable and Welcome Uses of a Global Resource, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, p632
70. WHO (1989) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture, WHO, Geneva
71. WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture, World Health Organization, Geneva
72. WHO-IDRC (2006) 'Report of the first consultative workshop on the WHO/IDRC project. Non-treatment options for safe wastewater use in poor urban communities', WHO/SDE/WSH/07.03, www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/accraworkshop_wsh0703.pdf
73. Wolf, J., van Wijk, M. S., Cheng, X., Hu, Y., van Diepen, C. A., Jongbloed, A. W., van Keulen, H., Lu, C. H. and Roetter, R. (2003) 'Urban and peri-urban agricultural production in Beijing municipality and its impact on water quality', Environment and Urbanization, vol 15, no 2, pp141-56
74. World Resources Institute (2000) World Resources 2000-2001, People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life, WRI, Washington, DC, http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/freshwater_withdrawal_in_agriculture_industry_and_domestic_use/
75. Yang, H. and Abbaspour, K. (2007) 'Analysis of wastewater reuse potential in Beijing', Desalination, vol 212, pp 238-50