Constraints on Mercury's Na exosphere: Combined MESSENGER and ground-based data

Icarus

Volumn 211, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 21-36

  Mouawad, Nelly ^a   Burger, Matthew H ^b   Killen, Rosemary M ^b   Potter, Andrew E ^c   McClintock, William E ^d   Vervack, Ronald J ^e   Bradley, E Todd ^f   Benna, Mehdi ^b   Naidu, Shantanu ^a  

^a Bldg 142   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^c NATIONAL SOLAR OBSERVATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^e JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Mercury, Atmosphere

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650929384     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.019     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Baumgardner J., Wilson J., Mendillo M. Imaging the sources and full extent of the sodium tail of the planet Mercury. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L03201. 10.1029/2007GL032337.
2. Benna, M. et al., 2010. Modeling of the magnetosphere of Mercury at the time of the first MESSENGER flyby. Icarus 209, 3-10.
3. Bida T.A., Killen R.M., Morgan T.H. Discovery of calcium in Mercury's atmosphere. Nature 2000, 404:159-161.
4. Borin P., Cremonese G., Marzari F., Bruno M., Marchi S. Statistical analysis of micrometeoroids flux on Mercury. Astron. Astrophys. 2009, 503:259-264.
5. Broadfoot A.L., Kumar S., Belton M.J.S., McElroy M.B. Mercury's atmosphere from Mariner 10: Preliminary results. Science 1974, 185:166-169.
6. Broadfoot A.L., Shemansky D.E., Kumar S. Mariner 10 - Mercury atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1976, 3:577-580.
7. Brown R.A., Yung Y.L. Io, its atmosphere and optical emissions. Jupiter 1976, 1102-1145. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. T. Gehrels (Ed.).
8. Burger, M.H., 2003. Io's Neutral Clouds: From Atmosphere to Plasma Torus. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 207pp.
9. Burger M.H., Killen R.M., Vervack R.J., Bradley E.T., McClintock W.E., Sarantos M., Benna M., Mouawad N. Monte Carlo modeling of sodium in Mercury's exosphere during the first two MESSENGER flybys. Icarus 2010, 209:63-74.
10. Chamberlain J.W. Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. International Geophysics Series 1961, Academic Press, New York, 706pp.
11. Chamberlain J.W., Hunten D.M. Theory of Planetary Atmospheres. International Geophysics Series 1987, vol. 36. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 481 pp. second ed.
12. Cintala M.J. Impact-induced thermal effects in the lunar and mercurian regoliths. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97:947-973.
13. Combi M.R., Disanti M.A., Fink U. The spatial distribution of gaseous atomic sodium in the comae of comets: Evidence for direct nucleus and extended plasma sources. Icarus 1997, 130:336-354.
14. Cremonese G., Boehnhardt H., Crovisier J., Rauer H., Fitzsimmons A., Fulle M., Licandro J., Pollacco D., Tozzi G.P., West R.M. Neutral sodium from comet Hale Bopp: Third type of tail. Astrophys. J. 1997, 490:L199-L202.
15. Cremonese G., Bruno M., Mangano V., Marchi S., Milillo A. Release of neutral sodium atoms from the surface of Mercury induced by meteoroid impacts. Icarus 2005, 177:122-128.
16. Hapke B. Interpretations of optical observations of Mercury and the Moon. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 1977, 15:264-274.
17. Hapke B. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. III - Correction for macroscopic roughness. Icarus 1984, 59:41-59.
18. Huebner W.F., Keady J.J., Lyon S.P. Solar photo rates for planetary atmospheres and atmospheric pollutants. Astrophys. Space Sci. 1992, 195:1-294.
19. Hunten D.M. Spectroscopic studies of the twilight airglow. Space Sci. Rev. 1967, 6:493-573.
20. Ip W.-H. The sodium exosphere and magnetosphere of Mercury. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1986, 13:423-426.
21. Ip W.-H. On the surface sputtering effects of magnetospheric charged particles at Mercury. Astrophys. J. 1993, 418:451-456.
22. Johnson R.E. Energetic Charged-particle Interactions with Atmospheres and Surfaces. Physics and Chemistry in Space 1990, vol. 19. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 232pp.
23. Johnson R.E., Leblanc F., Yakshinskiy B.V., Madey T.E. Energy distributions for desorption of sodium and potassium from ice: The Na/K ratio at Europa. Icarus 2002, 156:136-142.
24. Kallio E., Janhunen P. Modelling the solar wind interaction with mercury by a quasineutral hybrid model. Ann. Geophys. 2003, 21:2133-2145.
25. Kameda S., Yoshikawa I., Kagitani M., Okano S. Interplanetary dust distribution and temporal variability of Mercury's atmospheric Na. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L15201. 10.1029/2009GL039036.
26. Killen R.M., Potter A.E., Fitzsimmons A., Morgan T.H. Sodium D2 line profiles: Clues to the temperature structure of Mercury's exosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 1999, 47:1449-1458.
27. Killen R.M., Potter A.E., Reiff P., Sarantos M., Jackson B.V., Hick P., Giles B. Evidence for space weather at Mercury. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:20509-20526.
28. Killen R.M., Sarantos M., Potter A.E., Reiff P. Source rates and ion recycling rates for Na and K in Mercury's atmosphere. Icarus 2004, 171:1-19.
29. Killen, R.M. et al., 2007. Processes that promote and deplete the exosphere of Mercury. Space Sci. Rev. 132, 433-509.
30. Killen R.M., Shemansky D., Mouawad N. Expected emission from Mercury's exospheric species, and their ultraviolet-visible signatures. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 2009, 181:351-359.
31. Lammer H., Bauer S.J. Mercury's exosphere: Origin of surface sputtering and implications. Planet. Space Sci. 1997, 45:73-79.
32. Leblanc F., Johnson R.E. Mercury's sodium exosphere. Icarus 2003, 164:261-281.
33. Leblanc F., Johnson R.E. Mercury exosphere: I. Global circulation model of its sodium component. Icarus 2010, 209:280-300.
34. Leblanc, F. et al., 2007. Mercury's exosphere origins and relations to its magnetosphere and surface. Planet. Space Sci. 55, 1069-1092.
35. Leblanc F., Doressoundiram A., Schneider N., Mangano V., López Ariste A., Lemen C., Gelly B., Barbieri C., Cremonese G. High latitude peaks in Mercury's sodium exosphere: Spectral signature using THEMIS solar telescope. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L18204. 10.1029/2008GL035322.
36. Love S.G., Brownlee D.E. A direct measurement of the terrestrial mass accretion rate of cosmic dust. Science 1993, 262:550-553.
37. Madey T.E., Yakshinskiy B.V., Ageev V.N., Johnson R.E. Desorption of alkali atoms and ions from oxide surfaces - Relevance to origins of Na and K in atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:5873-5887.
38. Mallama A., Wang D., Howard R.A. Photometry of Mercury from SOHO/LASCO and Earth. The phase function from 2 to 170deg. Icarus 2002, 155:253-264.
39. Mangano V., Milillo A., Mura A., Orsini S., de Angelis E., di Lellis A.M., Wurz P. The contribution of impulsive meteoritic impact vaporization to the Hermean exosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 2007, 55:1541-1556.
40. Marchi S., Morbidelli A., Cremonese G. Flux of meteoroid impacts on Mercury. Astron. Astrophys. 2005, 431:1123-1127.
41. McClintock W.E., Lankton M.R. The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer for the MESSENGER mission. Space Sci. Rev. 2007, 131:481-521.
42. McClintock W.E., Bradley E.T., Vervack R.J., Killen R.M., Sprague A.L., Izenberg N.R., Solomon S.C. Mercury's exosphere: Observations during MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby. Science 2008, 321:92-94.
43. McClintock W.E., Vervack R.J., Bradley E.T., Killen R.M., Mouawad N., Sprague A.L., Burger M.H., Solomon S.C., Izenberg N.R. MESSENGER observations of Mercury's exosphere: Detection of magnesium and distribution of constituents. Science 2009, 324:610-613.
44. Melosh H.J. Impact Cratering 1989, Springer, Oxford, 253pp.
45. Milillo A., et al. Surface-exosphere-magnetosphere system of mercury. Space Sci. Rev. 2005, 117:397-444.
46. Morgan T.H., Killen R.M. Production mechanisms for faint but possibly detectable coronae about asteroids. Planet. Space Sci. 1998, 46:843-850.
47. Morgan T.H., Zook H.A., Potter A.E. Impact-driven supply of sodium and potassium to the atmosphere of Mercury. Icarus 1988, 75:156-170.
48. Mura A., Milillo A., Orsini S., Massetti S. Numerical and analytical model of Mercury's exosphere: Dependence on surface and external conditions. Planet. Space Sci. 2007, 55:1569-1583.
49. Mura, A., Wurz, P., Lichtenegger, H.I.M., Schleicher, H., Lammer, H., Delcourt, D., Milillo, A., Orsini, S., Massetti, S., Khodachenko, M.L., 2009. The sodium exosphere of Mercury: Comparison between observations during Mercury's transit and model results. Icarus 200, 1-11.
50. Potter A., Morgan T. Discovery of sodium in the atmosphere of Mercury. Science 1985, 229:651-653.
51. Potter A.E., Morgan T.H. Potassium in the atmosphere of Mercury. Icarus 1986, 67:336-340.
52. Potter A.E., Morgan T.H. Evidence for magnetospheric effects on the sodium atmosphere of Mercury. Science 1990, 248:835-838.
53. Potter A.E., Killen R.M., Morgan T.H. Rapid changes in the sodium exosphere of Mercury. Planet. Space Sci. 1999, 47:1441-1448.
54. Potter A.E., Killen R.M., Morgan T.H. Variation of lunar sodium during passage of the Moon through the Earth's magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:15073-15084.
55. Potter A.E., Killen R.M., Morgan T.H. The sodium tail of Mercury. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 2002, 37:1165-1172.
56. Potter A.E., Plymate C., Keller C., Killen R.M., Morgan T.H. Mapping sodium distribution in the exosphere of Mercury with tip-tilt image stabilization. Adv. Space Res. 2006, 38:599-603.
57. Potter A.E., Killen R.M., Morgan T.H. Solar radiation acceleration effects on Mercury sodium emission. Icarus 2007, 186:571-580.
58. Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., Flannery B.P. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing 2007, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1235pp. third ed.
59. x-interconnected magnetosphere model for Mercury. Planet. Space Sci. 2001, 49:1629-1635.
60. Sarantos M., Killen R.M., Sharma A.S., Slavin J.A. Sources of sodium in the lunar exosphere: Modeling using ground-based observations of sodium emission and spacecraft data of the plasma. Icarus 2010, 205:364-374.
61. Schleicher H., Wiedemann G., Wöhl H., Berkefeld T., Soltau D. Detection of neutral sodium above Mercury during the transit on 2003 May 7. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 425:1119-1124.
62. Schmidt C.A., Wilson J.K., Baumgardner J., Mendillo M. Orbital effects on Mercury's escaping sodium exosphere. Icarus 2010, 207:9-16.
63. Sizmann R. The effect of radiation upon diffusion in metals. J. Nucl. Mater. 1978, 69 & 70:386-412.
64. Smyth W.H., Marconi M.L. Theoretical overview and modeling of the sodium and potassium atmospheres of Mercury. Astrophys. J. 1995, 441:839-864.
65. Solomon S.C., McNutt R.L., Gold R.E., Domingue D.L. MESSENGER mission overview. Space Sci. Rev. 2007, 131:3-39.
66. Sprague A.L., Kozlowski R.W.H., Hunten D.M., Schneider N.M., Domingue D.L., Wells W.K., Schmitt W., Fink U. Distribution and abundance of sodium in Mercury's atmosphere, 1985-1988. Icarus 1997, 129:506-527.
67. Vervack Jr., R.J., McClintock, W.E., Killen, R.M., Sprague, A.L., Anderson, B.J., Burger, M.H., Bradley, E.T., Mouawad, N., Solomon, S.C., Izenberg, N.R., 2010. Mercury's complex exosphere: Results from MESSENGER's third flyby. Science 329, 672-675.
68. Wurz P., Lammer H. Monte-Carlo simulation of Mercury's exosphere. Icarus 2003, 164:1-13.
69. Yakshinskiy B.V., Madey T.E. Photon-stimulated desorption as a substantial source of sodium in the lunar atmosphere. Nature 1999, 400:642-644.