The expression of crustacean mating strategies

Alternative Reproductive Tactics: An Integrative Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 224-250

  Shuster, Stephen M ^a  

^a NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651248264     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511542602.010     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Abele, L. G., Campanella, P. J., and Salmon, M. 1986. Natural history and social organization of the semiterrestrial grapsid crab, Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 104, 153-170.
2. Ahl, J. S. B. and Laufer, H. 1996. The pubertal molt in Crustacea revisited. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 30, 177-180.
3. Alcock, J. 2005. Animal Behavior, 8th edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
4. Austad, S. N. 1984. A classification of alternative reproductive behaviors, and methods for field testing ESS models. American Zoologist 24, 309-320.
5. Baeza, J. A. and Bauer, R. T. 2004. Experimental test of socially mediated sex change in a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, the marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Caridea: Hippolytidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, 544-550.
6. Barki, A., Karplus, I., and Goren, M. 1992. Effects of size and morphotype on dominance hierarchies and resource competition in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Animal Behaviour 44, 547-555.
7. Bauer, R.T. 1986. Sex change and life history pattern in the shrimp Thor manningi (Decapoda: Caridea): a novel case of partial protandric hermaphroditism. Biological Bulletin 170, 11-31.
8. Bauer, R.T. 1992. Repetitive copulation and variable success of insemination in the marine shrimp Sicyonia dorsalis (Decapoda: Penaeoidea). Journal of Crustacean Biology 12, 153-160.
9. Bauer, R. T. 2000. Simultaneous hermaphroditism in caridean shrimps: a unique and puzzling sexual system in the Decapoda. Journal of Crustacean Biology 20, 116-128.
10. Bauer, R.T. 2002. The reproductive ecology of a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, the shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 22, 742-749.
11. Bauer, R. T. and VanHoy, R. 1996. Simultaneous hermaphroditism in the marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Caridea: Hippolytidae): an undescribed sexual system in the decapod Crustacea. Marine Biology 132, 223-235.
12. Belk, D. 1991. Anostracan mating behavior: a case of scramble-competition polygyny. In R. T. Bauer and J. W. Martin (eds.) Crustacean Sexual Biology, pp. 111-125. New York: Columbia University Press.
13. Bergstrom, B.I. 1997. Do protandric pandalid shrimp have environmental sex determination? Marine Biology 128, 397-407.
14. Bocquet C. and Veuille, M. 1973. Le polymorphisme des variants sexuels des males chez Jaera (albifrons) ischiosetosa Forsman (Isopoda: Asellota). Archives de Zoologie Experimental et Generale 114, 111-128.
15. Boddeke, R., Bosschieter, J. R., and Goudswaard, P. C. 1991. Sex change, mating, and sperm transfer in Crangon crangon (L.). In R. T. Bauer and J. W. Martin (eds.) Crustacean Sexual Biology, pp. 164-182. New York: Columbia University Press.
16. Borash, D. J., Teoto-Nio, H., Rose, M. R., and Mueller, L. E. 2000. Density-dependent natural selection in Drosophila: correlations between feeding rate, development time and viability. Journal Of evolutionary Biology 13, 181-187.
17. Borowsky, B. 1980. The pattern of tube-sharing in Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Animal Behaviour 28, 790-797.
18. Borowsky, B. 1984. Effects of receptive females’ secretions on some male reproductive behaviors in the amphipod crustacean Microdeutopus gryllotalpa. Marine Biology 84, 183-187.
19. Borowsky, B. 1985. Differences in reproductive behavior between two male morphs of the amphipod crustacean, Jassa falcata Montagu. Physiological Zoology 58, 497-502.
20. Borowsky, B. 1989. The effects of residential tubes on reproductive behaviors in Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Costa) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 8, 117-125.
21. Bradshaw, A.D. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics 13, 115-155.
22. Briceno, R.D. and Eberhard, W.G. 1998. Medfly courtship duration: a sexually selected reaction norm changed by crowding. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 10, 369-382.
23. Brusca, R. C. and Brusca, G.J. 2004. Invertebrates, 2nd edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
24. Carpenter, A. 1978. Protandry in the freshwater shrimp, Paratya curvirostris (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda: Atyidae), with a review of the phenomenon and its significance in the Decapoda. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 8, 343-358.
25. Chace Jr., F. A. 1972. The shrimps of the Smithsonian Bredin Caribbean expeditions, with a summary of the West Indian shallow-water shrimps (Crustacea: Natantia: Decapoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 998, 1-179.
26. Charlesworth, D. 1984. Androdioecy and the evolution of dioecy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23, 333-348.
27. Charlesorth, D. and Charlesworth, B. 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 237-268.
28. Charnov, E.L. 1979. Natural selection and sex change in pandalid shrimp: test of a life history theory. American Naturalist 113, 715-734.
29. Charnov, E. L. 1982. The Theory Of sex Allocation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
30. Christy, J. H. 1983. Female choice in the resource defense mating system of the sand fiddler crab, Ucapugilator. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12, 160-180.
31. Christy, J. H. and Salmon, M. 1991. Comparative studies of reproductive behavior in mantis shrimps and fiddler crabs. American Zoologist 31, 329-337.
32. Clark, R. A. 1997. Dimorphic males display alternative reproductive strategies in the marine amphipod Jassa marmorata Holmes (Corophioidea: Ischyroceridae). Ethology 103, 531-553.
33. Conlan, K. E. 1991. Precopulatory mating behavior and sexual dimorphism in the amphipod Crustacea. Hydrobiologia 223, 255-282.
34. Correa, C.J. A. and Thiel, M. 2003. Population structure and operational sex ratio in the rock shrimp, Rynchocinetes typus (Decapoda: Caridea). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23, 849-861.
35. Correa, C.J., Baeza, A., Dupre, E., Hinojosa, I.A., and Thiel, M. 2000. Mating behaviour and fertilization success of three ontogenetic stages of male rock shrimp Rynchocinetes typus (Decapoda: Caridea). Journal of Crustacean Biology 20, 628-640.
36. Correa, C. J., Baeza, A., Hinojosa, I. A., and Thiel, M. 2003. Male dominance hierarchy and mating tactics in the rock shrimp, Rhynchocinetes typus (Decapoda: Caridea). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23, 33-45.
37. Cowan, D. F. 1991. Courtship and chemical signals in the American lobster. Journal of Shellfish Research 10, 284.
38. Cowan, D. F. and Atema, J. 1990. Moult staggering and serial monogamy in American lobsters, Homarus americanus. Animal Behaviour 39, 1199-1206.
39. Crow, J. F. 1986. Basic Concepts in Population, Quantitative and Evolutionary Genetics. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
40. D’Apolito, L.M. and Stancyk, S.E. 1979. Population dynamics of Euterpina acutifrons (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from North Inlet, South Carolina, with reference to dimorphic males. Marine Biology 54, 251-260.
41. Darwin, C. R. 1874. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray.
42. Dawkins, R. 1980. Good strategy or evolutionary stable strategy? In G.W. Barlow and J. Silverberg (eds.) Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? pp. 331-367. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
43. Dempster, E. R. and Lerner, I. M. 1950. Heritability of threshold characters. Genetics 35, 212-236.
44. DeNoёl, M., Poncin, P., and Ruwet, J.-C. 2001. Alternative mating tactics in the alpine newt Triturus alpestris alpestris. Journal of Herpetology 35, 62-67.
45. Dick, J. T. A. and Elmwood, R. W. 1995. Effects of natural variation in sex ratio and habitat structure on mate-guarding decisions in amphipods (Crustacea). Behaviour 133, 985-996.
46. Diesel, R. 1989. Structure and function of the reproductive system of the symbiotic spider crab Inachus phalangium (Decapoda: Majidae): observations on sperm transfer, sperm storage, and spawning. Journal of Crustacean Biology 9, 266-277.
47. Dominey, W. J. 1984. Alternative mating tactics and evolutionary stable strategies. American Zoologist 24, 385-396.
48. Eberhard, W. G. 1979. The function of horns in Podichnus agenor (Dynastinae) and other beetles. In M. S. Blum and N. A. Blum (eds.) Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects, pp.231-258. New York: Academic Press.
49. Eberhard, W. G. 1982. Beetle horn dimorphism: making the best of a bad lot. American Naturalist 119, 420-426.
50. Emlen, D.J. 1996. Artificial selection on horn length-body size allometry in the horned beetle, Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Evolution 50, 1219-1230.
51. Falconer, D. S. 1989. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 2nd edn. New York: Longman Scientific and Technical.
52. Ferveur, J. -F. 1997. The pheromonal role of cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila melanogaster. BioEssays 19, 353-358.
53. Fisher, R. A. 1958. The Genetical Theory Of natural Selection, 2nd edn. New York: Dover.
54. Flaxman, S. M. 2000. The evolutionary stability of mixed strategies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, 482-495.
55. Forslund, P. 2003. An experimental investigation into status-dependent male dimorphism in the European earwig, Forficula auricularia. Animal Behaviour 65, 309-316.
56. Fréchette, J. G., Corrivault G. W., and Couture, R. 1970. Hermaphroditisme proterandrique chez une crevette de la famille des crangonides, Argis dentata Rathbun. Le Naturaliste Canadien 97, 805-822.
57. Gadgil, M. 1972. Male dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection. American Naturalist 106, 574-580.
58. Gherardi, F. and Calloni, C. 1993. Protandrous hermaphroditism in the tropical shrimp Athanus indicus (Decapoda: Caridea) a symbiont of sea urchins. Journal of Crustacean Biology 13, 675-689.
59. Gianola, D. and Norton, H. W. 1981. Scaling threshold characters. Genetics 99, 357-364.
60. Giorgi, D. and Rouquier, S. 2002. Identification of V1R-like putative pheromone receptor sequences in non-human primates: characterization of V1R pseudogenes in marmoset, a primate species that possesses an intact vomeronasal organ. Chemical Senses 27, 529-537.
61. Gowaty, P. A. 1997. Sexual dialectics, sexual selection and variation in reproductive behavior. In P. A. Gowaty (ed.) Feminism and Evolutionary Biology: Boundaries, Intersections and Frontiers, pp. 351-384. New York: Chapman and Hall.
62. Gross, M. R. 1985. Disruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon. Nature 313, 47-48.
63. Gross, M. R. 1996. Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within sexes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11, 92-97.
64. Gross, M. R. and Repka, J. 1998. Game theory and inheritance of the conditional strategy. In L. A. Dugatkin and H.K. Reeve (eds.) Game Theory and Animal Behavior, pp. 168-187. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
65. Haig, D. and Bergstrom, C.T. 1995. Multiple mating, sperm competition and meiotic drive. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 8, 265-282.
66. Haq, S.M. 1965. Development of the copepod Euterpina acutifrons with special reference to dimorphism in the male. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 144, 175-201.
67. Haq, S.M. 1972. Breeding of Euterpina acutifrons, a harpacticoid copepod, with special reference to dimorphic males. Marine Biology 15, 221-235.
68. Haq, S.M. 1973. Factors affecting production of dimorphic males of Euterpina acutifrons. Marine Biology 19, 23-26.
69. Harikrishnan, M. B., Kurup, M., and Sankaran, T. M. 1999. Differentiation of morphotypes in female population of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) on the basis of distance function analysis. Proceedings of the 4th Indian Fisheries Forum, 24-28 November, 1996, Kochi, Kerala, pp. 65-67.
70. Hatziolos, M.E. and Caldwell, R.L. 1983. Role reversal in courtship in the stomatopod Pseudosquilla ciliata (Crustacea). Animal Behaviour 31, 1077-1087.
71. Hazel, W. N., Smock, R., and Johnson, M. D. 1990. A polygenic model of the evolution and maintenance of conditional strategies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 242, 181-187.
72. Holdich, D. M. 1968. Reproduction, growth and bionomics of Dynamene bidentata (Crustacea: Isopoda). Journal of Zoology (London) 156, 136-153.
73. Holdich, D.M. 1971. Changes in physiology, structure and histochemistry during the life history of the sexually dimorphic isopod, Dynamene bidentata (Crustacea: Peracarida). Marine Biology 8, 35-47.
74. Howard, R. D., DeWoody, J. A., and Muir, W. M. 2004. Transgenic male mating advantage provides opportunity for trojan gene effect in a fish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 2934-2938.
75. Hunt, J. and Simmons, L.W. 2001. Status-dependent selection in the dimorphic beetle Onthophagus taurus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268, 2409-2414.
76. Jennions, M. D. and Backwell, P. R. Y. 1998. Variation in courtship rate in the fiddler crab Uca annulipes: is it related to male attractiveness? Behavioral Ecology 9, 605-611.
77. Jivoff, P. and Hines, A. H. 1998. Female behaviour, sexual competition and mate guarding in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Animal Behaviour 55, 589-603.
78. Jormalainen, V. 1998. Precopulatory mate guarding in crustaceans: male competitive strategy and intersexual conflict. Quarterly Review of Biology 73, 275-304.
79. Jormalainen, V. and Shuster, S. M. 1999. Female reproductive cycles and sexual conflict over precopulatory mate-guarding in Thermosphaeroma isopods. Ethology 105, 233-246.
80. Jormalainen, V., Merilaita, S., and Tuomi, J. 1994. Male choice and male-male competition in Idotea baltica (Crustacea, Isopoda). Ethology 96, 46-57.
81. Jormalainen, V., Shuster, S. M., and Wildey, H. 1999. Reproductive anatomy, sexual conflict and paternity in Thermosphaeroma thermophilum. Marine and Freshwater Behavior and Physiology 32, 39-56.
82. Karplus, I., Malecha, S. R., and Sagi, A. 2000. The biology and management of size variation. In M. New and W. C. Valenti (eds.) Freshwater Prawn Culture, pp. 259-289. Bet-Dagan, Israel: Agricultural Research Organization.
83. Knowlton, N. 1980. Sexual selection and dimorphism in two demes of a symbiotic, pair-bonding snapping shrimp. Evolution 34, 161-173.
84. Koga, T. 1998. Reproductive success and two modes of mating in the sand-bubbler crab Scopimera globosa. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 229, 197-207.
85. Koga, T., Henmi, Y., and Murai, M. 1993. Sperm competition and the assurance of underground copulation in the sand-bubbler crab, Scopiemera globosa (Brachyura: Ocypodidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 13, 134-137.
86. Kurdziel, J. P. and Knowles, L. L. 2002. The mechanisms of morph determination in the amphipod Jassa: implications for the evolution of alternative male phenotypes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 1749-1754.
87. Kuris, A.M., Ra’anan, Z., Sagi, A., and Cohen, D. 1987. Morphotypic differentiation of male Malaysian giant prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Journal of Crustacean Biology 7, 219-237.
88. Kurup, B.M., Harikrishnan, M., and Sureshkumar, S. 2000. Length-weight relationship of male morphotypes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) as a valid index for differentiating their developmental pathway and growth phases. Indian Journal of Fisheries 47, 283-290.
89. Levins, R. 1968. Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
90. Lively, C.M. 1986. Canalization versus developmental conversion in a spatially variable environment. American Naturalist 128, 561-572.
91. Lively, C.M., Hazel, W.N., Schellenberger, M.J., and Michelson, K. S. 2000. Predator-induced defense: variation for inducibility in an intertidal barnacle. Ecology 81, 1240-1247.
92. Lloyd, D. G. 1984. Variation strategies of plants in heterogeneous environments. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 21, 357-385.
93. Lucas, J. and Howard, R.D. 1995. On alternative reproductive tactics in anurans: dynamic games with density and frequency dependence. American Naturalist 146, 365-397.
94. MacDiarmid, A.B. and Butler, M.J. IV. 1999. Sperm economy and limitation in spiny lobsters. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46, 14-24.
95. Manning, J. T. 1975. Male discrimination and investment in Asellus aquaticus (L.) and A. meridianus Racovitsza (Crustacea: Isopoda). Behaviour 55, 1-14.
96. Maynard Smith, J. 1982. Evolution and the Theory Of games. New York: Cambridge University Press.
97. Moran, N. A. 1992. Evolutionary maintenance of alternative phenotypes. American Naturalist 139, 971-989.
98. Moreira, G. S. and McNamara, J. C. 1984. Annual variation in abundance of female and dimorphic male Euterpina acutifrons (Dana) (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Crustaceana 47, 298-302.
99. Moreira, G. S., Yamashita, C., and McNamara, J. C. 1983. Seasonal variation in the abundance of the developmental stages of Euterpina acutifrons (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Sao Sebastiao Channel, southern Brazil. Marine Biology 74, 111-114.
100. Moriyasu, M. and Benhalima, K. 1998. Snow crabs, Chionoecetes opilio (O. Fabricius, 1788) (Crustacea: Majidae) have two types of spermatophore: hypotheses on the mechanism of fertilization and population reproductive dynamics in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Journal of Natural History 32, 1651-1665.
101. Nagamine, C., Knight, A.W., Maggenti, A., and Paxman, G. 1980. Effects of androgenic gland ablation on male primary and secondary sexual characteristics in the Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), with first evidence of induced feminization in a nonhermaphroditic decapod. General and Comparative Endocrinology 41, 423-441.
102. Nakashima, Y. 1987. Reproductive strategies in a partially protandrous shrimp, Athanas kominatoensis (Decapoda: Alpheidae): sex changes as the best of a bad situation for subordinates. Journal Of ethology 5, 145-159.
103. Neff, B. D. 2003. Paternity and condition affect cannibalistic behavior in nest-tending bluegill sunfish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54, 377-384.
104. Nephew, B.C. and Romero, L.M. 2003. Behavioral, physiological, and endocrine responses of starlings to acute increases in density. Hormones and Behavior 44, 222-232.
105. Noёl, P. 1976. L’evolution des caracteres sexuels chez Processa edulis (Risso)(Decapoda: Natantia). Vie et Milieu 26, 65-104.
106. Orensanz, J. M., Parma, A. M., Armstrong, D. A., Armstrong, J., and Wardrup, P. 1995. The breeding ecology of Cancer gracilis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cancridae) and the mating systems of cancrid crabs. Journal of Zoology (London) 235, 411-437.
107. Peckol, E.L., Troemel, E.R., and Bargmann, C.I. 2001. Sensory experience and sensory activity regulate chemosensory receptor gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 11032-11038.
108. Plaistow, S.J., Troussard, J.-P., and Cezilly, F. 2001. The effect of the acanthodephalan parasite Pomphorhynchuys laevis on the lipid and glycogen content of its intermediate host Gammmarus pulex. International Journal of Parasitology 31, 346-351.
109. Ra’anan, Z. and Sagi, A. 1989. Alternative mating strategies in male morphotypes of the freshwater prawn Machrobrachium rosenbergii (DeMan). Biological Bulletin 169, 592-601.
110. Repka, J. and Gross, M. R. 1995. The evolutionarily stable strategy under individual condition and tactic frequency. Journal of Theoretical Biology 176, 27-31.
111. Ridley, M. 1983. The Explanation Of organic Diversity: The Comparative Method and Adaptations for Mating. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
112. Roberts, L. S. and Janovy Jr., J. 2005. Foundations of Parasitology, 7th edn. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
113. Roff, D. A. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. New York: Chapman and Hall.
114. Roff, D. A. 1996. The evolution of threshold traits in animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 71, 3-35.
115. Sagi, A., Ahl, J. S. B., Danaee, H., and Laufer, H. 1994. Methyl farnesoate levels in male spider crabs exhibiting active reproductive behavior. Hormones and Behavior 28, 261-272.
116. Salmon, M. 1984. The courtship, aggression and mating system of a “primitive” fiddler crab (Uca vocans: Ocypodidae). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 37, 1-50.
117. Salmon, M. and Hyatt, G.W. 1983. Spatial and temporal aspects of reproduction in North Carolina fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator Bosc). Journal Of experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 70, 21-43.
118. Sassaman, C. 1989. Inbreeding and sex ratio variation in female-biased populations of a clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana. Bulletin of Marine Science 45, 425-432.
119. Sassaman, C. 1991. Sex ratio variation in female-biased populations of notostracans. Hydrobiologia 212, 169-179.
120. Sassaman, C. and Weeks, S. C. 1993. The genetic mechanism of sex determination in the conchostracan shrimp Eulimnadia texana. American Naturalist 141, 314-328.
121. Schlicting, C.D. and Pigliucci, M. 1998. Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
122. Shuster, S. M. 1981. Sexual selection in the Socorro isopod, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum (Cole and Bane) (Crustacea: Peracarida). Animal Behaviour 29, 698-707.
123. Shuster, S. M. 1989. Male alternative reproductive behaviors in a marine isopod crustacean (Paracerceis sculpta): the use of genetic markers to measure differences in fertilization success among a-, p-, and y-males. Evolution 34, 1683-1698.
124. Shuster, S. M. 1992. The reproductive behaviour of a, p-, and y-males in Paracerceis sculpta, a marine isopod crustacean. Behaviour 121, 231-258.
125. Shuster, S.M. 2002. Mating strategies, alternative. In M. Pagel et al. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Evolution, pp. 688-693. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
126. Shuster, S.M. and Caldwell, R.L. 1989. Male defense of the breeding cavity and factors affecting the persistence of breeding pairs in the stomatopod, Gonodactylus bredini (Crustacea: Hoplocarida). Ethology 82, 192-207.
127. Shuster, S. M. and Levy, L. 1999. Sex-linked inheritance of a cuticular pigmentation marker in a marine isopod, Paracerceis sculpta. Journal of Heredity 90, 304-307.
128. Shuster, S. M. and Sassaman, C. 1997. Genetic interaction between male mating strategy and sex ratio in a marine isopod. Nature 388, 373-376.
129. Shuster, S.M. and Wade, M.J. 1991. Equal mating success among male reproductive strategies in a marine isopod. Nature 350, 606-610.
130. Shuster, S. M. and Wade, M. J. 2003. Mating Systems and Strategies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
131. Shuster, S.M., Ballard, J.O.W., Zinser, G., Sassaman, C., and Keim, P. 2001. The influence of genetic and extrachromosomal factors on population sex ratio in Paracerceis sculpta. In R. C. Brusca and B. Kensley (eds.) Isopod Systematics and Evolution, vol. 13, Crustacean Issues, pp. 313-326. Amsterdam: Balkema.
132. Shuster, S. M. and Arnold, E. M. 2007. The effect of females on male-male competition in the isopod, Paracerceis Sculpta: a reaction norm approach to behavioral plasticity. Journal of Crustacean Biology 27, 417-424.
133. Sinervo, B. 2000. Selection in local neighborhoods, the social environment, and ecology of alternative strategies. In L. Dugatkin (ed.) Model Systems in Behavioral Ecology, pp. 191-226. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
134. Sinervo, B. 2001. Runaway social games, genetic cycles driven by alternative male and female strategies, and the origin of morphs. Genetica 112, 417-434.
135. Stancyk, S. E. and Moreira, G. S. 1988. Inheritance of male dimorphism in Brazilian populations of Euterpina acutifrons (Dana) (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 120, 125-144.
136. Stein, R. A. 1976. Sexual dimorphism in crayfish chelae: functional significance linked to reproductive activities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 54, 220-227.
137. Tanaka, K. 2003. Population dynamics of the sponge-dwelling gnathiid isopod Elaphognathia cornigera. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, 95-102.
138. Tanaka, K. and Aoki, M. 1999. Spatial distribution patterns of the sponge-dwelling gnathiid isopod Elaphognathia cornigera (Nunomura) on an intertidal rocky shore of the Isu Peninsula, southern Japan. Crustacean Research 28, 160-167.
139. Taru, M., Kanda, T., and Sunobe, T. 2002. Alternative mating tactics of the gobiid fish Bathygobius fuscus. Journal of Ethology 20, 9-12.
140. Thompson, D.J. and Manning, J.T. 1981. Mate selection by Asellus (Crustacea: Isopoda). Behaviour 78, 178-187.
141. Tomkins, J. L. and Brown, G. S. 2004. Population density drives the local evolution of a threshold dimorphism. Nature 431, 1099-1103.
142. Tregenza, T. and Wedell, N. 2000. Invited review: genetic compatibility, mate choice and patterns of parentage. Molecular Ecology 9, 1013-1027.
143. Upton, N.P.D. 1987. Asynchronous male and female life cycles in the sexually dimorphic, harem-forming isopod Paragnathia formica (Crustacea: Isopoda). Journal of Zoology (London) 212, 677-690.
144. Via, S. and Lande, R. 1985. Genotype-environment interactions and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Evolution 39, 505-522.
145. Wada, K. 1986. Burrow usurpation and duration of surface activity in Scopimera globosa (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 31, 327-332.
146. Wade, M. J. 1979. Sexual selection and variance in reproductive success. American Naturalist 114, 742-764.
147. Wade, M.J. and Shuster, S.M. 2002. The evolution of parental care in the context of sexual selection: a critical reassessment of parental investment theory. American Naturalist 160, 285-292.
148. Wade, M. J. and Shuster, S. M. 2004. Sexual selection: harem size and the variance in male reproductive success. American Naturalist 164, E83-E89.
149. Wade, M.J., Shuster, S.M., and Demuth, J.P. 2003. Sexual selection favors female-biased sex ratios: the balance between the opposing forces of sex-ratio selection and sexual selection. American Naturalist 162, 403-414.
150. Weeks, S. C. and Zucker, N. 1999. Rates of inbreeding in the androdioecious clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 1402-1408.
151. West-Eberhard, M.J. 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
152. Winn, A. A. 1996. The contributions of programmed developmental change and phenotypic plasticity to within-individual variation in leaf traits in Dicerandra linearifolia. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9, 737-752.
153. Wolf, J.B. and Wade, M.J. 2001. On the assignment of fitness to parents and offspring: whose fitness is it and when does it matter? Journal of Evolutionary Ecology 14, 347-358.