Heterozygosity at catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met and schizophrenia: New data and meta-analysis

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 7-14

  Costas, Javier ^a   Sanjuán, Julio ^b   Ramos Ríos, Ramón ^a   Paz, Eduardo ^a   Agra, Santiago ^a   Ivorra, José Luis ^b   Páramo, Mario ^a   Brenlla, Julio ^a   Arrojo, Manuel ^a  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSITARIO   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Association; COMT; Meta analysis; Overdominance; Rs4680; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HETEROZYGOSITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); POST HOC ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SPAIN;

EID: 78650956589     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.021     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abramson J.H. WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows): computer programs for epidemiologists. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations 2004, 1:6.
2. Allen N.C., Bagade S., McQueen M.B., Ioannidis J.P., Kavvoura F.K., Khoury M.J., et al. Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database. Nature Genetics 2008, 40:827-834.
3. Apud J.A., Mattay V., Chen J., Kolachana B.S., Callicott J.H., Rasetti R., et al. Tolcapone improves cognition and cortical information processing in normal human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:1011-1020.
4. Arinami T., Ohtsuki T., Takase K., Shimizu H., Yoshikawa T., Horigome H., et al. Screening for 22q11 deletions in a schizophrenia population. Schizophrenia Research 2001, 52:167-170.
5. Bertolino A., Di Giorgio A., Blasi G., Sambataro F., Caforio G., Sinibaldi L., et al. Epistasis between dopamine regulating genes identifies a nonlinear response of the human hippocampus during memory tasks. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:226-234.
6. Bilder R.M., Volavka J., Lachman H.M., Grace A.A. The catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1943-1961.
7. Carrera N., Sanjuán J., Moltó M.D., Carracedo A., Costas J. Recent adaptive selection at MAOB and ancestral susceptibility to schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2009, 150:369-374.
8. Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Cannon M., McClay J., Murray R., Harrington H., et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene × environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:1117-1127.
9. Chen C.H., Lee Y.R., Chung M.Y., Wei F.C., Koong F.J., Shaw C.K., et al. Systematic mutation analysis of the catechol O-methyltransferase gene as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:1273-1275.
10. Chen J., Lipska B.K., Halim N., Ma Q.D., Matsumoto M., Melhem S., et al. Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. American Journal of Human Genetics 2004, 75:807-821.
11. Comings D.E., MacMurray J.P. Molecular heterosis: a review. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 2000, 71:19-31.
12. Costas J., Carrera N., Domínguez E., Vilella E., Martorell L., Valero J., et al. A common haplotype of DRD3 affected by recent positive selection is associated with protection from schizophrenia. Human Genetics 2009, 124:607-613.
13. Crespi B., Summers K., Dorus S. Adaptive evolution of genes underlying schizophrenia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2007, 274:2801-2810.
14. Cuesta M.J., Peralta V. Current psychopathological issues in psychosis: towards a phenome-wide scanning approach. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008, 34:587-590.
15. Daniels J.K., Williams N.M., Williams J., Jones L.A., Cardno A.G., Murphy K.C., et al. No evidence for allelic association between schizophrenia and a polymorphism determining high or low catechol O-methyltransferase activity. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 153:268-270.
16. de Chaldee M., Laurent C., Thibaut F., Martinez M., Samolyk D., Petit M., et al. Linkage disequilibrium on the COMT gene in French schizophrenics and controls. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1999, 88:452-457.
17. Durstewitz D., Seamans J.K. The dual-state theory of prefrontal cortex dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:739-749.
18. Egan M.F., Goldberg T.E., Kolachana B.S., Callicott J.H., Mazzanti C.M., Straub R.E., et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U S A 2001, 98:6917-6922.
19. Fan J.B., Zhang C.S., Gu N.F., Li X.W., Sun W.W., Wang H.Y., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene Val/Met functional polymorphism and risk of schizophrenia: a large-scale association study plus meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:139-144.
20. Funke B., Malhotra A.K., Finn C.T., Plocik A.M., Lake S.L., Lencz T., et al. COMT genetic variation confers risk for psychotic and affective disorders: a case control study. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2005, 1:19.
21. Galderisi S., Maj M., Kirkpatrick B., Piccardi P., Mucci A., Invernizzi G., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism in schizophrenia: associations with cognitive and motor impairment. Neuropsychobiology 2005, 52:83-89.
22. Gallinat J., Bajbouj M., Sander T., Schlattmann P., Xu K., Ferro E.F., et al. Association of the G1947A COMT (Val(108/158) Met) gene polymorphism with prefrontal P300 during information processing. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 54:40-48.
23. Goghari V.M., Sponheim S.R. Divergent backward masking performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: association with COMT. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2008, 147:223-227.
24. Goldman D., Oroszi G., Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics 2005, 6:521-532.
25. Golimbet V., Gritsenko I., Alfimova M., Lebedeva I., Lezheiko T., Abramova L., et al. Association study of COMT gene Val158Met polymorphism with auditory P300 and performance on neurocognitive tests in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2006, 7:238-245.
26. Gosso M.F., de Geus E.J., Polderman T.J., Boomsma D.I., Heutink P., Posthuma D. Catechol O-methyl transferase and dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms: evidence of positive heterosis and gene-gene interaction on working memory functioning. European Journal of Human Genetics 2008, 16:1075-1082.
27. Guo G., Roettger M.E., Shih J.C. Contributions of the DAT1 and DRD2 genes to serious and violent delinquency among adolescents and young adults. Human Genetics 2007, 121:125-136.
28. Gupta M., Chauhan C., Bhatnagar P., Gupta S., Grover S., Singh P.K., et al. Genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia: role of dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms. Pharmacogenomics 2009, 10:277-291.
29. Han D.H., Kee B.S., Min K.J., Lee Y.S., Na C., Park D.B., et al. Effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on the cognitive stability and aggression in the first-onset schizophrenic patients. Neuroreport 2006, 17:95-99.
30. Han D.H., Park D.B., Na C., Kee B.S., Lee Y.S. Association of aggressive behavior in Korean male schizophrenic patients with polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter promoter and catecholamine-O-methyltransferase genes. Psychiatry Research 2004, 129:29-37.
31. Handley L.J., Manica A., Goudet J., Balloux F. Going the distance: human population genetics in a clinal world. Trends in Genetics 2007, 23:432-439.
32. Haraldsson H.M., Ettinger U., Magnusdottir B.B., Sigmundsson T., Sigurdsson E., Ingason A., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism and antisaccade eye movements in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2010, 36:157-164.
33. Harris S.E., Wright A.F., Hayward C., Starr J.M., Whalley L.J., Deary I.J. The functional COMT polymorphism, Val158 Met, is associated with logical memory and the personality trait intellect/imagination in a cohort of healthy 79 year olds. Neuroscience Letters 2005, 385:1-6.
34. Herken H., Erdal M.E., Böke O., Savas H.A. Tardive dyskinesia is not associated with the polymorphisms of 5-HT2A receptor gene, serotonin transporter gene and catechol-o-methyltransferase gene. European Psychiatry 2003, 18:77-81.
35. Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002, 21:1539-1558.
36. Ho B.C., Wassink T.H., O'Leary D.S., Sheffield V.C., Andreasen N.C. Catechol-O-methyl transferase Val158Met gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: working memory, frontal lobe MRI morphology and frontal cerebral blood flow. Molecular Psychiatry 2005, 10:287-298.
37. Hoenicka J., Garrido E., Martínez I., Ponce G., Aragüés M., Rodríguez-Jiménez R., et al. Gender-specific COMT Val158Met polymorphism association in Spanish schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2010, 153:79-85.
38. Howes O.D., Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III - the final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009, 35:549-562.
39. Hughes A.L., Nei M. Pattern of nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class I loci reveals overdominant selection. Nature 1998, 335:167-170.
40. Illi A., Mattila K.M., Kampman O., Anttila S., Roivas M., Lehtimaki T., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase A genotypes and drug response to conventional neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2003, 23:429-434.
41. Inada T., Nakamura A., Iijima Y. Relationship between catechol-O methyltransferase polymorphism and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2003, 120:35-39.
42. International Schizophrenia Consortium. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460:748-52.
43. Iwata Y., Matsumoto H., Minabe Y., Osada N., Nakamura K., Sekizawa T., et al. Early-onset schizophrenia and dopamine-related gene polymorphism. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2003, 116:23-26.
44. Joo E.J., Jeong S.H., Ahn Y.M., Lee K.Y., Chang Yoon S., Kim E.J., et al. No association found between 158 Val/Met polymorphism of the COMT gene and schizophrenia with minor physical anomalies. Psychiatry Research 2005, 136:83-91.
45. Joober R., Gauthier J., Lal S., Bloom D., Lalonde P., Rouleau G., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val-108/158-Met gene variants associated with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002, 59:662-663.
46. Karayiorgou M., Gogos J.A., Galke B.L., Wolyniec P.S., Nestadt G., Antonarakis S.E., et al. Identification of sequence variants and analysis of the role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene in schizophrenia susceptibility. Biological Psychiatry 1998, 43:425-431.
47. Kim Y.R., Kim J.H., Kim S.J., Lee D., Min S.K. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism in relation to aggressive schizophrenia in a Korean population. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 18:820-825.
48. Kotler M., Barak P., Cohen H., Averbuch I.E., Grinshpoon A., Gritsenko I., et al. Homicidal behavior in schizophrenia associated with a genetic polymorphism determining low catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1999, 88:628-633.
49. Krabbendam L., Isusi P., Galdos P., Echevarria E., Bilbao J.R., Martin-Pagola A., et al. Associations between COMTVal158Met polymorphism and cognition: direct or indirect effects?. European Psychiatry 2006, 21:338-342.
50. Kremer I., Pinto M., Murad I., Muhaheed M., Bannoura I., Muller D.J., et al. Family-based and case-control study of catechol-O-methyltransferase in schizophrenia among Palestinian Arabs. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2003, 119:35-39.
51. Lee S.G., Joo Y., Kim B., Chung S., Kim H., Lee I., et al. Association of Ala72Ser polymorphism with COMT enzyme activity and the risk of schizophrenia in Koreans. Human Genetics 2005, 116:319-328.
52. Liou Y.J., Tsai S.J., Hong C.J., Wang Y.C., Lai I.C. Association analysis of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenic patients in Taiwan. Neuropsychobiology 2001, 43:11-14.
53. Martorell L., Costas J., Valero J., Gutierrez-Zotes A., Phillips C., Torres M., et al. Analyses of variants located in estrogen metabolism genes (ESR1, ESR2, COMT and APOE) and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 100:308-315.
54. Mattay V.S., Goldberg T.E., Fera F., Hariri A.R., Tessitore A., Egan M.F., et al. Catechol O-methyltransferase val158-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2003, 100:6186-6191.
55. McClay J.L., Fanous A., van den Oord E.J., Webb B.T., Walsh D., O'Neill F.A., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase and the clinical features of psychosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2006, 141:935-938.
56. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Kohn P.D., Kolachana B., Kippenhan S., McInerney-Leo A., Nussbaum R., et al. Midbrain dopamine and prefrontal function in humans: interaction and modulation by COMT genotype. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:594-596.
57. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Nichols T., Callicott J.H., Ding J., Kolachana B., Buckholtz J., et al. Impact of complex genetic variation in COMT on human brain function. Molecular Psychiatry 2006, 11:867-877.
58. Mier D., Kirsch P., Meyer-Lindenberg A. Neural substrates of pleiotropic action of genetic variation in COMT: a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry May 2009, 5. e-pub ahead of print. 10.1038/mp.2009.36.
59. Mukherjee N., Kidd K.K., Pakstis A.J., Speed W.C., Li H., Tarnok Z., et al. The complex global pattern of genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium at catechol-O-methyltransferase. Molecular Psychiatry 2010, 15:216-225.
60. Munafò M.R., Bowes L., Clark T.G., Flint J. Lack of association of the COMT (Val158/108 Met) gene and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Molecular Psychiatry 2005, 10:765-770.
61. Muntjewerff J.W., Gellekink H., den Heijer M., Hoogendoorn M.L., Kahn R.S., Sinke R.J., et al. Polymorphisms in catechol-O-methyltransferase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in relation to the risk of schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 18:99-106.
62. Murphy K.C., Jones L.A., Owen M.J. High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:940-945.
63. Nackley A.G., Shabalina S.A., Tchivileva I.E., Satterfield K., Korchynskyi O., Makarov S.S., et al. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes modulate protein expression by altering mRNA secondary structure. Science 2006, 314:1930-1933.
64. Nicodemus K.K., Kolachana B.S., Vakkalanka R., Straub R.E., Giegling I., Egan M.F., et al. Evidence for statistical epistasis between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and polymorphisms in RGS4, G72 (DAOA), GRM3, and DISC1: influence on risk of schizophrenia. Human Genetics 2007, 120:889-906.
65. Numata S., Ueno S., Iga J., Yamauchi K., Hongwei S., Kinouchi S., et al. Interaction between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158Met and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphisms in age at onset and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Journal of Neural Transmission 2007, 114:255-259.
66. Nunokawa A., Watanabe Y., Muratake T., Kaneko N., Koizumi M., Someya T. No associations exist between five functional polymorphisms in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Neuroscience Research 2007, 58:291-296.
67. Ohmori O., Shinkai T., Kojima H., Terao T., Suzuki T., Mita T., et al. Association study of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in Japanese schizophrenics. Neuroscience Letters 1998, 243:109-112.
68. Ohnishi T., Hashimoto R., Mori T., Nemoto K., Moriguchi Y., Iida H., et al. The association between the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene and morphological abnormalities of the brain in chronic schizophrenia. Brain 2006, 129:399-410.
69. Okochi T., Ikeda M., Kishi T., Kawashima K., Kinoshita Y., Kitajima T., et al. Meta-analysis of association between genetic variants in COMT and schizophrenia: an update. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 110:140-148.
70. van Os J., Kapur S. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2009, 374:635-645.
71. Papaleo F., Crawley J.N., Song J., Lipska B.K., Pickel J., Weinberger D.R., et al. Genetic dissection of the role of catechol-O-methyltransferase in cognition and stress reactivity in mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:8709-8723.
72. Park T.W., Yoon K.S., Kim J.H., Park W.Y., Hirvonen A., Kang D. Functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and susceptibility to schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 12:299-303.
73. Poyurovsky M., Michaelovsky E., Frisch A., Knoll G., Amir I., Finkel B., et al. COMT Val158Met polymorphism in schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control study. Neuroscience Letters 2005, 389:21-24.
74. Prata D.P., Mechelli A., Fu C.H., Picchioni M., Kane F., Kalidindi S., et al. Opposite effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met on cortical function in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:473-480.
75. Reuter M., Peters K., Schroeter K., Koebke W., Lenardon D., Bloch B., et al. The influence of the dopaminergic system on cognitive functioning: A molecular genetic approach. Behavioural Brain Research 2005, 164:93-99.
76. Roffman J.L., Gollub R.L., Calhoun V.D., Wassink T.H., Weiss A.P., Ho B.C., et al. MTHFR 677C → T genotype disrupts prefrontal function in schizophrenia through an interaction with COMT 158Val → Met. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2008, 105:17573-17578.
77. Roffman J.L., Weiss A.P., Deckersbach T., Freudenreich O., Henderson D.C., Wong D.H., et al. Interactive effects of COMT Val108/158Met and MTHFR C677T on executive function in schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2008, 147:990-995.
78. Rujescu D., Giegling I., Gietl A., Hartmann A.M., Moller H.J. A functional single nucleotide polymorphism (V158M) in the COMT gene is associated with aggressive personality traits. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 54:34-39.
79. Sanders A.R., Duan J., Levinson D.F., Shi J., He D., Hou C., et al. No significant association of 14 candidate genes with schizophrenia in a large European ancestry sample: implications for psychiatric genetics. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:497-506.
80. Sazci A., Ergul E., Kucukali I., Kilic G., Kaya G., Kara I. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene Val108/158Met polymorphism, and susceptibility to schizophrenia: association is more significant in women. Molecular Brain Research 2004, 132:51-56.
81. Semwal P., Prasad S., Varma P.G., Bhagwat A.M., Deshpande S.N., Thelma B.K. Candidate gene polymorphisms among North Indians and their association with schizophrenia in a case-control study. Journal of Genetics 2002, 81:65-71.
82. Shi J., Levinson D.F., Duan J., Sanders A.R., Zheng Y., Pe'er I., et al. Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia. Nature 2009, 460:753-757.
83. Shifman S., Bronstein M., Sternfeld M., Pisante-Shalom A., Lev-Lehman E., Weizman A., et al. A highly significant association between a COMT haplotype and schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 2002, 71:1296-1302.
84. Stefansson H., Ophoff R.A., Steinberg S., Andreassen O.A., Cichon S., Rujescu D., et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2009, 460:744-747.
85. Strous R.D., Bark N., Parsia S.S., Volavka J., Lachman H.M. Analysis of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: evidence for association with aggressive and antisocial behavior. Psychiatry Researh 1997, 69:71-77.
86. Szoke A., Schurhoff F., Meary A., Mathieu F., Chevalier F., Trandafir A., et al. Lack of influence of COMT and NET genes variants on executive functions in schizophrenic and bipolar patients, their first-degree relatives and controls. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2006, 141:504-512.
87. Talkowski M.E., Kirov G., Bamne M., Georgieva L., Torres G., Mansour H., et al. A network of dopaminergic gene variations implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia. Human Molecular Genetics 2008, 17:747-758.
88. Tan H.Y., Chen Q., Sust S., Buckholtz J.W., Meyers J.D., Egan M.F., et al. Epistasis between catechol-O-methyltransferase and type II metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 genes on working memory brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2007, 104:12536-12541.
89. Thaker G.K., Wonodi I., Avila M.T., Hong L.E., Stine O.C. Catechol Omethyltransferase polymorphism and eye tracking in schizophrenia: a preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161:2320-2322.
90. Tunbridge E.M., Harrison P.J., Weinberger D.R. Catechol-o-methyltransferase, cognition, and psychosis: Val158Met and beyond. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 60:141-151.
91. Wang Y., Hu Y., Fang Y., Zhang K., Yang H., Ma J., et al. Evidence of epistasis between the catechol-O-methyltransferase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B1 genes in paranoid schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:1048-1054.
92. Weinberger D.R., Egan M.F., Bertolino A., Callicott J.H., Mattay V.S., Lipska B.K., et al. Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 50:825-844.
93. Williams H.J., Glaser B., Williams N.M., Norton N., Zammit S., Macgregor S., et al. No association between schizophrenia and polymorphisms in COMT in two large samples. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:1736-1738.
94. Winterer G., Weinberger D.R. Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends in Neurosciences 2004, 27:683-690.
95. Wonodi I., Hong L.E., Avila M.T., Buchanan R.W., Carpenter W.T., Stine O.C., et al. Association between polymorphism of the SNAP29 gene promoter region and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 78:339-341.
96. Wonodi I., Stine O.C., Mitchell B.D., Buchanan R.W., Thaker G.K. Association between Val108/158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene and schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2003, 120:47-50.
97. Xu H., Kellendonk C.B., Simpson E.H., Keilp J.G., Bruder G.E., Polan H.J., et al. DRD2 C957T polymorphism interacts with the COMT Val158Met polymorphism in human working memory ability. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 90:104-107.
98. Yu R., Zhang X.N., Huang X.X., Ding S.P., Li J.C. Association analysis of COMT polymorphisms and schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population: a case-control study. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 2007, 144:570-573.