Intellectual demand and formal education as cognitive protection factors in alzheimer's disease;Demanda intelectual e escolaridade formal como fatores de proteção cognitiva na doença de alzheimer

Dementia e Neuropsychologia

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 320-324

  Wajman, José Roberto ^a   Bertolucci, Paulo Henrique Ferreira F ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Educational level; Neuropsychological assessment

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650942447     PISSN: 19805764     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S1980-57642010DN40400011     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. (www.ibge.gov.br).
2. Kirsch US, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult Literacy in America. The National Adult Literacy Survey. National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993.
3. Kozol J. Illiterate America. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1985.
4. Weiss BD, Red RL, Kligman EK. Literacy skills and comunication methods of low-income older persons. Patient Educ Counseling 1995;43:1523-1528.
5. Castell LS, MacLennan A. On defining Literacy. In. Literacy, Society and Schooling: A reader. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 1986.
6. th edition. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
7. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL. A new clinical scale for the staging dementia. Br J Psychiatr 1982;140:566-572.
8. Bertolucci PH, Brucki SM, Campacci SR, Juliano Y. O Mini-exame do estado mental em uma população geral: impacto da escolaridade. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994;52:1-7.
9. Morris J, Edland S, Clark C, Galasko D, Koss E, Mohs R, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, Heiman A. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part IV. Neurology 1993;43:2457-2465.
10. Rosner, B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Second edition. Boston, PWS Publishers; 1986.
11. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemich TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994;271:1004-1010.
12. Cobb JL, Wolf PA, Au R, White R, D'Agostino RB. The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1995;45:1707-1712.
13. Qiu C, Backman L, Winblad B, Aguero-Torres H, Fratiglione L. The influence of education on clinically diagnosed dementia incidence and mortality data from the Kungsholmen Project. Arch Neurol 2001;58:2034-2039.
14. Scarmeas N, Levy G, Tang M-x, Manly J, Stern Y. Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001;57:2236-2242.
15. Gatz M, Prescott CA, Pedersen NL. Lifestyle risk and delaying factors. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006;20:S84-S88.
16. Hall CB, Derby C, LeValley A, Katz MJ, Verghese J, Lipton RB. Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia. Neurology 2007;69: 1657-1664.
17. Paradise M, Cooper C, Livingston G. Systematic review of the effect of education on survival in Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatrics 2009;21:25-32.