Separation anxiety in feminine boys: Pathological or prosocial?

Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 30-45

  VanderLaan, Doug P ^a   Gothreau, Laura M ^a   Bartlett, Nancy H ^b   Vasey, Paul L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE   (Canada)

^b MOUNT SAINT VINCENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Altruism; Androphilia; Crosscultural research; Evolution; Fa'afafine; Gender identity disorder; Kin selection; Separation anxiety; Sexual orientation

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651065361     PISSN: 19359705     EISSN: 19359713     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2011.530570     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46 (1, Serial No. 188).
2. Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Harlaar, N., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Sandnabba, N. K. (2010). Common genetic effects of gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: A study of Finnish twins. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 81-92.
3. Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., Sandnabba, N. K. (2009). Psychiatric symptoms and same-sex sexual attraction and behavior in light of childhood gender atypical behavior and parental relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 494-504.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Ashton, M. C., Paunonen, S. V., Helmes, E., & Jackson, D. N. (1998). Kin altruism, reciprocal altruism, and the big five personality factors. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, 243-255.
6. Bailey, J. M. (2003). The man who would be queen: The science of gender-bending and transsexualism. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
7. Bailey, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43-55.
8. Bartlett, N. H., Patterson, H. M., VanderLaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (2009). The relation between women's body esteem and friendships with gay men. Body Image, 6, 235-241.
9. Bartlett, N. H., & Vasey, P. L. (2006). A retrospective study of childhood genderatypical behavior in Samoan fa'afafine. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 659-666.
10. Bartlett, N. H., Vasey, P. L., & Bukowski, W. M. (2000). Is gender identity disorder in children a mental disorder? Sex Roles, 43, 753-785.
11. Bartlett, N. H., Vasey, P. L., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Cross-sex wishes and gender identity disorder in children. Sex Roles, 49, 191-192.
12. Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2007). Birth order, sibling sex ratio, handedness, and sexual orientation of male and female participants in a BBC Internet research project. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 163-176.
13. Bobrow, D., & Bailey, J. M. (2001). Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection? Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 361-368.
14. Camperio Ciani, A., Corna, F., & Capiluppi, C. (2004). Evidence for maternally inherited factors favoring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 271, 2217-2221.
15. Cardoso, F. L. (2005). Cultural universals and differences in male homosexuality: The case of a Brazilian fishing village. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 103-109.
16. Cardoso, F. L. (2008). Recalled sex-typed behavior in childhood and sports preferences in adulthood of heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men from Brazil, Turkey, and Thailand. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 726-736.
17. Coates, S., & Person, E. S. (1985). Extreme boyhood femininity: Isolated behavior or pervasive disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 702-709.
18. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Owen, A., Kaijser, V. G., Bradley, S. J., & Zucker, K. J. (2002). Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavioral problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychiatry, 31, 41-53.
19. Ellis, L., Hoffman, H., & Burke, D. M. (1990). Sex, sexual orientation, and criminal and violent behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1207-1211.
20. Gladue, B. A., & Bailey, J. M. (1995). Aggressiveness, competitiveness, and human sexual orientation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 475-485.
21. Green, R. (1987). The "sissy boy syndrome" and the development of homosexuality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
22. Green, R. (1995). Gender identity disorder in children. In G. O. Gabbard (Ed.), Treatment of psychiatric disorders (Vol. 2, pp. 2001-2014). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
23. Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The evolution of altruistic behavior. American Naturalist, 97, 354-356.
24. Iemmola, F., & Camperio Ciani, A. (2009). New evidence of genetic factors influencing sexual orientation in men: Female fecundity increase in the maternal line. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 393-399.
25. King, M. D., Green, J., Osborn, D. P. J., Arkell, J., Hetherton, J., & Pereira, E. (2005). Family size in white gay and heterosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 117-122.
26. Korchmaros, J. D., & Kenny, D. A. (2006). An evolutionary and close-relationship model of helping. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 21-43.
27. Kruger, D. J. (2003). Evolution and altruism: Combining psychological mediators with naturally selected tendencies. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 118-125.
28. Lippa, R. A. (2005a). Gender, nature, nurture (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Lippa, R. A. (2005b). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16, 119-153.
30. McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 63, 175-215.
31. Murray, S. O. (2000). Homosexualities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
32. Neese, R. M. (2005). Evolutionary psychology and mental health. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 903-927). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
33. Rahman, Q., Collins, A., Morrison, M., Orrells, J. C., Cadinouche, K., Greenfield, S., & Begum, S. (2008). Maternal inheritance and familial fecundity factors in male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 962-969.
34. Rahman, Q., & Hull, M. S. (2005). An empirical test of the kin selection hypothesis for male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 461-467.
35. Rekers, G. A., Lovaas, O. I., & Low, B. (1974). The behavioral treatment of a "transsexual" preadolescent boy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 99-116.
36. Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., Gygax, L., & Bailey, J. M. (2008). Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: Evidence from home videos. Developmental Psychology, 44, 46-58.
37. Rosenberg, M. (2002). Children with gender identity issues and their parents in individual and group treatment. Clinical Perspectives, 4, 619-621.
38. Salais, D., & Fischer, R. B. (1995). Sexual preference and altruism. Journal of Homosexuality, 28, 185-196.
39. Schmidt, J. (2003). Paradise lost? Social change and fa'afafine in Samoa. Current Sociology, 51, 417-432.
40. Schwartz, G., Kim, R. M., Kolundziji, A. B., Rieger, G., & Sanders, A. R. (2010). Biodemographic and physical correlates of sexual orientation in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 93-109.
41. Sergeant, M. J. T., Dickins, T. E., Davies, M. N. O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2006). Aggression, empathy and sexual orientation in males. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 475-486.
42. Shear, K., Jin, R., Ruscio, A. M., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1074-1083.
43. Stewart-Williams, S. (2007). Altruism among kin vs. nonkin: Effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 193-198.
44. VanderLaan, D. P., Gothreau, L. M., Bartlett, N. H., & Vasey, P. L. (in press). Recalled separation anxiety and gender-atypicality in childhood: A study of Canadian heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
45. VanderLaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (2009). Patterns of sexual coercion in heterosexual and nonheterosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 987-999.
46. VanderLaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (in press). Male sexual orientation in Independent Samoa: Evidence for fraternal birth order and maternal fecundity effects. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9576-5
47. van de Ven, P., Rodden, P., Crawford, J., & Kippax, S. (1997). A comparative demographic and sexual profile of older homosexually active men. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 349-360.
48. Vasey, P. L., & Bartlett, N. H. (2007). What can the Samoan fa'afafine teach us about the Western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50, 481-490.
49. Vasey, P. L., Pocock, D. S., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2007). Kin selection and male androphilia in Samoan fa'afafine. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 159-167.
50. Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2007). Birth order and male androphilia in Samoan fa'afafine. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1437-1442.
51. Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2009). Materteral and avuncular tendencies in Samoa: A comparative study of women, men, and fa'afafine. Human Nature, 20, 269-281.
52. Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2010a). Avuncular tendencies and the evolution of male androphilia in Samoan fa'afafine. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 821-830.
53. Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2010b). Monetary exchanges with nieces and nephews: A comparison of Samoan men, women, and fa'afafine. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 373-380.
54. Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2010c). An adaptive cognitive dissociation between willingness to help kin and non-kin children in Samoan fa'afafine. Psychological Science, 21, 292-297.
55. Vasey, P. L., VanderLaan, D. P., Gothreau, L. G., & Bartlett, N. H. (in press). Traits of separation anxiety in childhood: A retrospective study in Samoan men, women, and fa'afafine. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9589-0
56. Wallien, M. S. C., Swaab, H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1307-1314.
57. Whitam, F. L., & Mathy, R. M. (1991). Childhood cross-gender behavior of homosexual females in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 151-170.
58. Whitam, F. L., & Zent, M. (1984). A cross-cultural assessment of early cross-gender behavior and familial factors in male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13, 427-439.
59. Williams, W. (1992). The spirit and the flesh: Sexual diversity in American Indian culture. Boston, MA: Beacon.
60. Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
61. Yankelovich Partners. (1994). A Yankelovich MONITOR perspective on gay/lesbians. Norwalk, CT: Yankelovich Partners.
62. Zietsch, B. P., Morley, K. I., Shekar, S. N., Verweij, K. J. H., Keller, M. C., Macgregor, S., Martin, N. G. (2008). Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 424-433.
63. Zucker, K. J. (1990). Psychosocial and erotic development in cross-gender identified children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 487-495.
64. Zucker, K. J. (2005). Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 467-492.
65. Zucker, K. J. (2010). The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 477-498.
66. Zucker, K. J., & Bradley, S. J. (1995). Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
67. Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Sullivan, C. B. L. (1996). Traits of separation anxiety in boys with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 791-798.