Biodiversity trends along the western European margin

PLoS ONE

Volumn 5, Issue 12, 2010, Pages

  Narayanaswamy, Bhavani E ^a   Renaud, Paul E ^b,d   Duineveld, Gerard C A ^c   Berge, Jrgen ^d   Lavaleye, Marc S S ^c   Reiss, Henning ^e   Brattegard, Torleiv ^f  

^a SCOTTISH MARINE INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY CENTRE IN SVALBARD   (Norway)

^e SENCKENBERG DEUTSCHES ENTOMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC FAUNA; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; COASTAL WATERS; DEEP SEA; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHY; HYDROGRAPHY; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; REVIEW; SPECIES HABITAT; WATER TEMPERATURE; ANIMAL; ECOSYSTEM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; MARINE BIOLOGY; POPULATION GENETICS; SEA; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TEMPERATURE; TIME;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; EUROPE; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS, POPULATION; GEOGRAPHY; MARINE BIOLOGY; OCEANS AND SEAS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TEMPERATURE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 78650771952     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014295     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, et al. (2006) Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314: 787-790.
2. Naeem S, Li S (1997) Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390: 507-509.
3. Naeem S (2002) Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss: The evolution of a paradigm. Ecology 83(6): 1537-1552.
4. Solan M, Raffaelli DG, Paterson DM, White PCL, Pierce GJ (2006) Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function: Empirical approaches and future research needs. Introduction. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311: 175-178.
5. Raffaelli D, Emmerson M, Solan M, Biles C, Paterson D (2003) Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in shallow coastal waters: an experimental approach. J Sea Res 49: 133-141.
6. Solan M, Batty P, Bulling MT, Godbold JA (2008) How biodiversity affects ecosystem processes: implications for ecological revolutions and benthic ecosystem function. Aqu Biol 2: 289-301.
7. Biles CL, Paterson DM, Ford RB, Solan M, Raffaelli DG (2002) Bioturbation, ecosystem functioning and community structure. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 6: 999-1005.
8. Ieno EN, Solan M, Batty P, Pierce GJ (2006) Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function: empirical approaches and future research needs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311: 263-271.
9. Ruesink JL, Feist BE, Harvey CJ, Hong JS, Trimble AC, et al. (2006) Changes in productivity associated with four introduced species: Ecosystem transformation of a pristine estuary. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311: 203-215.
10. Duffy, JE (2009) Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 7: 437-444.
11. Danovaro R, Gambi C, Dell'Anno A, Corinaldesi C, Fraschetti S, et al. (2008) Exponential decline of deep-sea ecosystem functioning linked to benthic biodiversity loss. Curr Biol 18(1): 1-8.
12. Roberts DG, Hunter PM, Laughton AS (1979) Bathymetry of the Northeast Atlantic: continental margin around the British Isles. Deep-Sea Res 26: 417-428.
13. Hansen B, Østerhus S (2000) North Atlantic-Nordic Seas exchanges. Prog Oceanogr 45: 109-208.
14. Michaelsen W (1897) Polychaeta. Wissenschaftlichen Meeresuntersuchungen der Commission zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel. Neue Folge 1: 5-215.
15. Stein U, Hukriede W, Rumohr H (1990) Historische Benthosdaten aus Nordund Ostsee in den Jahren 1902-1912. Mitt Zool Mus Univ Kiel Suppl 3: 1-189.
16. Künitzer A, Basford D, Craeymeersch JA, Dewarumez J-M, Dörjes J, et al. (1992) The Benthic Infauna of the North-Sea-Species Distribution and Assemblages. ICES J Mar Sci 49: 127-143.
17. Gage JD (2001) Deep-sea benthic community and environmental impact assessment at the Atlantic Frontier. Cont Shelf Res 21: 957-986.
18. Thomson JW (1873) The Depths of the Sea. Macmillan, London. 527 p.
19. Tyler PA (1986) Studies of a benthic time series: reproductive biology of benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough. Proc Roy Soc Edinb Sect B 88: 175-190.
20. Gage JD (1986) The benthic fauna of the Rockall Trough: a regional distribution and bathymetric zonation. Proc R Soc Edinb Sect B 88: 159-174.
21. Vanden Berghe E, Claus S, Appeltans W, Faulwetter S, Arvanitidis C, et al. (2009) MacroBen integrated database on benthic invertebrates if European continental shelves: a tool for large-scale analysis across Europe. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382: 225-238.
22. Ojaveer H, Jaanus A, MacKenzie BR, Martin G, Olenin S, et al. (2010) Status of biodiversity in the Baltic Sea. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12467. doi 10.1371/ journal.pone.0012467.
23. Coll M, Piroddi C, Steenbeek J, Kaschner K, Lasram FBR, et al. (2010) The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11842. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011842.
24. Danovaro R, Company JB, Corinaldesi C, D'Onghia G, Galil B, et al. (2010) Deep-Sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the known, the unknown and the unknowable. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11832. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011832.
25. Eleftheriou A, McIntyre AD (2005) Methods for the study of marine benthos. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 418 p.
26. Smith KL, Howard JD (1972) Comparison of a grab sampler and large volume corer. Limnol Oceanogr 17: 142-145.
27. Dyer M F, Fry WG, Fry PD, Cranmer GJ (1982) A Series of North Sea benthos surveys with trawl and headline camera. J Mar Biol Ass UK 62: 297-313.
28. Creutzberg F, Duineveld GCA, Vannort GJ (1987) The effect of different number of tickler chains on beam-trawl catches. J Cons 43: 159-168.
29. Jennings S, Lancaster J, Woolmer A, Cotter J (1999) Distribution, diversity and abundance of epibenthic fauna in the North Sea. J Mar Biol Ass UK 79: 385-399.
30. Reiss H, Meybohm K, Kröncke I (2006) Cold winter effects on benthic macrofauna communities in near-and offshore regions of the North Sea. Helgoland Mar Res 60(3): 224-238.
31. Hessler RR, Sanders HL (1967) Faunal diversity in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res 14: 65-78.
32. Barnett PRO, Watson J, Connelly D (1984) A multiple corer for taking virtually undisturbed samples from shelf, bathyal and abyssal sediments. Oceanol Acta 7: 399-408.
33. Bett BJ (2001) UK Atlantic Margin Environmental Survey: Introduction and overview of bathyal benthic ecology. Cont Shelf Res 21(8-10): 917-956.
34. Gauthier O, Sarrazin J, Desbruyeres D (2009) Measure and mis-measure of species diversity in deep-sea chemosynthetic communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 402: 285-302.
35. Gage JD, Hughes DJ, Vecino JLG (2002) Sieve size influences in estimating biomass, abundance and diversity in samples of deep-sea macrobenthos. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 225: 97-107.
36. Degraer S, Moulaert I, Van Hoey G, Vincx M (2007) Sieving alive of after fixation: effects of sieving procedure on macrobenthic diversity, density and community structure. Helgoland Mar Res 61(2): 143-152.
37. Blake JA, Narayanaswamy BE (2004) Benthic infaunal communities across the Weddell Sea Basin and South Sandwich Slope, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res II 51: 1797-1815.
38. Gray JS (2000) The measurement of marine species diversity, with an application to the benthic fauna of the Norwegian continental shelf. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250: 23-49.
39. Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ, Field R (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. J Biogeog 28(4): 453-470.
40. Gering JC, Crist TO (2002) The alpha-beta-regional relationship: providing new insights into local-regional patterns of species richness and scale dependence of diversity components. Ecology Lett 5(3): 433-444.
41. Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 256 p.
42. Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1995) New "biodiversity" measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 129: 301-305.
43. Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1998) Taxonomic distinctness and environmental assessment. J Appl Ecol 35: 532-543.
44. Warwick RM, Clarke KR (2001) Practical measures of marine biodiversity based on relateness of species. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 39: 207-231.
45. Price ARG, Keeling MJ, O'Callaghan CJ (1999) Ocean scale patterns of "biodiversity" of Atlantic asteroids determined from taxonomic distinctness and other measures. Biol J Linn Soc 66: 187-203.
46. Clarke KR, Warwick RM (1999) The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighing up step lengths between hierarchical levels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 184: 21-29.
47. Hurlbert SH (1971) The non-concept of species diversity: A critique and alternative parameters. Ecology 52: 577-586.
48. MarBEF (2004) European node of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Available online at http://www.marbef.org/data/eurobis.php. Consulted on 23-12-2009.
49. Herman Y (1989) Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. 904 p.
50. Grebmeier JM, Barry JP (1991) The influence of oceanographic processes on pelagic-benthic coupling in polar regions: A benthic perspective. J Mar Syst 2: 495-518.
51. Dayton PK, Mordida BJ, Bacon F (1994) Polar marine communities. Am Zool 34: 90-99.
52. Piepenburg D (2005) Recent research on Arctic benthos: Common notions need to be revised. Polar Biol 28: 733-755.
53. Renaud PE, Webb T, Bjørgesæter A, Karakassis I, Kedra M, et al. (2009) Continental-scale patterns in benthic invertebrate diversity: insights from the MarBEF database. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382: 239-252.
54. Greene CH, Pershing AJ, Cronin TM, Cecil N (2008) Arctic Climate Change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic. Ecology 89(11): 24-38.
55. Arvanitidis C, Somerfield PJ, Rumohr H, Faulwetter S, Valavanis V, et al. (2009) Biological geography of the European Seas: results from the macrofaunal inventory of the soft-substrate communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382: 265-278.
56. Longhurst A (1998) Ecological geography of the Sea. Academic Press, San Diego. 560 p.
57. Willig MR, Kaufman DM, Stevens RD (2003) Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Patterns, process, scale, and synthesis. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 34: 273-309.
58. Hillebrand H (2004) On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Am Nat 163: 251-267.
59. Rex MA (1981) Community structure in the deep-sea benthos. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 12: 331-353.
60. Levinton J (1995) Marine biology, function, biodiversity, ecology. New York: Oxford University Press. 448 p.
61. Macpherson E (2002) Large-scale species-richness patterns in the Atlantic Ocean. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 269: 1715-1720.
62. Hillebrand H (2004) Strength, slope and variability of marine latitudinal gradients. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 273: 251-267.
63. Escaravage V, Herman PMJ, Merckx B, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Amouroux J-M, et al. (2009) Distribution patterns of macrofaunal species diversity in subtidal soft sediments: findings on the biodiversity-productivity relation from a pan European dataset. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382: 253-264.
64. Somerfield PJ, Arvanitidis C, Faulwetter S, Chatzigeorgiou G, Vasileiadou A, et al. (2009) Assessing evidence for random assembly of marine benthic communities from regional species pools. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382: 279-286.
65. Colwell RK, Rahbek C, Gotelli N (2004) The mid-domain effect and species richness: what have we learned so far. Am Nat 163: E1-E23.
66. Hernandez-Stefanoni JL (2006) The role of landscape patterns of habitat types on plant species diversity of a tropical forest in Mexico. Biodiv Cons 15: 1441-1457.
67. Thrush SF, Gray JS, Hewitt JE, Ugland KI (2006) Predicting the effects of habitat homogenization on marine biodiversity. Ecol App 16: 1636-1642.
68. Verfaillie E, Van Lancker V, Van Meirvenne M (2006) Multivariate geostatistics for the predictive modeling of the surficial sand distribution in shelf seas. Cont Shelf Res 26(19): 2454-2468.
69. Degraer S, Verfaillie E, Willems W, Adriaens E, Vincx M, Van Lancker V (2008) Habitat suitability as a mapping tool for macrobenthic communities: an example from the Belgian part of the North Sea. Cont Shelf Res 28: 369-379.
70. Bekkby T, Rinde E, Erikstad L, Bakkestuen V (2009) Spatial predictive distribution modelling of the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea. ICES J Mar Sci 66: 2106-2115.
71. Leichter JL, Witman JD (2009) Basin scale oceanographic influences on marine macroecological patterns. In Witman JD, Kaustav R, eds. Marine Macroecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp 205-206.
72. Brown JH (1985) Macroecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
73. Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM (2000) Pattern and process in macroecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 396 p.
74. Webb TJ, Aleffi F, Amouroux J-M, Bachelet G, Degraer S, et al. (2009) Macroecology of the European soft sediment benthos: insights from the Macroben database. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382: 287-296.
75. Lindeboom HJ, de Groot SJ (1994) Effects of beam trawling on the benthic fauna were initiated (IMPACT-1). NIOZ-Rapport 1998-1, RIVO-DLO Report.
76. Heip C, Basford D, Craeymeersch JA, Dorjes J, Dewilde P, et al. (1992) Trends in biomass, density and diversity of North Sea macrofauna. ICES J Mar Sci 49: 13-22.
77. Heip C, Craeymeersch JA (1995) Benthic community structures in the North-Sea. Helgol Meeresunters 49: 313-328.
78. Duineveld GCA, de Wilde PAWJ, Kok A (1990) A synopsis of the macrobenthic assemblages and benthic ETS activity in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. Neth J Sea Res 26: 125-138.
79. Ellingsen KE, Gray JS (2002) Spatial patterns of benthic diversity: Is there a latitudinal gradient along the Norwegian continental shelf? J Anim Ecol 71: 373-389.
80. Hewitt JE, Thrush SF, Halliday J, Duffy C (2005) The importance of smallscale habitat structure for maintaining beta diversity. Ecology 86: 1619-1626.
81. Huston M (1979) General hypothesis of species diversity. Am Nat 113: 81-101.
82. Daan R, Mulder M (2006) The macrobenthic fauna in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea in 2005 and a comparison with previous data. NIOZ-Rapport 2006-3: 93.
83. Kröncke I (1992) Macrofauna standing stock of the Dogger Bank-a comparison 1950-54 versus 1985-87-a final summary. Helgol Meeresunters 46: 137-169.
84. Rees HL, Eggleton JD, Rachor E, Vanden Berghe E, eds (2007) Structure and dynamics of the North Sea benthos. ICES Cooperative Research Report 288: 1-258.
85. Willems W, Rees HL, Vincx M, Goethals P, Degraer S (2007) Relations and interactions between environmental factors and biotic properties. In: Rees HL, Eggleton JD, Rachor E,Vanden Berghe E, editors. Structure and dynamics of the North Sea benthos. ICES Cooperative Research report 288: 69-90.
86. Craeymeersch JA, Witbaard R, Dijkman E, Meesters HWG (2008) Ruimtelijke en temporele patronene in de diversiteit van de macrobenthische infauna op het Nederlandse Continentaal Plat. IMARES Report C070/08: 40 p.
87. Gray JS (2002) Species richness of marine soft sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 244: 285-297.
88. Warwick RM, Ashman CM, Brown AR, Clarke KR, Dowell B, Hart B, Lewis RE, Shillabeer N, Somerfield PJ, Tapp JF (2002) Inter-annual changes in the biodiversity and community structure of the macrobenthos in Tees Bay and the Tees estuary, UK, associated with local and regional environmental events. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 234: 1-13.
89. Widdicombe S, Austen MC, Kendall MA, Olsgard F, Schaaning MT, Dashfield SL, Needham HR (2004) Importance of bioturbators for biodiversity maintenance: indirect effects of fishing disturbance. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 275: 1-10.
90. Schroeder A (2005) Community dynamics and development of soft bottom macrozoobenthos in the German Bight (North Sea) 1969-2000 Ber Polarforsch Meeresforsch 494: 1-252.
91. Lindeboom HJ, Dijkman EM, Bos OG, Meesters EH, Cremer JSM, et al. (2008) Ecologische atlas Noordzee. IMARES, Wageningen. 289 p.
92. Frauenheim K, Neumann V, Thiel H, Türkay M (1989) The distribution of larger epifauna during summer and winter in the North Sea and its suitability for environmental monitoring. Senckenb Marit 20: 101-118.
93. Zühlke R, Alvsvåg J, de Boois I, Cotter J, Ehrich S, et al. (2001) Epibenthic diversity in the North Sea. In: Kröncke I, Türkay M, Sündermann J, eds. Burning issues of North Sea ecology. Proceedings of the 14th International Senckenberg Conference North Sea 2000. Senckenb Marit 31: 269-281.
94. Callaway R, Alsvag J, De Boois I, Cotter J, Ford A, et al. (2002) Diversity and community structure of epibenthic invertebrates and fish in the North Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 59: 1199-1214.
95. Deubel H (2000) Structures and nutritional requirements of macrozoobenthic communities in the area of the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Ber Polarforsch 370: 1-147.
96. Renaud PE, Ambrose WG, Vanreusel A, Clough LM (2006) Nematode and macrofaunal diversity in central Arctic Ocean benthos. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 330: 297-306.
97. Bonsdorff E (2006) Zoobenthic diversity-gradients in the Baltic Sea: Continuous post-glacial succession in a stressed ecosystem. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 310: 383-391.
98. Kottelat M, Freyhof J (2007) Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 p.
99. Vassilenko SV (1989) Arctic Ocean Cumacea. In: Hermann Y, ed. The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp 431-444.
100. Anisimova NA (1989) Distributional patterns of echinoderms in the Eurasion sector of the Arctic Ocean. In: Hermann Y, ed. The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp 281-301.
101. Golikov, AN (1989) Arctic Ocean gastropod prosobranchs. In: Hermann Y, ed. The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp 325-340.
102. Rex MA, Stuart CT, Hessler RR, Allen JA, Sanders HL, et al. (1993) Globalscale latitudinal patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 365: 636-639.
103. Rex MA, Etter RJ, Stuart CT (1997) Large-scale patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In: Ormond RFG, Gage JD, Angel MV, eds. Marine Biodiversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 94-121.
104. Rex MA, Stuart CT, Coyne G (2000) Latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic. Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA 97: 4082-4085.
105. Gage JD, Lambshead PJD, Bishop JDD, Stuart CT, Jones NS (2004) Largescale biodiversity pattern of Cumacea (Pericarida: Crustacea) in the deep Atlantic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 277: 181-196.
106. Lambshead PJD, Tietjen JH, Ferrero TJ, Jensen P (2000) Latitudinal diversity gradients in the deep sea with special reference to North Atlantic nematodes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 194: 156-167.
107. Lambshead PJD, Brown Cj, Ferrero TJ, Mitchell NJ, Smith CR, et al. (2002) Latitudinal diversity patterns of deep-sea marine nematodes and organic fluxes: a test from the central equatorial Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 236: 129-135.
108. Mokievsky V, Azovsky A (2002) Re-evaluation of species diversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 238: 101-108.
109. Thomas E, Gooday AJ (1996) Cenozoic deep-sea benthic foraminifers: tracers for changes in oceanic productivity? Geology 24: 355-358.
110. Culver SJ, Buzas MA (2000) Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminfera. Deep-Sea Res 47: 259-275.
111. Corliss BH, Brown CW, Sun X, Showers WJ (2009) Deep-sea benthic diversity linked to seasonality of pelagic productivity. Deep-Sea Res 56: 835-841.
112. Narayanaswamy BE, Bett BJ, Gage JD (2005) Ecology of bathyal polychaete fauna at an Arctic Atlantic boundary (Faroe-Shetland Channel, North-east Atlantic). Mar Biol Res 1: 20-32.
113. Narayanaswamy BE, Bett BJ, Hughes DJ (2010) Deep-water macrofaunal diversity in the Faroe-Shetland region (NE Atlantic): A margin subject to an unusual thermal regime. Mar Ecol 31: 237-246.
114. Sherwin TJ, Griffiths CR, Inall ME, Turrell WR (2008) Quantifying the overflow across the Wyville Thomson Ridge into the Rockall Trough. Deep-Sea Res 55: 396-404.
115. Danovaro R, Canals M, Gambi C, Heussner S, Lampadariou N, et al. (2009) Exploring benthic biodiversity patterns and hotspots on European margin slopes. Ocean 22: 16-25.
116. Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Kendall MA, We {ogonek}sławski JM, Klages M, Soltwedel T (2004) Depth gradients of benthic standing stock and diversity on the continental margin at a high-latitude ice-free site (off Spitzbergen, 79uN). Deep-Sea Res 51: 1903-1914.
117. Stuart CT, Rex MA, Etter RJ (2003) Large-scale spatial and temporal patterns of deep-sea benthic species diversity. In: Tyler PA, ed. Ecosystems of the Deep Oceans, Elsevier, London 28: 295-311.
118. Kröncke I (1998) Macrofauna communities in the Amundsen Basin, at the Morris Jesup Rise and at the Yermak Plateau (Eurasian Arctic Ocean). Polar Biol 19: 383-392.
119. Dauvin J-C, Kendall M, Paterson G, Gentil F, Jirkov I, et al. (1994) An initial assessment of polychaete diversity in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Biodiv Lett 2: 171-181.
120. Wollenburg JE, Kuhnt W (2000) The response of benthic foraminifers to carbon flux and primary production in the Arctic Ocean. Marine Micropal 40: 189-231.
121. Kröncke I, Turkay M, Fiege D (2003) Macrofaunal communities in the eastern Mediterranean deep sea. PSZNI Mar Ecol 24: 193-216.
122. We {ogonek}sławski JM, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Legez_yńska J (2003) Occurrence of soft bottom macrofauna along a depth gradient in high Arctic, 79 uN. Polish Polar Res 24: 73-88.
123. Glémarec M (1973) The benthic communities of the European North Atlantic continental shelf. Oceanogr Mar Biol 11: 263-289.
124. Reiss H, Degraer S, Duineveld GCA, Kröncke I, Aldridge J, et al. (2010) Spatial patterns of infauna, epifauna, and demersal fish communities in the North Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 67: 278-293.
125. Steffens M, Piepenburg D, Schmid MK (2006) Distribution and structure of macrobenthic fauna in the eastern Laptev Sea in relation to environmental factors. Polar Biol 29: 837-848.
126. Holte B, Oug E, Cochrane S (2004) Depth-related benthic macrofaunal biodiversity patterns in three undisturbed north Norwegian fjords. Sarsia 89: 91-101.
127. Kuklinski P (2009) Ecology of stone-encrusting organisms in the Greenland Sea-A review. Polar Res 28: 222-237.
128. Brandt A, Vassilenko S, Piepenburg D, Thurston M (1996) The species composition of the peracarid fauna (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of the Northeast Water Polynya (Greenland). Medd Grøn 44: 1-30.
129. Middelboe AL, Sand-Jensen K, Krause-Jensen D (2002) Patterns of macroalgal species diversity in Danish estuaries. J Phycol 34: 457-466.
130. Rex MA (1983) Geographical patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In: Rowe GT, ed. The sea, Vol. 8. New York: John Wiley. pp 453-472.
131. Maciolek N, Grassle JF, Hecker B, Brown B, Blake JA, et al. (1987b) Study of biological processes on the U.S. North Atlantic slope and rise. Final Report prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, under Contract No. 14-12-0001-30064, 310 pp + Appendixes A-M.
132. Svavarsson J, Brattegard T, Stromberg J-O (1990) Distribution and diversity patterns of asellote isopods (Crustacea) in the deep Norwegian and Greenland Sea. Prog Oceanogr 24: 297-310.
133. Paterson GLJ, Lambshead PJD (1995) Bathymetric patterns of polychaete diversity in the Rockall Trough, Northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 42: 1199-1214.
134. Flach E, de Bruin W (1999) Diversity patterns in macrobenthos across a continental slope in the NE Atlantic. J Sea Res 42: 303-323.
135. Gage JD, Lamont PA, Kroeger K, Paterson GLJ, Gonzalez-Vecino JL (2000) Patterns in deep-sea macrobenthos at the continental margin: Standing crop, diversity and faunal change on the continental slope off Scotland. Hydrobiologia 440: 261-271.
136. Sibuet, M (1977) Repartition et diversité des echinoderms en zone profonde dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Deep-Sea Res 24: 549-563.
137. Olabarria C (2005) Patterns of bathymetric zonation of bivalves in the Porcupine Seabight and adjacent Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 52: 15-31.
138. Howell KL, Billett DSM, Tyler PA (2002) Depth-related distribution and abundance of seastars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Porcupine Seabight and Porcupine Abyssal Plain, N.E. Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 49: 1901-1920.
139. Olabarria C (2006) Faunal change and bathymetric diversity gradient in deepsea prosobranchs from northeastern Atlantic. Biodiv Cons 15: 3685-3702.
140. Levin LA, Etter RJ, Rex MA, Gooday AJ, Smith CR, et al. (2001) Environmental influences of regional deep-sea species diversity. Annu Rev of Ecol Syst 32: 51-93.
141. Kröncke I (1994) Macrobenthos composition, abundance and biomass in the Arctic Ocean along a transect between Svalbard and the Makarov Basin. Polar Biol 14: 519-529.
142. Ambrose WG, Jr., Renaud PE, Cochrane S, Denisenko SG, Skar{eth}hamar J (2009) Polychaete diversity patterns on two Arctic shelves: Impacts of ice and primary production? Zoosymposia 2: 457-485.
143. Cochrane SKJ, Denisenko SG, Renaud PE, Emblow CS, Ambrose WG Jr., et al. (2009) Benthic macrofauna and productivity regimes in the Barents Sea-Ecological implications in a changing Arctic. J Sea Res61: 222-233.
144. Knox GA, Lowry JK (1977) A comparison between the benthos of the Southern Ocean and the North Polar Ocean with special reference to the Amphipoda and the Polychaeta. In Dunbar MJ, ed. Polar Oceans. Montreal: Arctic Institute of North America. pp 423-462.
145. Dayton PK (1990) Polar Benthos.Smith WO, editor. Polar Oceanography. In Smith WO, ed. Part B: Chemistry, biology and geology. London: Academic Press. pp 631-685.
146. Dunton KH (1992) Arctic biogeography: the paradox of the marine benthic fauna and flora. Trends Ecol Evol 7(6): 183-189.
147. Sirenko BI (2001) List of species of free-living invertebrates of Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent deep waters. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, St Petersburg 51: 1-129.
148. Brandt A, Gooday AJ, Brandao SN, Brix S, Brokeland W, et al. (2007) First insights into the biodiveristy and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea. Nature 447: 307-311.
149. Brude OW, Moe KA, Bakken V, Hansson R, Larsen LH, et al. (1998) Northern Sea Route Dynamic Environmental Atlas. INSROP Working Paper No 98. Oslo, Norwegian Polar Institute.
150. Rahmstorf S (2002) Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years. Nature 419: 207-214.
151. Sarnthein M, Van Kreveld S, Erlenkreuser H, Grootes PM, Kucera M, et al. (2003) Centennial-to-millenial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75u N. Boreas 32: 447-461.
152. Berge J, Johnsen G, Nilsen F, Gulliksen B, Slagstad D (2005) Ocean temperature oscillations enable reappearance of blue mussels Mytilus edulis in Svalbard after a 1000 year absence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 303: 167-175.
153. Beuchel F, Gulliksen B, Carroll ML (2006) Long-term patterns of rocky bottom macrobenthic cimmunity structure in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) in relation to climate variability (1980-2003). J Mar Sys 63: 35-48.
154. Polyakov IV, Beszczynska A, Carmack EC, Dmitrenko IA, Fahrbach E, et al. (2005) One more step toward a warmer Arctic. Geophys Res Lett 32: L17605.
155. Brattegard T, Holthe T (1995) Distribution of marine, benthic macroorganisms in Norway. Research Report for DN 1997-1. Directorate for Nature Management:Trondheim.
156. Brattegard T, Holthe T (1997) Distribution of marine, benthic macroorganisms in Norway: a tabulated catalogue. Preliminary edition. Research Report for DN, 1997(1). Direktoratet for naturforvaltning: Trondheim, Norway. ISBN 82-7072-251-0. 321 p.
157. World Register of Marine Species (2009) Available online at http://marinespecies.org. Consulted on 10-07-2009.
158. Hall-Spencer J, Allain V, Fossa JH (2002) Trawling damage to Northeast Atlantic ancient coral reefs. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 269(1490): 507-511.
159. Gage JD, Roberts JM, Hartley JR, Humphery JD (2005) Potential impacts of deep-sea trawling on the benthic ecosystem along the Northern European continental margin: A review. In: Barnes BW, Thomas JP, editors. Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing. American Fisheries Society Symposium 41: 503-517.
160. Jones DOB, Wigham BD, Hudson IR, Bett BJ (2007) Anthropogenic disturbance of deep-sea megabenthic assemblages: A study with remotely operated vehicles in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic. Mar Biol 151: 1731-1741.
161. Claussen U, Zevenboom W, Brockmann U, Topcu D, Bot P (2009) Assessment of the eutrophication status of transitional, coastal and marine waters within OSPAR. 2nd International Symposium on Research and Management of Eutrophication in Coastal Ecosystems Nyborg, Denmark, June 20-23, 2006. Hydrobiol 629(1): 49-58.
162. Guinotte JM, Orr J, Cairns S, Freiwald A, Morgan L, George R (2006) Will human-induced changes in seawater chemistry alter the distribution of deep-sea scleractinian corals? Front Ecol Env 4(3): 141-146.
163. Hawkins SJ, Moore PJ, Burrows MT, Poloczanska E, Mieszkowska N, et al. (2008) Complex interactions in a rapidly changing world: responses of rocky shore communities to recent climate change. Clim Res 37: 123-133.
164. Management of Natura 2000 sites: Guidance (2009) Available online at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/guidance_en.htm. Consulted on 2-02-2010.
165. The EU Water Framework Directive-integrated river basin management for Europe (2009) Available online at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html. Consulted on 2-02-2010.
166. Kaiser MJ, Ramsay K, Richardson CA, Spence FE, Brand AR (2000) Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. J Anim Ecol 69(3): 494-503.
167. Kaiser MJ, Clarke KR, Hinz H, Austen MCV, Somerfield PJ, et al. (2006) Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311: 1-14.
168. Bergman MJN, van Santbrink JW (2000) Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994. ICES J Mar Sci 57(5): 1321-1331.
169. Roberts JM, Wheeler AJ, Freiwald A (2006) Reefs of the deep: The biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science 312: 543-547.
170. Davies A, Wisshak M, Orr JC, Roberts JM (2008) Predicting suitable habitat for the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia). Deep-Sea Res 55: 1048-1062.
171. Roberts JM, Harvey SM, Lamont PA, Gage JD, Humphery JD (2000) Seabed photography, environmental assessment and evidence for deep-water trawling on the continental margin west of the Hebrides. Hydrobiologia 441: 178-183.
172. Bett BJ (2000) Benthic ecology of the Faeroe-Shetland Channel. Section 4.3.1 in Environmental surveys of the seafloor of the UK Atlantic Margin, Atlantic Frontier Environmental Network [CD-ROM]. Available from Geotek Limited, Daventry, Northants, NN11 5EA, UK.
173. Fosså J H, Mortensen PB, Furevik DM (2002) The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia 471: 1-12.
174. Gass SE, Roberts JM (2006) The occurrence of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) on oil and gas platforms in the North Sea: Colony growth, recruitment and environmental controls on distribution. Mar Poll Bull 52: 549-559.
175. Jensen A, Frederiksen R (1992) The fauna associated with the bank-forming deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinaria) on the Faroe shelf. Sarsia 77: 53-69.
176. Mortensen PB, Hovland M, Brattegard T, Farestveit R (1995) Deep water bioherms of the scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) at 64u N on the Norwegian shelf: structure and associated megafauna. Sarsia 80: 145-158.
177. Husebø Å, Nøttestad L, Fosså JH, Furevik DM, Jørgensen SB (2002) Distribution and abundance of fish in deep-sea coral habitats. Hydrobiologia 471: 91-99.
178. Reid PC, Edwards M (2001) Long-term changes in the pelagos, benthos and fisheries of the North Sea. Senckenb Marit 32: 107-115.
179. Reid PC, Edwards M, Beaugrand G, Skogen M, Stevens D (2003) Periodic changes in the zooplankton of the North Sea during the twentieth century linked to oceanic inflow. Fish Oceanogr 12(4-5): 260-269.
180. Turrell JW (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269: 676-679.
181. Kröncke I, Dippner JW, Heyen H, Zeiss B (1998) Long-term changes in macrofaunal communities off Norderney (East Frisia, Germany) in relation to climate variability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 167: 25-36.
182. Hagberg J, Tunberg BG (2000) Studies on the covariation between physical factors and the long-term variation of the marine soft bottom macrofauna in Western Sweden. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 50(3): 373-385.
183. Rees HL, Pendle MA, Limpenny DS, Mason CE, Boyd SE, et al. (2006) Benthic responses to organic enrichment and climatic events in the western North Sea. J Mar Biol Ass UK 86: 1-18.
184. Neumann H, Ehrich S, Kroncke I (2008) Effects of cold winters and climate on the temporal variability of an epibenthic community in the German Bight. Clim Res 37(2-3): 241-251.
185. Frid CLJ, Garwood PR, Robinson L (2009) The North Sea benthic system: a 36 year time-series. J Mar Biol Ass UK 89: 1-10.
186. Gröger J, Rumohr H (2006) Modelling and forecasting long-term dynamics of western Baltic macrobenthic fauna in relation to climate signals and environmental change. J Sea Res 55(4): 266-277.
187. Dippner, JW (1997) Recruitment success of different fish stocks in the North Sea in relation to climate variability. Dt Hydrogr Z 49: 277-293.
188. Kirby RR, Beaugrand G, Lindley JA (2008) Climate-induced effects on the meroplankton and the benthic-pelagic ecology of the North Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 53: 1805-1815.
189. Palumbi SR, Sandifer PA, Allan JD, Beck MW, Fautin DG, et al. (2009) Managing for ocean biodiversity to sustain marine ecosystem services. Front Ecol Environ 7(4): 204-211.
190. Walker MK, Thompson RM (2010) Consequences of realistic patterns of biodiversity loss an experimental test from the intertidal zone. Mar Fresh Res 61: 1015-1022.
191. Drinkwater KF (2006) The regime shift of the 1920s and 1930s in the North Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr 68: 134-151.
192. Renaud PE, Carroll ML, Ambrose WG, Jr. (2007) Effects of global warming on Arctic sea-floor communities and its consequences for higher trophic levels. In: Duarte CM, Agusti S, eds. Impacts of warming on polar ecosystems. Madrid: FBBVA Press.
193. Blacker RW (1957) Benthic animals as indicators of hydrographic conditions and climatic change in Svalbard waters. Fish Invest Ser 2: 1-59.
194. Nesis KN (1960) Changes in the Barents Sea bottom fauna under the influence of fluctuations in the hydrographical regime (along the section on the Kola meridian). In: Marty JJ, ed. Soviet fisheries investigations in North European seas.VNIRO/PINRO, Moscow.
195. Cushing DH (1982) Climate and Fisheries. London: Academic Press. 373 p.
196. We{ogonek}sławski JM, Kwaśniewski S, Stempniewicz L (2009) Warming in the Arctic may result in the negative effects of increased biodiversity. Polarforschung 78(3): 105-108.
197. Thompson RC, Wilson BJ, Tobin ML, Hill AS, Hawkins SJ (1996) Biologically generated habitat provision and diversity of rocky shore organisms at a hierarchy of spatial scales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 202: 73-84.
198. Galkin YI (1998) Long-term changes in the distribution of molluscs in the Barents Sea related to the climate. Ber Polarforsch 287: 100-143.
199. ICES (2008) Report of the ICES Advisory Committee, 2008. ICES Advice, 2008. Books 1-10. 1842 p.