Diseases of spiny lobsters: A review

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

Volumn 106, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 79-91

  Shields, J D ^a  

^a VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

Fishing; Jasus; Palinurid; Panulirus; Panulirus argus virus 1; Pathogen; Symbiont

Indexed keywords

AMPHIPODA; ANIMAL; AQUACULTURE; COPEPOD; FUNGUS; HELMINTH; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PALINURIDAE; PARASITOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; REVIEW; VIROLOGY;

AMPHIPODA; ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; COPEPODA; FUNGI; HELMINTHS; PALINURIDAE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CRUSTACEA; JASUS; LOBSTER; PALINURIDAE; PANULIRUS; PANULIRUS ARGUS; PROTOZOA; VERMES;

EID: 78650770636     PISSN: 00222011     EISSN: 10960805     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.015     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Abraham T.J., Rahman M.K., Joseph M.T.L. Bacterial disease in cultured spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus). J. Aquacult. Trop. 1996, 1:187-192.
2. Abrahams D., Brown W.D. Evaluation of fungicides for Haliphthoros milfordensis and their toxicity to juvenile European lobsters. Aquaculture 1977, 12:31-40.
3. Alderman D.J. Fungal infection of crawfish (Palinurus elephas) exoskeleton. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 1973, 61:595-597.
4. Alderman D.J. Fusarium solani causing an exoskeletal pathology in cultured lobsters, Homarus vulgaris. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 1981, 76:25-27.
5. Bach S.D., Beardsley G.L. A disease of the Florida spiny lobster. Sea Frontiers 1976, 22:52-53.
6. Bang, F.B., 1970. Disease mechanisms in crustacean and marine arthropods. In: Snieszko, D.F. (Ed.), A Symposium on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 5. Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 383-404.
7. Behringer D.C., Butler M.J., Shields J.D. Avoidance of disease in social lobsters. Nature 2006, 441:421.
8. Behringer D.C., Butler M.J., Shields J.D. Effect of PaV1 Infection on Caribbean Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus) movement, condition, and survival. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 359:26-33.
9. Bland J.A., Brock T.D. The marine bacterium Leucothrix mucor as an algal epiphyte. Mar. Biol. 1973, 23:283-292.
10. Bobes R., Diaz J., Diaz E. Aislamiento e identificacion de Aerococcus viridans var. Homari en la langosta Panulirus argus con sintomas de septicemia. Rev. Invest. Marin. 1988, 9:97-103.
11. Boghen A.D. Effects of Wescodyne and malachite green on parasitic ciliates of juvenile American lobsters. Progr. Fish-Cultur. 1982, 44:97-99.
12. Booth J.D. Chapter 10 Jasus Species. Lobsters: biology, management, aquaculture and fisheries 2006, 340-357. Blackwell Scientific, UK. B.F. Phillips (Ed.).
13. Bourne D.G., Høj L., Webster N.S., Swan J., Hall M.R. Biofilm development within a larval rearing tank of the tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus. Aquaculture 2006, 260:27-38.
14. Bourne D.G., Young N., Webster N., Payne M., Salmon M., Demel S., Hall M. Microbial community dynamics in a larval aquaculture system of the tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus. Aquaculture 2004, 242:31-51.
15. Bowers R.L. Observations on the orientation and feeding behavior of barnacles associated with lobsters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1968, 2:105-112.
16. Bowman, T.E., Kornicker, L.S., 1967. Two new crustaceans: the parasitic copepod Sphaeronellopsis monothrix (Choniostomatidae) and its myodocopid ostracod host Parasterope pollex (Cylindroleberidae) from the southern New England coast. In: Proc. US Nat. Mus., vol. 123, pp. 1-28.
17. Bowser P.R., Rosemark R., Reiner C.R. A preliminary report of vibriosis in cultured American lobsters, Homarus americanus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1981, 37:80-85.
18. Boxshall G.A., Lincoln R.J. Some new parasitic copepods (Siphonostomatoida: Nicothoidae) from deep-sea asellote isopods. J. Nat. Hist. 1983, 17:891-900.
19. Brinkley A.W., Rommel F.A., Huber T.W. The isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related vibrios from moribund aquarium lobsters. Can. J. Microbiol. 1976, 22:315-317.
20. Brock J.A., Lightner D.V. Diseases caused by microorganisms. Diseases of Crustacea. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland 1990, vol. III:245-349. Hamburg, Germany. O. Kinne (Ed.).
21. Brock J.A. Diseases (infectious and noninfectious), metazoan parasites, predators, and public health considerations in Macrobrachium culture and fisheries. Handbook of Mariculture and Crustacean Aquaculture 1983, 329-370. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. J.P. McVey (Ed.).
22. Butler M.J., Behringer D.C., Shields J.D. Transmission of a pathogenic virus (PaV1) and its effects on the survival of juvenile Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2008, 79:173-182.
23. Butler M.J., Hunt J.H., Herrnkind W.F., Childress M.J., Bertelsen R., Sharp W., Matthews T., Field J.M., Marshall H.G. Cascading disturbances in Florida Bay, USA: cyanobacteria blooms, sponge mortality, and implications for juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus argus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 129:119-125.
24. Caballero G. Tremátodes de las tortugas de México. VII. Descripción de un tremátodo digéneo que parasita a tortugas marinas comestibles del Puerto de Acapulco, Guerrero. Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónama de México 1959, 30:159-166.
25. Campbell A., Gibson R., Evans L.H. A new species of Carcinomertes (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) ectohabitant on Panulirus cygnus (Crustacea: Panuliridae) from Western Australia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 1989, 95:257-268.
26. Castro K.M., Angell T.E. Prevalence and progression of shell disease in American lobster, Homarus americanus, from Rhode Island waters and the offshore canyons. J. Shellfish Res. 2000, 19:691-700.
27. Castro K.M., Factor J.F., Angell T., Landers D.F. The conceptual approach to shell disease revisted. J. Crustac. Biol. 2006, 26:646-660.
28. Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiol. Rev. 1993, 57:953-994.
29. Chang P.S., Chen H.C., Wang Y.C. Detection of white spot syndrome associated baculovirus in experimentally infected wild shrimp, crab and lobsters by in situ hybridization. Aquaculture 1998, 164:233-242.
30. Charmantier G., Charmantier-Daures M., Waddy S.L., Aiken D.E. Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in the nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari, an egg predator of American lobster, Homarus americanus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1991, 48:209-214.
31. Cockcroft A.C. Jasus lalandi 'walkouts' or mass strandings in South Africa during the 1990s: an overview. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2001, 52:1085-1094.
32. Colwell R.R., Wicks T.C., Tubiash H.S. A comparative study of the bacterial flora of the hemolymph of Callinectes sapidus. Mar. Fish. Rev. 1975, 37:29-33.
33. Cornick J.W., Stewart J.E. Red crab (Geryon quinquedens) and snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) resistance to infection by the lobster pathogen Aerococcus viridans (var.) homari. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can 1975, 32:702-706.
34. Costello, M.J., Holmes, J.M.C., McGrath, D., Myers, A.A., 1990. A review and catalogue of amphipod Crustacea in Ireland. Irish Fish. Invest. Ser. B, No. 33 (1989), 70 pp.
35. Couch J.A. Diseases caused by Protozoa. Pathobiology 1983, vol. 6:79-111. Academic Press, New York. A.J. Provenzano (Ed.).
36. Dale T., Blom G. Epigrowth organisms on reared larvae of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus. Fauna 1988, 40:16-19.
37. Dannevig A. Beretning for Flødevigens utklekningsanstalt 1926-1927. Arsberetning Vedkommende Norges Fiskerier 1928, 150:156.
38. Dannevig, A., 1937. Beretning for Flødevigens utklekningsanstalt 1936-1937. Arsberetning Vedkommende Norges Fiskerier, pp. 1-6.
39. Davis J.W., Sizemore R.K. Incidence of Vibrio species associated with blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected from Galveston Bay. Texas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982, 43:1092-1097.
40. Deblock S., Williams A., Evans L.H. Contribution a l'etude des Microphallidae Travassos 1920 (Trematoda). Description de Thulakiotrema genitale n. gen., n. sp., metacercaire parasite de langoustes australiennes. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Paris 1991, 12:563-576.
41. Dennis D.M., Munday B.L. Microsporidiosis of palinurid lobsters from Australian waters. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 1994, 14:16-18.
42. Dennis D.M., Pitcher C.R., Prescott J.H., Skewes T.D. Severe mortality in a breeding population of ornate rock lobster Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius) at Yule Island, Papua New Guinea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1992, 162:143-158.
43. Diggles, B.K., 1999. Diseases of spiny lobsters in New Zealand. In: Evans, L.H., Jones, B.J., (Ed.), International Symposium on Lobster Health Management. Curtin University, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 18-34.
44. Diggles B.K. A mycosis of juvenile spiny rock lobster Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875) caused by Haliphthoros sp., and possible methods of chemical control. J. Fish Dis. 2001, 24:99-110.
45. Diggles B.K., Moss G.A., Carson J., Anderson C. Luminous vibriosis in rock lobster Jasus verreauxi (Decapoda: Panuliridae) phyllosoma larvae caused by infection with Vibrio harveyi. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2000, 43:127-137.
46. Dove A.D.M., Allam B., Powers J.J., Sokolowski M.S. A prolonged thermal stress experiment on the American lobster. J. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:761-766.
47. Dove A.D.M., LoBue C., Bowser P., Powell M. Excretory calcinosis: a new fatal disease of wild American lobsters Homarus americanus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2004, 58:215-221.
48. Draxler A.F.J., Robohm R.A., Wieczorek D., Kapareiko D., Pitchford S. Effect of hatibat biogeochemicals on survival of lobsters (Homarus americanus). J. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:821-824.
49. Draxler A.F.J., Sherrell R.M., Wieczorek D., Lavigne M.G., Paulson A.J. Manganese concentration in lobster (Homarus americanus) gills as an index of exposure to reducing conditions in eastern Long Island Sound. J. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:815-820.
50. Eldred B. The attachment of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite niveus Darwin, and other fouling organisms to the rock shrimp, Sicyonia dorsalis Kingsley. Crustaceana 1962, 3:203-206.
51. El-Gamal A.A., Alderman D.J., Rodgers C.J., Polglase J.L., MacIntosh O. A scanning electron microscope study of oxolinic acid treatment of burn spot lesions of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture 1986, 52:157-171.
52. Estrella B.T. Shell disease in American lobster (Homarus americanus, H. Milne Edwards, 1837) from Massachusetts coastal waters with considerations for standardizing sample. J. Shellfish Res. 1991, 10:483-488.
53. Evans L.H., Brock J.A. Diseases of spiny lobster. Spiny Lobster Management 1994, 461-471. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. B.F. Phillips, J.S. Cobb, J. Kittaka (Eds.).
54. Evans L.H., Jones J.B., Brock J.A. Diseases of spiny lobster. Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture 2000, 586-600. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford. B.F. Phillips, J. Kittaka (Eds.).
55. Field R.H., Chapman C.J., Taylor A.C., Neil D.M., Vickerman K. Infection of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus by a Hematodinium-like species of dinoflagellate on the west coast of Scotland. Dis. Aquat. Org. 1992, 13:1-15.
56. Fisher W.S., Nilson E.H., Shleser R.A. Effect of the fungus Haliphthoros milfordensis on the juvenile stages of the American lobster Homarus americanus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1975, 26:41-45.
57. Fisher W.S., Nilson E.H., Follett L.F., Shleser R.A. Hatching and rearing lobster larvae (Homarus americanus) in a disease situation. Aquaculture 1976, 7:75-80.
58. Fisher W.S., Nilson E.H., Steenbergen J.F., Lightner D.V. Microbial diseases of cultured lobsters: a review. Aquaculture 1978, 14:115-140.
59. Fisher, W.S., Rosemark, R., Nilson. E.H., 1976b. The susceptibility of cultured American lobsters to a chitinolytic bacterium. In: Proc. World Maricult. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 511-520.
60. Flegel T.W., Boonyaratpalin S., Fegan D.F., Guerin M., Sriurairatana S. High mortality of black tiger prawns from cotton shrimp disease in Thailand. Disease in Asian aquaculture 1. Fish Health Section 1992, 181-197. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. M. Shariff, R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur (Eds.).
61. Flegel T.W. Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1997, 13:433-442.
62. Funch P., Kristensen R.M. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 1995, 378:711-714.
63. Geddes, M.C., Musgrove, R., Thomas, C.J., 2003. Investigation of tail fan necrosis in live-held adult southern rock lobsters. Developments in Rock Lobster Enhancement and Aquaculture III, April 2001, Adelaide.
64. Gemperline P.J., Miller K.H., West T.L., Weinstein J.E., Hamilton J.C., Bray J.T. Principal component analysis, trace elements, and blue crab shell disease. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64:523a-532a.
65. Getchell R.G. Bacterial shell disease in crustaceans: a review. J. Shellfish Res. 1989, 8:1-6.
66. Goggins, P.L., Hurst Jr., J.W., 1960. Progress repot on lobster gaffkyaremia (red tail). Maine Department of Sea Shore Fisheries 1-9. Mimeo. [Not seen by author. Cited in Stewart, 1980.].
67. Gómez del Prado-Rosas M.C., Álvarez-Cadena J.N., Lamothe-Argumedo R., Grano-Maldonado M.I. Cymatocarpus solearis a brachycoeliid metacercaria parasitizing Panulirus argus (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the Mexican Caribbean Sea. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia 2003, 74:1-10.
68. Gopalan U.K., Young J.S. Incidence of shell disease in shrimp in the New York Bight. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1975, 6:149-153.
69. Hameed A.S.S. Experimental transmission and histopathology of brown spot disease in shrimp (Penaeus indicus) and lobster (Panulirus homarus). J. Aquacult. Tropics 1994, 9:311-321.
70. Handlinger J., Carson J., Ritar A.J., Crear B.J., Taylor D.P., Johnston D. Disease conditions of cultured phyllosoma larvae and juveniles of the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii, Decapoda; Palinuridae). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lobster Health Management, Adelaide, September 1999 1999, 75-87. Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. L.H. Evans, J.B. Jones (Eds.).
71. Hansen H.J. The Choniostomatidae, a family of Copepoda, parasites on Crustacea Malacostraca 1897, Host & Son, Copenhagen, pp. 1-206.
72. Harper R.E., Talbot P. Analysis of the epibiotic bacteria of lobster (Homarus) eggs and their influence on the loss of eggs from the pleopods. Aquaculture 1984, 36:9-26.
73. Hess E. A shell disease in lobsters (Homarus americanus) caused by chitinivorous bacteria. J. Biol. Bd. Can. 1937, 3:358-362.
74. Hicks G.R.F. Revised keys to Paramphiascopsis Lang (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Diosaccidae) including a new species from deep water off New Zealand. J. Nat. Hist. 1986, 202:389-397.
75. Hobbs R.C., Botsford L.W. Dynamics of an age-structured prey with density- and predation-dependent recruitment: the Dungeness crab and a nemertean egg predator worm. Theor. Pop. Biol. 1989, 36:1-22.
76. Howell P., Benway J., Giannini C., McKown K., Burgess R., Hayden J. Long-term population trends in American lobster (Homarus americanus) and their relation to temperature in Long Island Sound. J. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:849-858.
77. Huchin-Mian J.P., Rodríguez-Canul R., Arias-Bañuelos E., Simá-Álvarez R., Pérez-Vega J.A., Briones-Fourzán P., Lozano-Álvarez E. Presence of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) in juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus argus from the Caribbean coast of Mexico. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2008, 79:153-156.
78. Huchin-Mian J.P., Briones-Fourzán P., Simá-Álvarez R., Cruz-Quintana Y., Pérez-Vega J.A., Lozano-Álvarez E., Pascual-Jiménez C., Rodríguez-Canul R. Detection of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) in exported frozen tails of subadult-adult Caribbean spiny lobsters Panulirus argus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2009, 86:159-162.
79. Hudson D.A., Hudson N.B., Pyecroft S. Mortalities of Penaeus japonicus prawns associated with microsporidean infection. Australian Vet. J. 2001, 79:504-505.
80. Iversen E.S., Beardsley G.L. Shell disease in crustaceans indigenous to South Florida. Prog. Fish-Cultur. 1976, 38:195-196.
81. Jawahar A., Kaleemur R., Leema J. Bacteial disease in cultured spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus). J. Aquacult. Trop. 1996, 11:187-192.
82. Jeffries W.B., Voris H.K., Yang C.M. Diversity and distribution of the pedunculate barnacle octolasmis in the seas adjacent to Singapore. J. Crustac. Biol. 1982, 2:562-569.
83. Jiravanichpaisal P., Lee B.L., Söderhäll K. Cell-mediated immunity in arthropods: hematopoiesis, coagulation. Melanization and Opsonization Immunobiol. 2006, 211:213-236.
84. Johnson P.T. Bacterial infection in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: course of infection and histopathology. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1976, 28:25-36.
85. Johnson P.T. Diseases caused by viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, and fungi. Pathology 1983, vol. 6:1-78. Academic Press, New York. A.J. Provenzano (Ed.).
86. Johnson P.W., Sieburth J.M., Sastry A., Arnold C.R., Doty M.S. Leucothrix mucor infestation of benthic Crustacea, fish eggs, and tropical algae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1971, 16:962-969.
87. Jones, D.S., 2003. The biogeography of Western Australian shallow-water barnacles. In: Wells, F.E., Walker, D.I., Jones, D.S. (Eds.), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, pp. 479-496.
88. Jones D.S. Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Rec. West. Austral. Mus. Suppl. 2004, 66:121-157.
89. Keith I.R., Paterson W.D., Airdrie D., Boston L.D. Defense mechanisms of the American lobster (Homarus americanus): vaccination provided protection against gaffkemia infections in laboratory and field trials. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1992, 2:109-119.
90. Kellog S., Steenbergen J.F., Schapiro H.C. Isolation of Pediococcus homari, etiological agent of gaffkemia in lobsters, from a California estuary. Aquaculture 1974, 3:409-413.
91. Key M.M., Winston J.E., Volpe J.W., Jeffries W.B., Voris H.K. Bryozoan fouling of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus at Beaufort, North Carolina. Bull. Mar. Sci. 1999, 64:513-533.
92. Key M.M., Volpe J.W., Jeffries W.B., Voris H.K. Barnacle fouling of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus at Beaufort, North Carolina. J. Crust. Biol. 1997, 17:424-439.
93. Key M.M., Jeffries W.B., Voris H.K., Yang C.M. Epizoic bryozoans, horseshoe crabs and other mobile benthic substrates. Bull. Mar. Sci. 1996, 58:368-384.
94. Kiryu Y., Behringer D.C., Landsberg J.H., Petty B.D. Microsporidiosis in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus from southeast Florida, USA. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2009, 84:237-242.
95. Kitancharoen N., Hatai K. A marine oomycete Atkinsiella panulirata sp. nov. from philozoma of spiny lobster, Panulirus japonicus. Mycoscience 1995, 36:97-104.
96. Kittaka J. Culture of larval spiny lobsters: a review of work done in northern Japan. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1997, 48:923-930.
97. Kuris A.M., Blau S.F., Paul A.J., Shields J.D., Wickham D.E. Infestation by brood symbionts and their impact on egg mortality in the red king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, in Alaska: Geographic and temporal variation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1991, 48:559-568.
98. Lavallée J., Hammell K.L., Spangler E.S., Cawthorn R.J. Estimated prevalence of Aerococcus viridans and Anophryoides haemophila in American lobsters Homarus americanus freshly captured in the waters of Prince Edward Island. Canada. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2001, 46:231-236.
99. Lee S.C., Corradi N., Byrnes E.J., Torres-Martinez S., Dietrich F.S., Keeling P.J., Heitman J. Microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi. Current Biol. 2008, 18:1675-1679.
100. Li C., Shields J.D. Primary cell culture of hemocytes from the spiny lobster and their susceptibility to Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2007, 94:48-55.
101. Li C., Shields J.D., Ratzlaff R.E., Butler M.J. Pathology and hematology of the Caribbean spiny lobster experimentally infected with Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1). Virus Res. 2008, 132:104-113.
102. Li C., Shields J.D., Small H.J., Reece K.S., Hartwig C.L., Cooper R.A., Ratzlaff R.E. Diagnosis of Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) in the Caribbean spiny lobster using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2006, 72:185-192.
103. Lightner D.V., Fontaine C.T. A mycosis of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, caused by Fusarium sp. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1975, 25:239-245.
104. Lightner D.V., Redman R.M. Strategies for the control of viral diseases of shrimp in the Americas. Fish Pathol. 1998, 33:165-180.
105. Linton, E., 1910. Helminth fauna of the Dry Tortugas. II. Trematodes. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 133, pp. 1-98.
106. Liuzzo J.A., Novak A.F., Ortego J.R. Physiological changes induced by gamma irradiation of bacteria from shrimp. J. Food Sci. 1965, 30:710-713.
107. Lozano-Álvarez E., Briones-Fourzán P., Ramírez-Estévez A., Placencia-Sánchez D., Huchin-Mian J.P., Rodríguez-Canul R. Prevalence of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) and habitation patterns of healthy and diseased Caribbean spiny lobsters in shelter-limited habitats. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2008, 80:95-104.
108. Margulis L., Corliss J.O., Melkonian M., Chapman D.J. Handbook of Protoctista 1990, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 914 pp.
109. McAleer, R., Baxter, M., 1983. Black shell disease of the western rock lobster caused by Fusarium solani. In: Proc. 8th Cong. Internat. Soc. Human Anim. Mycol., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 1982, pp. 378-382.
110. McGrath, D., 1981. Benthic macrofaunal studies in the Galway Bay area. Vol.II. The benthic macrofauna of the Galway Bay area. Part 1. General introduction, Arthropoda. Ph.D. Thesis, National University of Ireland, 225 pp. (Not seen by author. Cited in Costello et al., 1990.).
111. Meyers T.R. Diseases caused by protistans. Diseases of Crustacea. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland 1990, vol. III:350-368. Hamburg, Germany.
112. Montgomery-Fullerton M.M., Cooper R.A., Kauffman K., Shields J.D., Ratzlaff R.E. Detection of Panulirus argus virus 1 by PCR in Caribbean spiny lobsters. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2007, 76:1-6.
113. Morado J.F., Sparks A.K., O'Clair C.E. Preliminary study of idiopathic lesions in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, from Rowan Bay. Alaska. Mar. Environ. Res. 1988, 26:311-318.
114. Musthaq S.S., Sudhakaran R., Balasubramanian G., Sahul Hameed A.S. Experimental transmission and tissue tropism of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in two species of lobsters, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2006, 93:75-80.
115. Newman W.A. Octolasmis californiana, spec. nov., a pedunculate barnacle from the gills of the California spiny lobster. Veliger 1960, 3:9-11.
116. Newman W.A., Abbott D.P. Cirripedia. Intertidal Invertebrates of California 1980, 504-535. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott, E.C. Haderlie (Eds.).
117. Nilson, E.H., Fisher, W.S., Shleser, R.A., 1975. Filamentous infestations observed on eggs and larvae of cultured crustaceans. In: Proc. World Maricult. Soc., vol. 6, pp. 367-375.
118. Nilson E.H., Fisher W.S., Shleser R.A. A new mycosis of larval lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1976, 27:177-183.
119. Noga E.J., Engel D.P., Arroll T.W., McKenna S., Davidian M. Low serum antibacterial activity coincides with increased prevalence of shell disease in blue crabs Callinectes sapidus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 1994, 19:121-128.
120. Obst M., Funch P., Kristensen R.M. A new species of Cycliophora from the mouthparts of the American lobster, Homarus americanus (Nephropidae, Decapoda). Orgs. Divers. Evol. 2006, 6:83-97.
121. Overstreet, R.M., 1978. Marine Maladies? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. MASGP-78-021, 140 pp.
122. Overstreet R.M. Metazoan symbionts of crustaceans. Pathobiology 1983, vol. 6:156-250. Academic Press, New York. A.J. Provenzano (Ed.).
123. Owens L., Glazebrook J.S. Microsporidiosis in prawns from northern Australia. Austral. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1988, 39:301-305.
124. Payne M.S., Hall M.R., Sly L., Bourne D.G. Microbial diversity within early-stage cultured Panulirus ornatus phyllosomas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73:1940-1951.
125. Pearce J., Balcom N. The 1999 Long Island Sound lobster mortality event: Findings of the Comprehensive Research Initiative. J. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:691-698.
126. Phillips B.F., Melville-Smith R. Chapter 11. Panulirus Species In: Phillips, B.F. (Ed.), Lobsters: biology, management, aquaculture and fisheries 2006, Blackwell Scientific, UK, pp. 359-384.
127. Pillai N.K. Choniomyzon gen. nov. (Copepoda: Choniostomatidae) associated with Panulirus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., India 1962, 4:95-99.
128. Porter L., Butler M., Reeves R.H. Normal bacterial flora of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus and its possible role in shell disease. Mar. Freshwater Res. 2001, 52:1401-1405.
129. Ptacek M.B., Sarver S.K., Childress M.J., Herrnkind W.F. Molecular phylogeny of the spiny lobster genus Panulirus (Decapoda: Palinuridae). Mar. Freshw. Res. 2001, 52:1037-1047.
130. Rabin H., Hughes J.T. Studies on host-parasite relationships in gaffkemia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1968, 10:335-344.
131. Rabin H. Studies on Gaffkemia, a bacterial disease of the American lobster Homarus americanus (Milne-Edwards). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1965, 7:391-397.
132. Rajendran K.V., Vijayan K.K., Santiago T.C., Krol R.M. Experimental host range and histopathology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp, prawns, crabs, and lobsters from India. J. Fish Dis. 1999, 22:183-191.
133. Reuter R.E., Geddes M.C., Evans L.H., Bryars S.R. Tail disease in southern rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii). International Symposium on Lobster Health Management 1999, 88-91. Curtin University, Adelaide. L.H. Evans, B.J. Jones (Eds.).
134. Robohm R.A., Draxler A.F.J., Wieczorek D., Diane Kapareiko D., Pitchford S. Effects of environmental stressors on disease susceptibility in American lobsters: a controlled laboratory study. J. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:773-880.
135. Roe P. Parthenogenesis in Carcinonemertes spp. (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea). Biol. Bull. 1986, 171:640-646.
136. Rosen B. Shell disease of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 1967, 9:348-353.
137. Rosen, B., 1970. Shell disease of aquatic crustaceans. In: Snieszko, S.F. (Ed.), A Symposium on Diseases of Fishes and Shellfishes. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 5. Washington, DC, pp. 409-415.
138. Sadusky T.J., Bullis R.A. Experimental disinfection of lobster eggs infected with Leucothrix mucor. Biol. Bull. 1994, 187:254-255.
139. Sakanari J.A., Moser M. Complete life cycle of the elasmobranch Lacistorhynchus dollfusi Beveridge and Sakanari 1987 (Trypanorhyncha). J. Parasitol. 1989, 75:806-808.
140. Schapiro H.C., Steenbergen J.G. Active immunity to gaffkemia in lobsters. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting World Mariculture Society 1974, 145-147. Louisiana State University Press, Charleston, SC. J.W.J. Avault (Ed.).
141. Schapiro H.C., Mathewson J.H., Steenbergen J.F., Kellogg S., Ingram C., Nierengarten G., Rabin H. Gaffkemia in the California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus: Infection and immunization. Aquaculture 1974, 3:403-408.
142. Schuwerack P.-M., Lewis J.W., Jones P.W. Pathological and physiological changes in the South African freshwater crab Potamonautes warreni Calman induced by microbial gill infections. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2001, 77:269-279.
143. Shields J.D., Behringer D.C. A new pathogenic virus in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus from the Florida Keys. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2004, 59:109-118.
144. Shields J.D., Kuris A.M. Temporal variation in abundance of the egg predator Carcinonemertes epialti (Nemertea) and its effect on egg mortality of its host, the shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Hydrobiologia 1988, 156:31-38.
145. Shields J.D., Kuris A.M. Carcinonemertes wickhami n. sp. (Nemertea), an egg predator on the California lobster, Panulirus interruptus. Fish. Bull. 1990, 88:279-287.
146. Shields J.D., Overstreet R.M. Parasites, symbionts, and diseases. The biology and management of the blue crab 2007, 299-417. University of Maryland Sea Grant Press. V. Kennedy, L.E. Cronin (Eds.).
147. Shields J.D., Wood F.E.I. Impact of parasites on the reproduction and fecundity of the blue sand crab Portunus pelagicus from Moreton Bay, Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1993, 92:159-170.
148. Shields J.D. Ovicides julieae n. gen., n. sp. (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) on xanthid crabs from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. J. Crust. Biol. 2001, 21:304-312.
149. Shields J.D., Stephens F.J., Jones J.B. Chapter 5: Pathogens, parasites and other symbionts. Lobsters: biology, management, aquaculture and fisheries 2006, 146-204. Blackwell Scientific, UK. B.F. Phillips (Ed.).
150. Shoemaker C.R. A new species of commensal amphipod from a spiny lobster. Proc. US Nat. Mus. 1952, 102:231-233.
151. Silva dos Fernandes Vieira R.H., Cavalcante D.S.P., Saker-Sampaio S. Algumas espécies do género Vibrio em Lagostas e camaróes. Arqu. Cienc. Mar. 1987, 26:1-5.
152. Sindermann, C.J., 1989. The shell disease syndrome in marine crustaceans. NOAA Technical Memorandum, National Marine Fisheries Service, NMFS-F/NEC-64. 43 pp.
153. Sindermann, C.J., 1990. Responses of shellfish to pathogens. In: Sinderman, C.J., (Ed.), Principal Diseases of Marine Fish and Shellfish, Diseases of Marine Shellfish, 2nd ed., vol. 2. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 247-300.
154. Smolowitz R.M., Bullis R.A., Abt D.A. Pathologic cuticular changes of winter impoundment shell disease preceding and during intermolt in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Biol. Bull. 1992, 183:99-112.
155. Smolowitz R., Chistoserdov A.Y., Hsu A. A description of the pathology of epizootic shell disease in the American lobster, Homarus americanus, H. Milne Edwards 1837. Shellfish Res. 2005, 24:749-756.
156. Snieszko S.F., Taylor C.C. A bacterial disease of the lobster (Homarus americanus). Science 1947, 105:500.
157. Sordi M. Micosi dei Crostuacei decapodi marini. Riv. Parassitol. 1958, 19:131-137.
158. Soyer J. Paramphiascopsis paromolae n.sp., Copépode Harpacticide récolt6 sur les lamelles branchiales du Crustacè Dècapode Paromola cuvieri (Risso). Crustaceana 1973, 24:90-96.
159. Steenbergen J.F., Schapiro H.C. Gaffkaemia in California spiny lobsters. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the World Mariculture Society 1974, 139-143. Louisiana State University Press, Charleston, SC. J.W.J. Avault (Ed.).
160. Steenbergen J.F., Schapiro H.C. Filamentous bacterial infestations of lobster and shrimp gills. Am. Zool. 1976, 15:816.
161. Stewart J.E. Gaffkemia, the fatal infection of lobsters (genus Homarus) caused by Aerococcus viridans (var.) homari: a review. Mar. Fish. Rev. 1975, 37:20-24.
162. Stewart J.E. Diseases. The Biology and Management of Lobsters 1980, 301-342. Academic Press, New York. J.S. Cobb, B.F. Phillips (Eds.).
163. Stewart J.E. Lobster diseases. Helgoland. Meeresunter. 1984, 37:243-254.
164. Stewart J.E., Cornick J.W., Spears D.I. Incidence of Gaffkya homari in natural lobster (Homarus americanus) populations of the Atlantic region of Canada. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 1966, 23:1325-1330.
165. Stewart J.E., Dockrill A., Cornick J.W. Effectiveness of the integument and gastric fluid as barriers against transmission of Gaffkya homari to the lobster Homarus americanus. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 1969, 26:1-14.
166. Supamattaya K., Hoffmann R.W., Boonyaratpalin S., Kanchanaphum P. Experimental transmissions of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from black tiger shrimp Penaeus mondon to the sand crab Portunus pelagicus, mud crab Scylla serrata and krill Acetes sp. Dis. Aquat. Org. 1998, 32:79-85.
167. Tareen I.U. Control of diseases in the cultured population of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus (de Haan). J. World Maricult. Soc. 1982, 13:157-161.
168. Tubiash H.S., Sizemore R.K., Colwell R.R. Bacterial flora of the hemolymph of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: Most probable numbers. Appl. Microbiol. 1975, 29:388-392.
169. Wada S., Takayama A., Hatai K., Shima Y., Fushimi H. A pathological study on cardiac disease found in spiny lobsters. Fish. Sci. 1994, 60:129-131.
170. Wang Y.-C., Lo C.-F., Chang P.-S., Kou G.-H. Experimental infection of white spot baculovirus in some cultured and wild decapods in Taiwan. Aquaculture 1998, 164:221-231.
171. Webster N.S., Bourne D.G., Hall M. Vibrionaceae infection in phyllosomas of the tropical rock lobster Panulirus ornatus as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Aquaculture 2006, 255:173-178.
172. Weinstein J.E., West T.L., Bray J.T. Shell disease and metal content of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, from the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, North Carolina. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 23:355-362.
173. Wickham D.E. Predation by Carcinonemertes errans on eggs of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Mar. Biol. 1979, 55:45-53.
174. Wickham D.E. Epizootic infestations by nemertean brood parasites on commercially important crustaceans. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1986, 43:2295-2302.
175. Wickham D.E. Nemertean worm predation. Disease Diagnosis and Control in North American Marine Aquaculture. Develop. Aquacult. Fish. Sci. 1988, vol. 17:226-229. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.
176. Wicksten M.K. Crustaceans from baited traps and gill nets off Southern California. Calif. Fish Game 1982, 68:244-248.
177. Wong H.C., Chen M.C., Liu S.H., Liu D.P. Incidence of highly genetically diversified Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood imported from Asian countries. Inter. J. Food Microbiol. 1999, 52:181-188.
178. Yamato S. A new amphilochid species (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Amphilochidae) from a spiny lobster. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 1993, 36:99-106.
179. Young J.S., Pearce J.B. Shell disease in crab and lobster from New York Bight. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1975, 6:101-105.
180. Ziskowski J., Spallone R., Kapareiko D., Robohm R., Calabrese A., Pereira J. Shell disease in American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the offshore, northwest-Atlantic region around the 106-mile sewage-sludge disposal site. J. Mar. Environ. Eng. 1996, 3:247-271.