Movement and Spread of a Founding Population of Reintroduced Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada

Restoration Ecology

Volumn 19, Issue SPEC.ISSUE, 2011, Pages 70-77

  Yott, Adelle ^a   Rosatte, Rick ^a   Schaefer, James A ^a   Hamr, Joe ^b   Fryxell, John ^c  

^a TRENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Cambrian College   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cervus elaphus; Dispersal; Elk; Movements; Population spread; Reintroduction; Restoration; Translocation

Indexed keywords

DEER; DISPERSAL; MORTALITY; MOVEMENT; POPULATION GROWTH; RANGE EXPANSION; REINTRODUCTION; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; SITE FIDELITY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

CANADA; ONTARIO [CANADA];

ANIMALIA; CERVUS ELAPHUS;

EID: 78651297603     PISSN: 10612971     EISSN: 1526100X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00639.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Allee, W. 1938. The social life of animals. W. Norton, New York.
2. Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
3. Bellhouse, T., and R. Rosatte 2005. Assessment of the potential for negative interaction between reintroduced elk (Cervus elaphus) and resident white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in their wintering areas of Ontario, Canada. Mammalia 69:35-56.
4. Bergman, C. M., J. A. Schaefer, and S. N. Luttich 2000. Caribou movement as a correlated random walk. Oecologia 123:364-374.
5. Bork, E. W., R. J. Hudson, and A. W. Bailey 1997. Upland plant community classification in Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada, using disturbance history and physical site factors. Plant Ecology 130:171-190.
6. Bovet, P., and S. Benhamou 1988. Spatial analysis of animals' movements using a correlated random walk model. Journal of Theoretical Biology 131:419-433.
7. Bright, P. W., and P. A. Morris 1994. Animal translocation for conservation: performance of dormice in relation to release methods, origin, and season. Journal of Applied Ecology 31:699-708.
8. Byrom, A. E. 2002. Dispersal and survival of juvenile feral ferrets Mustela furo in New Zealand. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:67-78.
9. Cain, M. L. 1985. Random search by herbivorous insects: a simulation model. Ecology 66:876-888.
10. Carbyn, L. N., H. J. Armbruster, and C. Mamo 1994. The swift fox reintroduction program in Canada from 1983 to 1992. Pages 247-271 in M. L. Bowles and C. J. Whelan, editors. Restoration of endangered species: conceptual issues, planning, and implementation. Cambridge University Press, Illinois.
11. Caughley, G. 1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:215-244.
12. Caughley, G., and A. R. E. Sinclair 1994. Wildlife ecology and management. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
13. Clout, M. N., and J. C. Russell 2008. The invasion ecology of mammals: a global perspective. Wildlife Research 35:180-184.
14. Dunham, K. 2000. Dispersal pattern of mountain gazelles Gazella gazelle released in central Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 44:247-258.
15. Ebenhard, T. 1995. Conservation breeding as a tool for saving animal species from extinction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:438-443.
16. Environment Canada. 2008. Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 (available from).
17. Etienne, R., B. Wertheim, L. Hemerik, P. Schneider, and J. Powell 2002. The interaction between dispersal, the Allee effect and scramble competition affects population dynamics. Ecological Modeling 148:153-168.
18. Fahrig, L., and G. Merriam 1994. Conservation of fragmented populations. Conservation Biology 8:50-59.
19. Forsman, E. D., R. G. Anthony, J. A. Reid, P. J. Loschl, S. G. Sovern, M. Taylor, et al. 2002. Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls. Wildlife Monographs No. 149.
20. Fryxell, J., M. Hazell, L. Börger, B. Dalziel, D. Haydon, J. Morales, T. McIntosh, and R. Rosatte 2008. Multiple movement modes by large herbivores at multiple spatio-temporal scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:19114-19119.
21. Gogan, P., and R. Barrett 1988. Lessons in management from translocations of Tule elk. Pages 275-285 in L. Nielsen and R. Brown, editors. Translocation of wild animals. Humane Society, Wisconsin.
22. Green, R. 1997. The influence of numbers released on the outcome of attempts to introduce exotic bird species to New Zealand. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:25-35.
23. Greenwood, P. J. 1980. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behavior 28:1140-1162.
24. Griffith, B., J. M. Scott, J. W. Carpenter, and C. Reed 1989. Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245:477-480.
25. Hamilton, R. 1962. Factors affecting dispersal of deer released in Indiana. Journal of Wildlife Management 26:79-85.
26. Hanski, I. A., and M. E. Gilpin, editors. 1997. Metapopulation biology: ecology, genetics, and evolution. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
27. Hastings, A. 1992. Age dependent dispersal is not a simple process: density dependence, stability and chaos. Theoretical Population Biology 41:388-400.
28. Haydon, D. T., J. M. Morales, A. Yott, D. A. Jenkins, R. Rosatte, and J. M. Fryxell 2008. Socially-informed random walks: incorporating group dynamics into models of population spread and growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:1101-1109.
29. Hengeveld, R. 1989. Dynamics of biological invasions. Chapman & Hall, London.
30. Higgins, S. I., and D. M. Richardson 1996. A review of models of alien plant spread. Ecological Modeling 87:249-265.
31. Jefferies, D. J., P. Wayre, R. M. Jessop, and A. J. Mitchell-Jones. 1986. Reinforcing the native otter Lutra lutra populations in East Anglia: an analysis of the behaviour and range development of the first release group. Mammal Review 16:65-79.
32. Jones, M. L., N. E. Mathews, and W. F. Porter 1997. Influence of social organization on dispersal and survival of translocated female white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:272-278.
33. Kleiman, D. G. 1989. Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. Bioscience 39:152-161.
34. Kolar, C. S., and D. M. Lodge 2001. Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:199-204.
35. Komers, P. E., and G. P. Curman 2000. The effect of demographic characteristics on the success of ungulate reintroductions. Biological Conservation 93:187-193.
36. Kot, M., M. A. Lewis, and P. van den Driessche. 1996. Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms. Ecology 77:2027-2042.
37. Larkin, J. L., J. J. Cox, M. W. Wichrowski, M. R. Dzialak, and D. S. Maehr 2004. Influences on release-site fidelity of translocated elk. Restoration Ecology 12:97-105.
38. Larkin, J. L., D. S. Maehr, J. J. Cox, J. M. W. Wichrowski, and R. D. Crank 2002. Factors affecting reproduction and population growth in a restored elk Cervus elaphus nelsoni population. Wildlife Biology 8:49-54.
39. Larter, N. C., A. R. E. Sinclair, T. Ellsworth, J. Nishi, and C. C. Gates 2000. Dynamics of reintroduction in an indigenous large ungulate: the wood bison of northern Canada. Animal Conservation 4:299-309.
40. Lewis, M. A., and P. M. Kareiva 1993. Allee dynamics and the spread of invading organisms. Theoretical Population Biology 43:141-158.
41. Lima, S. L., and P. A. Zollner 1996. Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:131-135.
42. Lloyd, H. 1927. Transfer of elk for restocking. Canadian Field Naturalist 41:126-127.
43. McIntosh, T. 2003. Spatial behaviour and habitat selection of elk (Cervus elaphus). Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
44. Mohr, C. O. 1947. Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. American Midland Naturalist 37:223-249.
45. Muller, L. 2002. Tennessee elk restoration project: summary of 2001/02 activities. Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
46. Nielsen, L. 1988. Definitions, considerations, and guidelines for translocation of wild animals. Pages 12-49. in L. Nielsen and R. Brown, editors. Translocations of wild animals. Wisconsin Humane Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin/Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Texas.
47. Parker, W. T., and M. K. Phillips 1991. Application of the experimental population designation to recovery of endangered red wolves. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:73-79.
48. Reimers, E., F. L. Miller, S. Eftestol, J. E. Colman, and B. Dahle 2006. Flight by feral reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus in response to a directly approaching human on foot or on skis. Wildlife Biology 12:403-413.
49. Robinette, W. L. 1966. Mule deer home range and dispersal in Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:335-349.
50. Rogers, L. 1988. Homing tendencies of large mammals: a review. Pages 76-86 in L. Nielsen and R. Brown, editors. Translocation of wild animals. Wisconsin Humane Society Milwaukee, Wisconsin/Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Texas.
51. Rosatte, R., J. Hamr, B. Ranta, J. Young, and N. Cool 2002. Elk Restoration in Ontario, Canada. Infectious Disease Management Strategy, 1998-2001. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969:358-363.
52. Rosatte, R., J. Hamr, J. Young, I. Filion, and H. Smith 2007. The restoration of elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada: 1998-2005. Restoration Ecology 15:34-43.
53. Ruth, T. K., K. A. Logan, L. L. Sweanor, M. C. Hornocker, and L. J. Temple 1998. Evaluating cougar translocation in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1264-1275.
54. Ryckman, M., R. Rosatte, T. McIntosh, J. Hamr, and D. Jenkins 2009. Post-release dispersal of reintroduced elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada. Restoration Ecology 17 (Published Online). DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00523.x.
55. Saenz, D., K. A. Baum, R. N. Conner, D. C. Rudolph, and R. Costa 2002. Large-scale translocation strategies for reintroducing red-cockaded woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:212-221.
56. Sagarin, R. D., and S. D. Gaines 2002. The 'abundant centre' distribution: to what extent is it a biogeographic rule? Ecology Letters 5:137-147.
57. Schaefer, J. A., C. M. Bergman, and S. N. Luttich 2000. Site fidelity of female caribou at multiple spatial scales. Landscape Ecology 15:731-739.
58. Seddon, P. J., P. S. Soorae, and F. Launay 2005. Taxonomic bias in reintroduction projects. Animal Conservation 8:51-58.
59. Skellam, J. G. 1951. Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38:196-218.
60. South, A. 1999. Dispersal in spatially explicit population models. Conservation Biology 13:1039-1046.
61. Stanley Price, M. R. 1989. Animal reintroductions: the Arabian Oryx in Oman. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
62. Stephens, P. A., and W. J. Sutherland 1999. Consequences of the Allee effect for behaviour, ecology and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:401-405.
63. Stussy, R. J., W. D. Edge, and T. A. O'Neil. 1994. Survival of resident and translocated female elk in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:242-247.
64. Taylor, R. A. J. 1978. The relationship between density and distance of dispersing insects. Ecological Entomology 3:63-70.
65. Turchin, P. 1998. Quantitative analysis of movement: measuring and modeling population redistribution in animals and plants. Sinauer, Sunderland.
66. Van den Bosch, F., R. Hengeveld, and J. A. J. Metz 1992. Analyzing the velocity of animal range expansion. Journal of Biogeography 19:135-150.
67. Veit, R. R., and M. A. Lewis 1996. Dispersal, population growth, and the Allee effect: dynamics of the house finch invasion of eastern North America. American Naturalist 148:255-274.
68. White G. C., and R. A. Garrott 1990. Analysis of wildlife radio-tracking data. Academy Press Inc., San Diego, California.
69. Wolf, C. M., B. Griffith, C. Reed, and S. A. Temple 1996. Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey data. Conservation Biology 10:1142-1154.
70. Zar, J. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
71. Zimmerman, J. W., and R. A. Powell 1995. Radio-telemetry error: location error method compared with error polygons and confidence ellipses. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1123-1133.