The epidemiology of transsexualism in Iran

Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 83-93

  Ahmadzad Asl, Masoud ^a   Jalali, Amir Hossein ^a   Alavi, Kaveh ^a   Naserbakht, Morteza ^a   Taban, Mojgan ^a   Mohseninia Omrani, Khadijeh ^a   Eftekhar, Mehrdad ^a  

^a Iran University of Medical Sciences   (Iran)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Gender identity disorder; Iran; Sex ratio

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651085039     PISSN: 19359705     EISSN: 19359713     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2011.530580     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. American Psychiatry Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Bakker, A., van Kesteren, P. J., & Gooren, L. J. (1993). The prevalence of transsexualism in The Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 237-238.
3. Benjamin, H. (1969). Newer aspects of the transsexual phenomenon. Journal of Sex Research, 5, 135-144.
4. Blanchard, R., Clemmensen, L., & Steiner, B. (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 139-152.
5. Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1992). Sibship size, sibling sex ratio, birth order, and parental age in homosexual and nonhomosexual gender dysphorics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 40-47.
6. Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J., & Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch genderdysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 495-514.
7. Bower, H. (2001). Gender identity disorder in the DSM-IV classification: A critical evaluation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 1-8. Civil law, Iran, 1928.
8. Cole, C. M., O'Boyle, M., Emory, L. E., & Meyer, W. J. (1997). Comorbidity of gender dysphoria and other major psychiatric diagnoses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 13-26.
9. Coleman, E., Colgan, P., & Gooren, L. (1992). Male cross-gender behavior in Myanmar (Burma): A description of the acault. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21, 313-321.
10. De Cuypere, G., Janes, C., & Rubens, R. (1995). Psychosocial functioning of transsexuals in Belgium. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 91, 180-184.
11. De Cuypere, G., Van Hemelrijck, M., Michel, A., Carael, B., Heylens, G., Rubens, R., & Monstrey, S. (2007). Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium. European Psychiatry, 22, 137-141.
12. Eftekhar Ardebili, M., Nasr, M., Rasoulian, M., Ghalehbandi, M.F., Danesh Amouz, B., & Salehi, M. (2007). Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Tehran: A household study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 33-37.
13. Eftekhar, M., & Moshtagh, N. (2007). Transsexualism, Iran. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures (Vol. IV, pp. 145-146). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
14. Garrels, L., Kockott, G., Michael, N., Preuss, W., Renter, K., Schmidt, G., Windgassen, K. (2000). Sex ratio of transsexuals in Germany: The development over three decades. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 445-448.
15. Giltay, E. J., Gooren, L. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Boenink, A. D., Eeckhout, A. M., & Heller, H. M. (2004). Comorbidity of gender identity disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 934; author reply, 935.
16. Godlewski, J. (1988). Transsexualism and anatomic sex ratio reversal in Poland. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17, 547-548.
17. Gooren, L. (1989). Godlewski has drawn attention to the sex ratio of transsexuals requesting sexological treatment in Poland. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18, 537-538.
18. Gooren, L. (2006). The biology of human psychosexual differentiation. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 589-601.
19. Heiman, E. M., & Cao Van, L. (1975). Transsexualism in Vietnam. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 89-95.
20. Hepp, U., Kraemer, B., Schnyder, U., Miller, N., & Delsignore, A. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 259-261.
21. Hoenig, J., & Kenna, J. C. (1974). The prevalence of transsexualism in England and Wales. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 181-190.
22. Kersting, A., Reutemann, M., Gast, U., Ohrmann, P., Suslow, T., Michael, N., & Arolt, V. (2003). Dissociative disorders and traumatic childhood experiences in transsexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 182-189.
23. Kim, T.-S., Cheon, Y.-H., Pae, C.-U., Kim, J.-J., Lee, C.-U., Lee, U.-J., & Lee, C. (2006). Psychological burdens are associated with young male transsexuals in Korea. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 417-421.
24. Landen, M., Walinder, J., & Lundstrom, B. (1996a). Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 221-223.
25. Landen, M., Walinder, J., & Lundstrom, B. (1996b). Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 261-263.
26. McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., Helms-Erikson, H., & Crouter, A. C. (2001). Sibling influences on gender development in middle childhood and early adolescence: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 37, 115-125.
27. Mehrabi, F. (1996). Study of some demographic characteristics of transsexualism in Iranian patients in Persian. Andishe-ve-Raftaar, 2, 6-13.
28. Meyer, W.J.,III. (2004). Comorbidity of gender identity disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 934-935; author reply, 935.
29. Moshtagh-Bidokhti, N., Shayesteh-Khoo, S. H., Eftekhar-Ardebili, M., & Mehrabi, F. (2008). Strategies of discussing AIDS and their relation to anxiety about AIDS among sexual minorities in Iran. Sexologies, 17, S162.
30. Nourbala, A., & Mohammad, K. (2001). [Health disease assessment in Iran.] in Persian. Ministry of Health and Education and National Research Center for Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.
31. Okabe, N., Sato, T., Matsumoto, Y., Ido, Y., Terada, S., & Kuroda, S. (2008). Clinical characteristics of patients with gender identity disorder at a Japanese gender identity disorder clinic. Psychiatry Research, 157, 315-318.
32. Olsson, S. E., & Moller, A. R. (2003). On the incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden, 1972-2002. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 381-386. Passport law. Islam Republic of Iran, 1994.
33. Pauly, I. (1968). The current status of change of sex operation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 147, 460-471.
34. Rahman, Q., Wilson, G. D., & Abrahams, S. (2004). Biosocial factors, sexual orientation and neurocognitive functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 867-881.
35. Rust, J., Golombok, S., Hines, M., Johnston, K., & Golding, J. (2000). The role of brothers and sisters in the gender development of preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 292-303.
36. Sadock, B. J., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Gender identity disorders. In Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry (pp. 718-726). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
37. Shayestehkhou, S., Moshtagh-Bidokhti, N., Eftekhar, M., & Mehrabi, F. (2008). Family environment of homosexual and transsexuals in Iran. Sexologies, 17, S55-S56.
38. Statistics Center of Iran: National Statistics Book 1386. (2008). Iran statistics center, Tehran, Iran.
39. Stompe, T., Ortwein-Swoboda, G., Friedmann, A., & Chaudhry, H. R. (1999). Sibling orders of schizophrenic patients in Austria and Pakistan. Psychopathology, 32, 281-291.
40. Tsoi, W. F. (1988). The prevalence of transsexualism in Singapore. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 501-504.
41. Walinder, J. (1968). Transsexualism: Definition, prevalence and sex distribution. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 203, 255-258.
42. Walinder, J. (1971). Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 195-196.
43. Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults' earliest childhood recollection and selfdescription: Implications for the relation between memory and the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 220-233.
44. Zucker, K. J., Blanchard, R., Kim, T. S., Pae, C. U., & Lee, C. (2007). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual transsexual South Korean men: Effects of the male-preference stopping rule. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 529-533.