메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 14-24

Ecosystem engineering by leaf-cutting ants: Nests of Atta cephalotes drastically alter forest structure and microclimate

Author keywords

Canopy opening; Edge effect; Light; Nest effects; Soil moisture; Temperature; Understorey gap

Indexed keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE; ANT; CANOPY REFLECTANCE; COLONY; ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERING; EDGE EFFECT; FOREST EDGE; GERMINATION; LEAF; MICROCLIMATE; NEST; RAINFOREST; SEED; SEEDLING; SOIL MOISTURE; SOIL TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; UNDERSTORY;

EID: 78650958267     PISSN: 03076946     EISSN: 13652311     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01241.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (74)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0032740216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of tropical forest tree seedlings to irradiance and the derivation of a light response index.
    • Agyeman, V.K., Swaine, M.D. & Thompson, J. (1999) Responses of tropical forest tree seedlings to irradiance and the derivation of a light response index. Journal of Ecology, 87, 815-827.
    • (1999) Journal of Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 815-827
    • Agyeman, V.K.1    Swaine, M.D.2    Thompson, J.3
  • 2
    • 0001564272 scopus 로고
    • Leaf-cutter ant (Atta cephalotes) influence on the morphology of andepts in Costa Rica.
    • Alvarado, A., Berish, C.W. & Peralta, F. (1981) Leaf-cutter ant (Atta cephalotes) influence on the morphology of andepts in Costa Rica. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 45, 790-794.
    • (1981) Soil Science Society of America Journal , vol.45 , pp. 790-794
    • Alvarado, A.1    Berish, C.W.2    Peralta, F.3
  • 3
    • 0242715989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The variability among populations of Coho salmon in the maximum reproductive rate and depensation.
    • Barrowman, N.J., Myers, R.A., Hilborn, R., Kehler, D.G. & Field, C.A. (2003) The variability among populations of Coho salmon in the maximum reproductive rate and depensation. Ecological Applications, 13, 784-793.
    • (2003) Ecological Applications , vol.13 , pp. 784-793
    • Barrowman, N.J.1    Myers, R.A.2    Hilborn, R.3    Kehler, D.G.4    Field, C.A.5
  • 4
    • 0001577390 scopus 로고
    • The definition of treefall gap and its effect on measures of forest dynamics.
    • Brokaw, N.V.L. (1982) The definition of treefall gap and its effect on measures of forest dynamics. Biotropica, 14, 158-160.
    • (1982) Biotropica , vol.14 , pp. 158-160
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1
  • 5
    • 0027799016 scopus 로고
    • The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth-conditions in a Bornean lowland rain-forest.
    • Brown, N. (1993) The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth-conditions in a Bornean lowland rain-forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9, 153-168.
    • (1993) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 153-168
    • Brown, N.1
  • 6
    • 77952064976 scopus 로고
    • Sunflecks and their importance to forest understorey plants.
    • Chazdon, R.L. (1988) Sunflecks and their importance to forest understorey plants. Advances in Ecological Research, 18, 1-63.
    • (1988) Advances in Ecological Research , vol.18 , pp. 1-63
    • Chazdon, R.L.1
  • 7
    • 33746871483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • &, 2005) Occurence of, Atta cephalotes (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology
    • Corrêa, M.M., Bieber, A.G.D., Wirth, R. & Leal, I.R. (2005) Occurence of Atta cephalotes (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 34, 695-698.
    • , vol.34 , pp. 695-698
    • Corrêa, M.M.1    Bieber, A.G.D.2    Wirth, R.3    Leal, I.R.4
  • 8
    • 77949772297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How leaf-cutting ants impact forests: drastic nest effects on light environment and plant assemblages.
    • Corrêa, M.M., Silva, P.S.D., Wirth, R., Tabarelli, M. & Leal, I.R. (2010) How leaf-cutting ants impact forests: drastic nest effects on light environment and plant assemblages. Oecologia, 162, 103-115.
    • (2010) Oecologia , vol.162 , pp. 103-115
    • Corrêa, M.M.1    Silva, P.S.D.2    Wirth, R.3    Tabarelli, M.4    Leal, I.R.5
  • 9
    • 0002488214 scopus 로고
    • Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees.
    • Denslow, J.S. (1980) Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees. Biotropica, 12, 47-55.
    • (1980) Biotropica , vol.12 , pp. 47-55
    • Denslow, J.S.1
  • 10
    • 39749153660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of anthropogenic mortality in elephant Loxodonta africana populations: a long-term case study from the Sebungwe region of Zimbabwe.
    • Dunham, K.M. (2008) Detection of anthropogenic mortality in elephant Loxodonta africana populations: a long-term case study from the Sebungwe region of Zimbabwe. Oryx, 42, 36-48.
    • (2008) Oryx , vol.42 , pp. 36-48
    • Dunham, K.M.1
  • 11
    • 0030434995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light, moisture, temperature, and litter on the regeneration of five tree species in the tropical montane wet forest of Puerto Rico.
    • Everham, E.M., Myster, R.W. & VandeGenachte, E. (1996) Effects of light, moisture, temperature, and litter on the regeneration of five tree species in the tropical montane wet forest of Puerto Rico. American Journal of Botany, 83, 1063-1068.
    • (1996) American Journal of Botany , vol.83 , pp. 1063-1068
    • Everham, E.M.1    Myster, R.W.2    VandeGenachte, E.3
  • 12
    • 0035131333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are leaf-cutting ants more common in early secondary forests than in old-growth tropical forests? An evaluation of the palatable forage hypothesis.
    • Farji-Brener, A.G. (2001) Why are leaf-cutting ants more common in early secondary forests than in old-growth tropical forests? An evaluation of the palatable forage hypothesis. Oikos, 92, 169-177.
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.92 , pp. 169-177
    • Farji-Brener, A.G.1
  • 13
    • 0034085782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do leaf-cutting ant nests make 'bottom-up' gaps in neotropical rain forests?: a critical review of the evidence.
    • Farji-Brener, A.G. & Illes, A.E. (2000) Do leaf-cutting ant nests make 'bottom-up' gaps in neotropical rain forests?: a critical review of the evidence. Ecology Letters, 3, 219-227.
    • (2000) Ecology Letters , vol.3 , pp. 219-227
    • Farji-Brener, A.G.1    Illes, A.E.2
  • 14
    • 0029506714 scopus 로고
    • Leaf-cutting ants and forest groves in a tropical parkland savanna of Venezuela: facilitated succession?
    • Farji-Brener, A.G. & Silva, J.F. (1995) Leaf-cutting ants and forest groves in a tropical parkland savanna of Venezuela: facilitated succession? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11, 651-669.
    • (1995) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 651-669
    • Farji-Brener, A.G.1    Silva, J.F.2
  • 17
    • 0031894279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and abundance of understorey plants on active and abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) in a Costa Rican rain forest.
    • Garrettson, M., Stetzel, J.F., Halpern, B.S., Hearn, D.J., Lucey, B.T. & Mckone, M.J. (1998) Diversity and abundance of understorey plants on active and abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) in a Costa Rican rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 14, 17-26.
    • (1998) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 17-26
    • Garrettson, M.1    Stetzel, J.F.2    Halpern, B.S.3    Hearn, D.J.4    Lucey, B.T.5    Mckone, M.J.6
  • 19
    • 19944411871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light and temperature on seed germination in Cecropia hololeuca Miq. (Cecropiaceae).
    • Godoi, S. & Takaki, M. (2004) Effects of light and temperature on seed germination in Cecropia hololeuca Miq. (Cecropiaceae). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 47, 185-191.
    • (2004) Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology , vol.47 , pp. 185-191
    • Godoi, S.1    Takaki, M.2
  • 20
    • 35348844489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partitioning of understorey light and dry-season soil moisture gradients among seedlings of four rain-forest tree species in Madagascar.
    • de Gouvenain, R.C., Kobe, R.K. & Silander, J.A. (2007) Partitioning of understorey light and dry-season soil moisture gradients among seedlings of four rain-forest tree species in Madagascar. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23, 569-579.
    • (2007) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 569-579
    • de Gouvenain, R.C.1    Kobe, R.K.2    Silander, J.A.3
  • 22
    • 0001759797 scopus 로고
    • Element and energy flows through colonies of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica in Panama.
    • Haines, B. (1978) Element and energy flows through colonies of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica in Panama. Biotropica, 10, 270-277.
    • (1978) Biotropica , vol.10 , pp. 270-277
    • Haines, B.1
  • 23
    • 0345919002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests in pine plantations.
    • Hernández, J.V., Ramos, C., Borjas, M. & Jaffe, K. (1999) Growth of Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests in pine plantations. Florida Entomologist, 82, 97-103.
    • (1999) Florida Entomologist , vol.82 , pp. 97-103
    • Hernández, J.V.1    Ramos, C.2    Borjas, M.3    Jaffe, K.4
  • 24
    • 0003954119 scopus 로고
    • The Ants.
    • &, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
    • Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990) The Ants. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1990)
    • Hölldobler, B.1    Wilson, E.O.2
  • 25
    • 39749108804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beaver (Castor canadensis) mitigate the effects of climate on the area of open water in boreal wetlands in western Canada.
    • Hood, G.A. & Bayley, S.E. (2008) Beaver (Castor canadensis) mitigate the effects of climate on the area of open water in boreal wetlands in western Canada. Biological Conservation, 141, 556-567.
    • (2008) Biological Conservation , vol.141 , pp. 556-567
    • Hood, G.A.1    Bayley, S.E.2
  • 26
    • 78650946835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • &, exactRankTests: exact distributions for rank and permutation, tests [WWW document]., URL .
    • Hothorn, T. & Hornik, K. (2006) exactRankTests: exact distributions for rank and permutation tests [WWW document]. URL
    • (2006)
    • Hothorn, T.1    Hornik, K.2
  • 27
    • 0345392793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Atta colombica colonies on understory vegetation and light availability in a neotropical forest.
    • Hull-Sanders, H.M. & Howard, J.J. (2003) Impact of Atta colombica colonies on understory vegetation and light availability in a neotropical forest. Biotropica, 35, 441-445.
    • (2003) Biotropica , vol.35 , pp. 441-445
    • Hull-Sanders, H.M.1    Howard, J.J.2
  • 28
    • 0003413214 scopus 로고
    • Atlas Nacional do Brasil: Região Nordeste.
    • IBGE IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
    • IBGE (1985) Atlas Nacional do Brasil: Região Nordeste. IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
    • (1985)
  • 29
    • 0024871179 scopus 로고
    • On nest densities of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes in tropical primary rainforest.
    • Jaffe, K. & Vilela, E. (1989) On nest densities of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes in tropical primary rainforest. Biotropica, 21, 234-236.
    • (1989) Biotropica , vol.21 , pp. 234-236
    • Jaffe, K.1    Vilela, E.2
  • 30
    • 0028179028 scopus 로고
    • Organisms as ecosystem engineers.
    • Jones, C.G., Lawton, J.H. & Shachak, M. (1994) Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos, 69, 373-386.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.69 , pp. 373-386
    • Jones, C.G.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Shachak, M.3
  • 31
    • 0001754150 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of leaf-cutting ant nests in a Paraguayan pasture.
    • Jonkman, J.C.M. (1979) Population dynamics of leaf-cutting ant nests in a Paraguayan pasture. Journal of Applied Entomology, 87, 281-293.
    • (1979) Journal of Applied Entomology , vol.87 , pp. 281-293
    • Jonkman, J.C.M.1
  • 32
    • 0002375187 scopus 로고
    • Catálogo abreviado das formigas da Região Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
    • Kempf, W. (1972) Catálogo abreviado das formigas da Região Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 15, 3-344.
    • (1972) Studia Entomologica , vol.15 , pp. 3-344
    • Kempf, W.1
  • 33
    • 0032945512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light gradient partitioning among tropical tree species through differential seedling mortality and growth.
    • Kobe, R.K. (1999) Light gradient partitioning among tropical tree species through differential seedling mortality and growth. Ecology, 80, 187-201.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 187-201
    • Kobe, R.K.1
  • 34
    • 78650960267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • &, Performance and fate of tree seedlings on and around nests of Atta cephalotes: ecological filters in a fragmented forest. Austral ecology, in press.
    • Meyer, S.T. Leal, I.R., Tabarelli, M. & Wirth, R. (2010). Performance and fate of tree seedlings on and around nests of Atta cephalotes: ecological filters in a fragmented forest. Austral ecology, in press.
    • (2010)
    • Meyer, S.T.1    Leal, I.R.2    Tabarelli, M.3    Wirth, R.4
  • 35
    • 70449501051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persisting hyper-abundance of leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) at the edge of an old Atlantic Forest fragment.
    • Meyer, S.T., Leal, I.R. & Wirth, R. (2009) Persisting hyper-abundance of leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) at the edge of an old Atlantic Forest fragment. Biotropica, 41, 711-716.
    • (2009) Biotropica , vol.41 , pp. 711-716
    • Meyer, S.T.1    Leal, I.R.2    Wirth, R.3
  • 36
    • 78650928530 scopus 로고
    • &, Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology., Oxford Forestry Institute Occasional Papers 44.
    • Mitchell, P.L. & Whitmore, T.C. (1993) Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology. Oxford Forestry Institute Occasional Papers 44.
    • (1993)
    • Mitchell, P.L.1    Whitmore, T.C.2
  • 37
    • 0036941487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light gradient partitioning by tropical tree seedlings in the absence of canopy gaps.
    • Montgomery, R.A. & Chazdon, R.L. (2002) Light gradient partitioning by tropical tree seedlings in the absence of canopy gaps. Oecologia, 131, 165-174.
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 165-174
    • Montgomery, R.A.1    Chazdon, R.L.2
  • 38
    • 0344154612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of leaf-cutting ant nests on secondary forest growth and soil properties in Amazonia.
    • Moutinho, P., Nepstad, D.C. & Davidson, E.A. (2003) Influence of leaf-cutting ant nests on secondary forest growth and soil properties in Amazonia. Ecology, 84, 1265-1276.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1265-1276
    • Moutinho, P.1    Nepstad, D.C.2    Davidson, E.A.3
  • 39
    • 20044365585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest edge in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: drastic changes in tree species assemblages.
    • Oliveira, M.A., Grillo, A.S. & Tabarelli, M. (2004) Forest edge in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: drastic changes in tree species assemblages. Oryx, 38, 389-394.
    • (2004) Oryx , vol.38 , pp. 389-394
    • Oliveira, M.A.1    Grillo, A.S.2    Tabarelli, M.3
  • 40
    • 78650946624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effekte von Blattschneiderameisen auf die Regeneration fragmentierter Regenwälder- Einfluss von Nestbau auf Bodeneigenschaften und Nahrungspräferenz für trockengestresste Pflanzen. Diploma thesis, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    • Passlack, M. (2007) Effekte von Blattschneiderameisen auf die Regeneration fragmentierter Regenwälder- Einfluss von Nestbau auf Bodeneigenschaften und Nahrungspräferenz für trockengestresste Pflanzen. Diploma thesis, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    • (2007)
    • Passlack, M.1
  • 41
    • 0038082021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germination ecology of neotropical pioneers: interacting effects of environmental conditions and seed size.
    • Pearson, T.R.H., Burslem, D., Mullins, C.E. & Dalling, J.W. (2002) Germination ecology of neotropical pioneers: interacting effects of environmental conditions and seed size. Ecology, 83, 2798-2807.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2798-2807
    • Pearson, T.R.H.1    Burslem, D.2    Mullins, C.E.3    Dalling, J.W.4
  • 42
    • 0027795846 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and turnover rate of a population of Atta cephalotes in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica.
    • Perfecto, I. & Vander Meer, J. (1993) Distribution and turnover rate of a population of Atta cephalotes in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. Biotropica, 25, 316-321.
    • (1993) Biotropica , vol.25 , pp. 316-321
    • Perfecto, I.1    Vander Meer, J.2
  • 43
    • 0004095784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-Plus.
    • &, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
    • Pinheiro, J.C. & Bates, D.M. (2002) Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-Plus. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
    • (2002)
    • Pinheiro, J.C.1    Bates, D.M.2
  • 44
    • 78650961521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • & R Core Team nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models [WWW document]., URL .
    • Pinheiro, J.C., Bates, D.M., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team (2007) nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models [WWW document]. URL
    • (2007)
    • Pinheiro, J.C.1    Bates, D.M.2    DebRoy, S.3    Sarkar, D.4
  • 45
    • 0032777592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth responses of 15 rain-forest tree species to a light gradient: the relative importance of morphological and physiological traits.
    • Poorter, L. (1999) Growth responses of 15 rain-forest tree species to a light gradient: the relative importance of morphological and physiological traits. Functional Ecology, 13, 396-410.
    • (1999) Functional Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 396-410
    • Poorter, L.1
  • 46
    • 0024193373 scopus 로고
    • Pioneer species distribution in treefall gaps in Neotropical rain forest; a gap definition and its consequences.
    • Popma, J., Bongers, M., Martinez-Ramos, M. & Veneklaas, E. (1988) Pioneer species distribution in treefall gaps in Neotropical rain forest; a gap definition and its consequences. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 4, 77-88.
    • (1988) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 77-88
    • Popma, J.1    Bongers, M.2    Martinez-Ramos, M.3    Veneklaas, E.4
  • 47
    • 35748932852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
    • R Development Core Team R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    • R Development Core Team (2007) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    • (2007)
  • 48
    • 37249049669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ecology and Evolution of Ant-Plant Interactions.
    • &, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • Rico-Gray, V. & Oliveira, P.S. (2007) The Ecology and Evolution of Ant-Plant Interactions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • (2007)
    • Rico-Gray, V.1    Oliveira, P.S.2
  • 49
    • 36549075921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drastic erosion in functional attributes of tree assemblages in Atlantic forest fragments of northeastern Brazil.
    • Santos, B.A., Peres, C.A., Oliveira, M.A., Grillo, A., Alves-Costa, C.P. & Tabarelli, M. (2008) Drastic erosion in functional attributes of tree assemblages in Atlantic forest fragments of northeastern Brazil. Biological Conservation, 141, 249-260.
    • (2008) Biological Conservation , vol.141 , pp. 249-260
    • Santos, B.A.1    Peres, C.A.2    Oliveira, M.A.3    Grillo, A.4    Alves-Costa, C.P.5    Tabarelli, M.6
  • 51
    • 0034789287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human- and beaver-induced wetland changes in the Chickahominy River watershed from 1953 to 1994.
    • Syphard, A.D. & Garcia, M.W. (2001) Human- and beaver-induced wetland changes in the Chickahominy River watershed from 1953 to 1994. Wetlands, 21, 342-353.
    • (2001) Wetlands , vol.21 , pp. 342-353
    • Syphard, A.D.1    Garcia, M.W.2
  • 52
    • 54249091177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Edge-effects drive tropical forest fragments towards an early-successional system.
    • Tabarelli, M., Lopes, A.V. & Peres, C.A. (2008) Edge-effects drive tropical forest fragments towards an early-successional system. Biotropica, 40, 657-665.
    • (2008) Biotropica , vol.40 , pp. 657-665
    • Tabarelli, M.1    Lopes, A.V.2    Peres, C.A.3
  • 53
    • 34547104588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting more from cut forests - edge effects on foraging and herbivory of leaf-cutting ants.
    • Urbas, P., Araújo, M.V. Jr, Leal, I.R. & Wirth, R. (2007) Cutting more from cut forests - edge effects on foraging and herbivory of leaf-cutting ants. Biotropica, 39, 489-495.
    • (2007) Biotropica , vol.39 , pp. 489-495
    • Urbas, P.1    Araújo Jr., M.V.2    Leal, I.R.3    Wirth, R.4
  • 54
    • 84971683092 scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection by the queens of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens L. in Brazil.
    • Vasconcelos, H.L. (1990) Habitat selection by the queens of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens L. in Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, 249-252.
    • (1990) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 249-252
    • Vasconcelos, H.L.1
  • 55
    • 0041698493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf-cutting ant (Atta sexdens) and nutrient cycling: deep soil inorganic nitrogen stocks, mineralization, and nitrification in Eastern Amazonia.
    • Verchot, L.V., Moutinho, P.R. & Davidson, E.A. (2003) Leaf-cutting ant (Atta sexdens) and nutrient cycling: deep soil inorganic nitrogen stocks, mineralization, and nitrification in Eastern Amazonia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 1219-1222.
    • (2003) Soil Biology and Biochemistry , vol.35 , pp. 1219-1222
    • Verchot, L.V.1    Moutinho, P.R.2    Davidson, E.A.3
  • 56
    • 0003561697 scopus 로고
    • Gardening Ants: The Attines.
    • The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
    • Weber, N.A. (1972) Gardening Ants: The Attines. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
    • (1972)
    • Weber, N.A.1
  • 57
    • 0027882652 scopus 로고
    • Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: measurement of gap size and radiation totals in a Bornean tropical rain forest.
    • Whitmore, T.C., Brown, N.D., Swaine, M.D., Kennedy, D., Goodwin-Bailey, C.I. & Gong, W.-K. (1993) Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: measurement of gap size and radiation totals in a Bornean tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9, 131-151.
    • (1993) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 131-151
    • Whitmore, T.C.1    Brown, N.D.2    Swaine, M.D.3    Kennedy, D.4    Goodwin-Bailey, C.I.5    Gong, W.6
  • 58
    • 0002374474 scopus 로고
    • Fire Ants and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management
    • (ed. by C. S. Lofgren and, R. K. Vander Meer) - Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
    • Wilson, E.O. (1986) The defining traits of fire ants and leaf-cutting ants. Fire Ants and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Biology and Management (ed. by C. S. Lofgren and R. K. Vander Meer ), pp. 1-9. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
    • (1986) The defining traits of fire ants and leaf-cutting ants. , pp. 1-9
    • Wilson, E.O.1
  • 59
    • 0344565454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivory of Leaf-cutting Ants-A Case Study on Atta colombica in the Tropical Rainforest of Panama.
    • &, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
    • Wirth, R., Herz, H., Ryel, R., Beyschlag, W. & Hölldobler, B. (2003) Herbivory of Leaf-cutting Ants-A Case Study on Atta colombica in the Tropical Rainforest of Panama. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
    • (2003)
    • Wirth, R.1    Herz, H.2    Ryel, R.3    Beyschlag, W.4    Hölldobler, B.5
  • 60
    • 34347404907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing densities of leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) with proximity to the edge in a Brazilian Atlantic forest.
    • Wirth, R., Meyer, S.T., Almeida, W.R., Araújo, M.V. Jr, Barbosa, V.S. & Leal, I.R. (2007) Increasing densities of leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) with proximity to the edge in a Brazilian Atlantic forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23, 501-505.
    • (2007) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 501-505
    • Wirth, R.1    Meyer, S.T.2    Almeida, W.R.3    Araújo Jr., M.V.4    Barbosa, V.S.5    Leal, I.R.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.