Nanoparticles: Functionalization and multifunctional applications in biomedical sciences

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 17, Issue 36, 2010, Pages 4559-4577

  Subbiah, R ^a   Veerapandian, M ^a   Yun, K S ^a  

^a Gachon University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Asymmetric group; Bio functionalization; Cancer therapy; Drug delivery; Functionalized nanoparticles; Postpolymerization; Thiol group; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

AMINOTHIOL; NANOPARTICLE; THIOL;

ARTICLE; ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS; BIOMEDICINE; CANCER THERAPY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; NANOMEDICINE; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 78650633235     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986710794183024     Document Type: Article

References (227)

1. Drexler, K. E. Nanotechnology: From Feynman to funding. B. Sci. Technol. Soc, 2004, 24, 21-27.
2. Priyabrata, M.; Resham, B.; Debabrata, M. Gold nanoparticles bearing functional anti-cancer drug and anti-angiogenic agent: A "2 in 1" system with potential application in therapeutics. J. Biomed. Nanotech., 2005, 1, 224-228.
3. Sharma, V. K.; Yngard, R. A.; Lin, Y. Silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Adv. Colloid Interfac, 2009, 145, 83-96.
4. Mahalingam, V.; Onclin, S.; Peter, M.; Ravoo, B. J.; Huskens, J.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Directed self-assembly of functionalized silica nanoparticles on molecular printboards through multivalent supramolecular interactions. Langmuir, 2004, 20, 11756-11762.
5. Chen, T. J.; Cheng, T. H.; Hung, Y. C.; Lin, K. T.; Liu, G. C.; Wang, Y. M. Targeted Folic acid-PEG nanoparticles for noninvasive imaging of folate receptor by MRI. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A., 2008, 87, 165-175.
6. Astete, C. E.; Sabliov, CM. Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles. J. Biomat. Sci-Polym. E., 2006, 17, 247-289.
7. Sinha, H. R.; Bansal, K.; Kausik, R.; Kumria, R.; Trehan, A. Poly ecaprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview. Int. J. Pharm., 2004, 278, 1-23.
8. Arshady, R. Microspheres for biomedical applications: preparation of reactive and labelled microspheres. Biomaterials, 1993, 14, 5-15.
9. Schulz-Dobrick, M.; Sarathy, K. V.; Jansen, M. Surfactant-free synthesis and functionalization of gold nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2005, 127, 12816-12817.
10. Neouze, M-A.; Schubert, U. Surface modification and functionalization of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles by organic ligands. Monatsh. Chem., 2008, 139, 183-195.
11. Ruckenstein, E.; Li, Z. F. Surface modification and functionalization through the self-assembled monolayer and graft polymerization. Adv. Colloid. Interfac, 2005, 113, 43-63.
12. Duguet, E.; Vasseur, S.; Mornet, S.; Devoisselle, J. M. Magnetic nanoparticles and their application in medicine. Nanomedicine, 2006, 1, 157-168.
13. Arias, J. L.; Ruiz, M. A.; Gallardo, V.; Delgado, A. V. Tegafur loading and release properties of magnetite/poly (alkylcyanoacrylate) (core/shell) nanoparticles. J. Control. Release, 2008, 125, 50-58.
14. Duran, J. D. G.; Arias, J. L.; Gallardo, V.; Delgado, A. V. Magnetic colloids as drug vehicles. J. Pharm. Sci., 2008, 97, 2948-2983.
15. Koo, O. M.; Rubinstein, I.; Onyuksel, H. Role of nanotechnology in targeted drug delivery and imaging: a concise review. Nanomed-Nanotechnol., 2005, 1, 193-212.
16. Wang, Y-X. J.; Hussain, S. H.; Krestin, G. P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. Eur. Radiol., 2001, 11, 2319-2331.
17. Kluchova, K.; Zboril, R.; Tucek, J.; Pecova, M.; Zajoncova, L.; Safarik, I.; Mashlan, M.; Markova, I.; Jancik, D.; Sebela, M.; Bartonkova, H.; Bellesi, V.; Novak, P.; Petridis, D. Superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles from solid-state synthesis - their functionalization towards peroral MRI contrast agent and magnetic carrier for trypsin immobilization. Biomaterials, 2009, 30, 2855-2863.
18. Kickelbick, G.; Schubert, U. Advances in Nanophase Materials and Nanotechnology, M. I. Baraton, Ed.; American Scientific Publishers: CA, 2003, Vol. Functionalization and Surface Treatment of nanoparticles, pp. 91-102.
19. Grancharov, S. G.; Zeng, H.; Sun, S.; Wang, S. X.; O'Brien, S.; Murray, C. B.; Kirtley, J. R.; Held, G. A. Bio-functionalization of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles and their use as biomolecular labels in a magnetic tunnel junction based sensor. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2005, 109, 13030-13035.
20. Doty, R. C.; Tshikhudo, T. R.; Brust, M.; Fernig, D. G. Extremely stable water-soluble Ag nanoparticles. Chem. Mater., 2005, 17, 4630-4635.
21. Moon, J. H.; Shul, Y. G.; Hong, S. Y.; Choi, Y. S.; Kim, H. T. A study on UV-curable adhesives for optical pick-up: II. Silane coupling agent effect. Int. J. Adhes., 2005, 25, 534-542.
22. Smith, B.; Uhl, K. Drug delivery in the twenty-first century: A new paradigm. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 85, 451-455.
23. Cegnar, M.; Kristl, J.; Kos, J. Nanoscale polymer carriers to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to tumours. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2005, 5, 1557-1569.
24. Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhu, C.; Wei, X.; Kan, X. Preparation and application of functionalized nanoparticles of CdS as a fluorescene probe. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, 468, 35-41.
25. Panyam, J.; Labhasetwar, V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2003, 55, 329-347.
26. Silva, G. A.; Ducheyne, P.; Reis, R. L. Materials in particulate form for tissue engineering. 1. Basic concepts. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med., 2007, 1, 4-24.
27. Wagner, V.; Dullaart, A.; Bock, A. K.; Zweck, A. The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nat. Biotech., 2006, 24, 1211-1217.
28. Zhang, L.; Gu, F. X.; Chan, J. M.; Wang, A. Z.; Langer, R. S.; Farokhzad, O. C. Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clin. Pharmacol., 2008, 83, 761-769.
29. Moghimi, S. M.; Hunter, A. C.; Murray, J. C. Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: Theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev., 2001, 53, 283-318.
30. Roux, S.; Garcia, B.; Bridot, J-L.; Salome, M.; Marquette, C.; Lemelle, L.; Gillet, P.; Blum, L.; Perriat, P.; Tillement, O. Synthesis and characterization of dihydrolipoic acid capped gold nanoparticles and functionalization by the electroluminescent luminal. Langmuir, 2005, 21, 2526-2536.
31. Zatats, M.; Katz, E.; Baron, R.; Willner, I. Reconstitution of Apo-Glucose dehydrogenase on pyrroloquinoline quinine-functionalized Au nanoparticles yields an electrically contacted biocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 12400-12406.
32. Ulman, A. Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 1533-1554.
33. Fan, H.; Chen, Z.; Brinker, C. J.; Clawson, J.; Alam, T. Synthesis of organo-silane functionalized nanocrystal micelles and their selfassembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 13746-13747.
34. Ramirez, E.; Jansat, S.; Philippot, K.; Lecante, P.; Gomez, M.; Masdeu-Bulto, A. M.; Chaudret, B. Influence of organic ligands on the stabilization of palladium nanoparticles. J. Organomet. Chem., 2004, 689, 4601-4610.
35. Woehrle, G. H.; Hutchison, J. E. Thiol-functionalized undecagold clusters by ligand exchange: Synthesis, mechanism, and properties. Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 6149-6158.
36. Nakamura, M.; Ishimura, K. Synthesis and characterization of organosilica nanoparticles Prepared from 3-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as the single silica source. J. Phys. Chem. C., 2007, 111, 18892-18898.
37. Kim, S. J.; Bawendi, M. G. Oligomeric ligands for luminescent and stable nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 14652-14653.
38. Philipse, A. P.; Nechifor, A-M.; Pathmamanoharan, C. Isotropic and birefringent dispersions of surface modified silica rods with a boehmite-needle core. Langmuir, 1994, 10, 4451-4458.
39. Gerion, D.; Pinaud, F.; Williams, S. C.; Parak, W. J.; Zanchet, D.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A. P. Synthesis and properties of biocompatible water-soluble silica-coated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2001, 105, 8861-8871.
40. Dubertret, B.; Skourides, P.; Norris, D. J.; Noireaux, V.; Brivanlou, A. H.; Libchaber, A. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science, 2002, 298, 1759-1762.
41. Pellegrino, T.; Manna, L.; Kudera, S.; Lied, T.; Koktysh, D.; Rogach, A. L.; Keller, S.; Radler, J.; Natile, G.; Parak, W. J. Hydrophobic nanocrystals coated with an Amphiphilic polymer shell: A general route to water soluble nanocrystals. Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 703-707.
42. Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethel, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. Synthesis of thiol derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1994, 7, 801-802.
43. Guerrero, E.; Munoz-Marquez, M. A.; Fernandez-Pinel, E.; Crespo, P.; Hernando, A.; Fernandez, A. Electronic structure, magnetic properties, and microstructural analysis of thiol-functionalized Au nanoparticles: Role of chemical and structural parameters in the ferromagnetic behavior. J. Nanopart. Res., 2008, 10, 179-192.
44. Simard, J.; Briggs, C.; Boal, A. K.; Rotello, V. M. Formation and pH-controlled assembly of Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles. Chem. Commun., 2000, 19, 1943-1944.
45. Templeton, A. C.; Chen, S.; Gross, S. M.; Murray, R. W. Water soluble, isolable gold clusters protected by tiopronin and coenzyme A monolayers. Langmuir, 1999, 15, 66-76.
46. Dong, T-Y.; Wu, H-H.; Lin, M-C. Superlattice of octanethiolprotected copper nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2006, 22, 6754-6756.
47. Gooding, J. J.; Mearns, F.; Yang, W.; Liu, J. Self-assembled monolayers into the 21st century: Recent advances and applications. Electroanalysis, 2003, 15, 81-96.
48. Kisailus, D.; Najarian, M.; Weaver, J. C.; Morse, D. E. Functionalized gold nanoparticles mimic catalytic activity of a polysiloxanesynthesizing enzyme. Adv. Mater., 2005, 17, 1234-1239.
49. Fleming, M. S.; Walt, D. R. Solubility and exchange studies of alkanethiol monolayers on gold nanoparticle-coated silica microspheres. Langmuir, 2001, 17, 4836-4843.
50. Price, R. C.; Whetten, R. L. All-aromatic, nanometer-scale, goldcluster thiolate complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 13750-13751.
51. Li, Y.; Xu, X.; Deng, C.; Yang, P.; Zhang, X. Immobilization of trypsin on superparamagnetic nanoparticles for rapid and effective proteolysis. J. Proteom. Res., 2007, 6, 3849-3855.
52. Brousseau, L. C.; Novak, J. P.; Marinakos, S. M.; Feldheim, D. L. Assembly of phenylacetylene-bridged gold nanoclusters dimers and trimers. Adv. Mater., 1999, 11, 447-449.
53. Shen, Q.; Wang, X.; Fu, D. The amplification effect of functionalized gold nanoparticles on the binding of anticancer drug dacarbazine to DNA and DNA bases. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2008, 255, 577-580.
54. Sousa, M. H.; Rubin, J. C.; Sobrinho, P. G.; Tourinho, F. A. Biocompatible magnetic fluid precursors based on aspartic and glutamic acid modified maghemite nanostructures. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2001, 225, 67-72.
55. Tie, S-L.; Li, Y-Q.; Lee, H-C.; Bae, Y-S.; Lee, C-H. Amino acidcoated nano-sized magnetite particles prepared by two-step transformation. Colloid Surface A., 2006, 273, 75-83.
56. Viota, J. L.; Arroyo, F. J.; Delgado, A. V.; Horno, J. Electrokinetic characterization of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with amino acids. J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 2010, 344, 144-149.
57. Wampler, H. P.; Ivanisevic, A. Nanoindentation of gold nanoparticles functionalized with proteins. Micron, 2009, 40, 444-448.
58. Koh, I.; Wang, X.; Varughese, B.; Isaacs, L.; Ehrman, S. H.; English, D. S. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for biorecognition: Evaluation of surface coverage and activity. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2006, 110, 1553-1558.
59. Chen, W.; Shen, H.; Li, X.; Jia, N.; Xu, J. Synthesis of immunomagnetic nanoparticles and their application in the separation and purification od CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2006, 253, 1762-1769.
60. von Zur Muhlen, C.; von Elverfeldt, D.; Bassler, N.; Neudorfer, I.; Steitz, B.; Petri-Flink, A.; Hofmann, H.; Bode, C.; Peter, K. Superparamagnetic iron oxide binding and uptake as imaged by magnetic resonance is mediated by the integrin receptor Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18): implications on imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 193, 102-111.
61. Li, L.; Wartchow, C. A.; Danthi, S. N.; Shen, Z.; Dechene, N.; Pease, J.; Choi, S.; Doede, T.; Chu, P.; Ning, S.; Lee, D. Y.; Bednarski, M. D.; Knoz, S. J. A novel antiangiogenesis therapy using an integrin antagonist or anti-Flk-1 antibody coated 90Y-labeled nanoparticles. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2004, 58, 1215-1227.
62. Dharap, S. S.; Qiu, B.; Williams, G. C.; Sinko, P.; Stein, S.; Minko, T. Molecular targeting of drug delivery systems to ovarian cancer by BH3 and LHRH peptides. J. Control. Release, 2003, 91, 61-73.
63. Missailidis, S.; Thomaidou, D.; Borbas, K. E.; Price, M. R. Selection of aptamers with high affinity and high specificity against C595, an anti-MUC1 IgG3 monoclonal antibody, for antibody targeting. J. Immunol. Methods, 2005, 296, 45-62.
64. Mitra, A.; Mulholland, J.; Nan, A.; McNeill, E.; Ghandehari, H.; Line, B. R. Targeting tumor angiogenic vasculature using polymer-RGD conjugates. J. Control. Release, 2005, 102, 191-201.
65. Daniel, M-C.; Astruc, D. Gold nanoparticles: Assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem. Rev., 2004, 104, 293-346.
66. Crouch, D.; Norager, S.; O'Brien, P.; Park, J. H.; Pickett, N. New synthetic routes for quantum dots. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A., 2003, 361, 297-310.
67. Murray, C. B.; Norris, D. J.; Bawendi, M. G. Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=S, Se, Te) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 8706-8715.
68. Peng, X.; Manna, L.; Yang, W.; Wickham, J.; Scher, E.; Kadavanich, A.; Alivisatos, A. P. Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals, Nature, 2000, 404, 59-61.
69. Manna, L.; Scher, E. C.; Alivisatos, A. P. Synthesis of soluble and processable rod-, arrow-, teardrop-, and tetrapod-shaped CdSe nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 12700-12706.
70. Manna, L.; Milliron, D. J.; Meisel, A.; Scher, E. C.; Alivisatos, A. P. Controlled growth of tetrapod-branched inorganic Nanocrystals. Nat. Mater., 2003, 2, 382-385.
71. Liu, H.; Alivisatos, A. P. Preparation of asymmetric nanostructures through site selective modification of tetrapods. Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 2397-2401.
72. Alivisatos, A. P.; Johnson, K. P.; Peng, X.; Wilson, T. E.; Loweth, C. J.; Bruchez, M. P.; Schultz, P. G. Organization of 'nanocrystal molecules' using DNA. Nature, 1996, 382, 609-611.
73. Loweth, C. J.; Caldwell, W. B.; Peng, X.; Alivisatos, A. P.; Schultz, P. G. DNA-based assembly of gold nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 1999, 38, 1808-1812.
74. Park, S.; Lim, J. H.; Chung, S-W.; Mirkin, C. A. Self-assembly of mesoscopic metal-polymer amphiphiles. Science, 2004, 303, 348-351.
75. Love, J. C.; Gates, B. D.; Wolfe, D. B.; Paul, K. E.; Whitesides, G. M. Fabrication and wetting properties of metallic half-shells with submicron diameters. Nano Lett., 2002, 2, 891-894.
76. Lu, Y.; Xiong, H.; Jiang, X.; Xia, Y.; Prentiss, M.; Whitesides, G. M. Asymmetric dimers can be formed by dewetting half-shells of gold deposited on the surfaces of spherical oxide colloids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 12724-12725.
77. Charnay, C.; Lee, A.; Man, S-Q.; Moran, C. E.; Radloff, C.; Bradley, R. K.; Halas, N. J. Reduced symmetry metallodielectric nanoparticles: Chemical synthesis and plasmonic properties. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2003, 107, 7327-7333.
78. Wu, Y.; Fan, R.; Yang, P. Block-by-Block growth of singlecrystalline Si/SiGe superlattice nanowires. Nano lett., 2002, 2, 83-86.
79. Gudiksen, M. S.; Lauhon, L. J.; Wang, J.; Smith, D. C.; Lieber, C. M. Growth of nanowire superlattice structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics. Nature, 2002, 415, 617-620.
80. Bjork, M. T.; Ohlsson, B. J.; Sass, T.; Persson, A. I.; Thelander, C.; Magnusson, M. H.; Deppert, K.; Wallenberg, L. R.; Samuelson, L. One-dimensional steeplechase for electrons realized. Nano Lett., 2002, 2, 87-89.
81. Salem, A. K.; Searson, P. C.; Leong, K. W. Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery. Nat. Mater., 2003, 2, 668-671.
82. Mokari, T.; Rothenberg, E.; Popov, I.; Costi, R.; Banin, U. Selective growth of metal tips onto semiconductor quantum rods and tetrapods. Science, 2004, 304, 1787-1790.
83. Sardar, R.; Shumaker-parry, J. S. Asymmetrically functionalized gold nanoparticles organized in one-dimensional chains. Nano Lett., 2008, 8, 731-736.
84. Sardar, R.; Heap, T. B.; Shumaker-Parry, J. S. Versatile solid phase synthesis of gold nanoparticle dimers using an asymmetric functionalization approach. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2007, 129, 5356-5357.
85. Guo, Z.; Pereira, T.; Choi, O.; Wang, Y.; Hahn, H. T. Surface functionalized alumina nanoparticle filled polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties. J. Mater. Chem., 2006, 16, 2800-2808.
86. Sandi, G.; Kizilel, R.; Carrado, K. A.; Fernandez-saavedra, R.; Castagnola, N. Effect of the silica precursor on the conductivity of hectorite-derived polymer nanocomposites. Electrochim. Acta, 2005, 50, 3891-3896.
87. Huang, W. Y; Han, CD. Dispersion characteristics and rheology of organoclay nanocomposites based on a segmented main-chain liquid-crystalline polymer having pendent pyridyl group. xMacromolecules, 2006, 39, 257-267.
88. Mammeri, F.; Le Bourhis, E.; Rozes, L.; Sanchez, C. J. Mechanical properties of hybrid organic-inorganic materials. Mater. Chem., 2005, 15, 3787-3811.
89. Sanchez, C; Ribot, F. Design of hybrid organic-inorganic materials synthesized via sol-gel chemistry. New J. Chem., 1994, 18, 1007-1047.
90. Judeinstein, P.; Sanchez, C. Hybrid organic-inorganic materials: a land of multidisciplinarity. J. Mater. Chem., 1996, 6, 511-525.
91. Zhang, X.; Simon, L. C. In situ polymerization of hybrid polyethylene-alumina nanocomposites. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2005, 290, 573-583.
92. Gao, S-L.; Mader, E. Characterization of interphase nanoscale property variations in glass fibre reinforced polypropylene and epoxy resin composites. Compos. Part A-Appl. S., 2002, 33, 559-576.
93. Shenhar, R.; Norsten, T. B.; Rotello, V. M. Polymer-mediated nanoparticle assembly: Structural control and applications. Adv. Mater, 2005, 17, 657-669.
94. Kim, D. J.; Kang, P. H.; Nho, YC. Characterization of mechanical properties of yAl2O3 dispersed epoxy resin cured by y-ray radiation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 91, 1898-1903.
95. Ash, B. J.; Siegel, R. W.; Schadler, L. S. Mechanical behavior of Alumina/Poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 2004, 37, 1358-1369.
96. 3 nanoparticles. Mater. Lett., 2005, 58, 408-412.
97. Abboud, M.; Turner, M.; Duguet, E.; Fontanille, M. PMMA-based composite materials with reactive ceramic fillers: Part 1-chemical modification and characterization of ceramic particles. J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7, 1527-1532.
98. Arap, W.; Kolonin, M. G.; Trepel, M.; Lahdenranta, J.; Cardo-vila, M.; Giordano, R. J.; Mintz, P. J.; Ardelt, P. U.; Yao, V. J.; Vidal, C. L.; Flamm, C. L.; Valtanen, H.; Weavind, L. M.; Hicks, M. E.; Pollock, R. E.; Botz, G. H.; Bucana, CD.; Koivunen, E.; Cahill, D.; Troncoso, P.; Baggerly, K. A.; Pentz, R. D.; Do, K. A.; Logothetis, C. J.; Pasqualini, R. Steps toward mapping the human vasculature by phage display. Nat. Med., 2002, 8, 121-127.
99. Kolonin, M. G.; Sun, J.; Do, K-A.; Vidal, C. I.; Ji, Y; Baggerly, K. A.; Pasqualini, R.; Arap, W. Synchronous selection of homing peptides for multiple tissues by in vivo phage display. Faseb J., 2006, 20, 979-981.
100. Smith, G. P.; Petrenko, V. A. Phage display. Chem. Rev., 1997, 97, 391-410.
101. Rehor, A.; Hubbell, J. A.; Tirelli, N. Oxidation-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2005, 21, 411-417.
102. Rehor, A. Poly (propylene sulfide) nanoparticles as drug carriers. PhD Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology: Zurich, 2005.
103. Harris, J. M.; Martin, N. E.; Modi, M. Pegylation: A novel process for modifying pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2001, 40, 539-551.
104. Molineux, G. Pegylation: engineering improved pharmaceuticals for enhanced therapy. Cancer Treat. Rev., 2002, 28, 13-16.
105. Steinmetz, N. F.; Bize, A.; Findlay, K. C.; Lomonossoff, G. P.; Manchester, M.; Evans, D. J.; Prangishvili, D. P. Site-specific and spatially controlled addressability of a new viral nanobuilding block: Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2. Adv. Func. Mater., 2008, 21, 3478-3486.
106. Tomalia, D. A. Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2005, 30, 294-324.
107. Hainfeld, J. F.; Powell, R. D. New frontiers in gold labeling. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 2000, 48, 471-480.
108. Worden, J. G.; Shaffer, A. W.; Huo, Q. Controlled functionalization of gold nanoparticles through a solid phase synthesis approach. Chem. Commun., 2004, 518-519.
109. Kruger, C.; Agarwal, S.; Greiner, A. Stoichiometric functionalization of gold nanoparticles in solution through a free radical polymerization approach. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 2710-2711.
110. Freitas, R. A. Nanomedicine.; Landes BioScience: Georgetown, TX, 1999. Vol. I.
111. Emerich, D. F.; Thanos, C. G. The pinpoint promise of nanoparticlebased drug delivery and molecular diagnosis. Biomol. Eng., 2006, 23, 171-184.
112. Galindo-Rodriguez, S. A.; Allemann, E.; Fessi, H.; Doelker, E. Polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of drugs and vaccines: A critical evaluation of in vivo studies. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug, 2005, 22, 419-464.
113. Emerich, D. F.; Thanos, C. G. The pinpoint promise of nanoparticlebased drug delivery and molecular diagnosis. Biomol. Eng., 2006, 23, 171-184.
114. Bae, Y.; Nishiyama, N.; Fukushima, S.; Koyama, H.; Yasuhiro, M.; Kataoka, K. Preparation and biological characterization of polymeric micelle drug carriers with intracellular pH-triggered drug release property: Tumor permeability, controlled subcellular drug distribution, and enhanced in vivo antitumor efficacy. Bioconjugate Chem., 2005, 16, 122-130.
115. Dreher, M. R.; Liu, W.; Michelich, C. R.; Dewhirst, M. W.; Yuan, F.; Chilkoti, A. Tumor vascular permeability, accumulation, and penetration of macromolecular drug carriers. J. Natl. Cancer I., 2006, 98, 335-344.
116. Duncan, R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2003, 2, 347-360.
117. Shiah, J. J.; Sun, Y.; Peterson, C. M.; Kopecek, J. Biodistribution of free and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer-bound mesochlorin e (6) and adriamycin in nude mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 xenografts. J. Control. Release., 1999, 61, 145-157.
118. Rothenfluh, D. A.; Bermudez, H.; O'neill, C. P.; Hubbell, J. A. Biofunctional polymer nanoparticles for intra-articular targeting and retention in cartilage. Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 248-254.
119. Wieland, H. A.; Michaelis, M.; Kirschbaum, B. J.; Rudolphi, K. A. Osteoarthritis - an untreatable disease?. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2005, 4, 331-344.
120. Ferkol, T.; Perales, J. C.; Mularo, F.; Hanson, R. W. Receptormediated gene transfer into macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1996, 93, 101-105.
121. Zanta, M-A.; Boussif, O.; Adib, A.; Behr, J-P. In vitro gene delivery to hepatocytes with galactosylated polyethylenimine. Bioconjug. Chem., 1997, 8, 839-844.
122. Bettinger, T.; Remy, J. S.; Erbacher, P. Size reduction of galactosylated PEI/DNA complexes improves lectin mediated gene transfer into hepatocytes. Bioconjug. Chem., 1999, 10, 558-561.
123. Leamon, C. P.; Weigl, D.; Hendren, R. W. Folate copolymermediated transfection of cultured cells. Bioconjug. Chem., 1999, 10, 947-957.
124. Wu, G. Y.; Wu, C. H. Receptor-mediated in vitro gene transformation by a soluble DNA carrier system. J. Biol. Chem., 1987, 262, 4429-4432.
125. Wu, G. Y.; Wu, C. H. Receptor-mediated gene delivery and expression in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 14621-14624.
126. Wu, C. H.; Wilson, J. M.; Wu, G. Y. Targeting genes: delivery and persistent expression of a foreign gene driven by mammalian regulatory elements in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 16985-16987.
127. Wagner, E.; Zenke, M.; Cotten, M.; Beug, H.; Birnstiel, M. L. Transferrin-polycation conjugates as carriers for DNA uptake into cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA., 1990, 87, 3410-3414.
128. Zenke, M.; Steinlein, P.; Wagner, E.; Cotton, M.; Beug, H.; Birnstiel, M. L. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin-polycation conjugates: an efficient way to introduce DNA into hematopoietic cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, 87, 3655-3659.
129. Schaffer, D. V.; Lauffenburger, D. A. Optimization of cell surface binding enhances efficiency and specificity of molecular conjugate gene delivery. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 28004-28009.
130. Stewart, B. W.; Kleihues, P. In: World Cancer Report, World Health Organization Press, Geneva, 2003.
131. Osada, K.; Christie, R. C.; Kataoka, K. Polymeric micelles from poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (amino acid) block copolymer for drug and gene delivery. J. R. Soc. Interfac, 2009, 6, S325-S339.
132. Couvreur, P.; Vauthier, C. Nanotechnology: Intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharm. Res., 2006, 23, 1417-1450.
133. Yuan, F.; Dellian, M.; Fukumura, D.; Leunig, M.; Berk, D. A.; Torchilin, V. P.; Jain, R. K. Vascular-permeability in a human tumor xenograft: Molecular-size dependence and cutoff size. Cancer Res., 1995, 55, 3752-3756.
134. Torchilin, V. P. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2005, 4, 145-160.
135. Hobbs, S. K.; Monsky, W. L.; Yuan, F.; Roberts, W. G.; Griffith, L.; Torchilin, V. L.; Jain, R. K. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 4607-4612.
136. Peer, D.; Karp, J. M.; Hong, S.; Farokhzad, O. C.; Margalit, R.; Langer, R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol, 2007, 2, 751-760.
137. Peer, D.; Zhu, P.; Carman, C. V.; Lieberman, J.; Shimaoka, M. Selective gene silencing in activated leukocytes by targeting siR-NAs to the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104, 4095-4100.
138. Chawla, J. S.; Amiji, M. M. Biodegradable poly (e-caprolactone) nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of tamoxifen. Int. J. Pharm., 2002, 249, 127-138.
139. Dreis, S.; Rothweiler, F.; Michaelis, M.; Cinatl, J.; Kreuter, J.; Langer, K. Preparation, characterization and maintenance of drug efficacy of doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm., 2007, 341, 207-214.
140. Reddy, L. H.; Sharma, R. K.; Murthy, R. S. R. Enhanced tumour uptake of doxorubicin loaded poly (butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles in mice bearing Dalton's lymphoma tumour. J. Drug Target, 2004, 12, 443-451.
141. Lee, M. K.; Lim, S. J.; Kim, C. K. Preparation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of paclitaxel-loaded sterically stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 2007, 28, 2137-2146.
142. Raffaghello, L.; Zuccari, G.; Carosio, R.; Orienti, I.; Montaldo, P. G. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of the novel derivatized polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer P10 (4). Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12, 3485-3493.
143. Yokoyama, M.; Miyauchi, M.; Yamada, N.; Okano, T; Sakurai, Y.; Kataoka, K.; Inoue, S. Polymer micelles as novel drug carrier: Adriamycin-conjugated poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (aspartic acid) block copolymer. J. Control Release, 1990, 11, 269-278.
144. Lee, E. S.; Na, K.; Bae, YH. Polymeric micelle for tumor pH and folate-mediated targeting. J. Control Release, 2003, 91, 103-113.
145. Soga, O.; van Nostrum, C. F.; Fens, M.; Rijcken, C. J.; Schiffelers, R. M.; Storm, G.; Hennink, W. E. Thermosensitive and biodegradable polymeric micelles for paclitaxel delivery. J. Control. Release, 2005, 103, 341-353.
146. Wang, J.; Mongayt, D.; Torchilin, V. P. Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly soluble drugs: preparation and anticancer activity in vitro of paclitaxel incorporated into mixed micelles based on poly (ethylene glycol)-lipid conjugate and positively charged lipids. J. Drug Target, 2005, 13, 73-80.
147. Gao, Z.; Lukyanov, A. N.; Chakilam, A. R.; Torchilin, V. P. PEG-PE/Phosphatidylcholine mixed immunomicelles specifically deliver encapsulated taxol to tumor cells of different origin and promote their efficient killing. J. Drug Target, 2003, 11, 87-92.
148. Mu, L.; Elbayoumi, T. A.; Torchilin, V. P. Mixed micelles made of poly (ethylene glycol)-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate and D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate as pharmaceutical nanocarriers for camptothecin. Int. J. Pharm., 2005, 306, 142-149.
149. Gao, Z.; Lukyanov, A.; Singhal, A.; Torchilin, V Diacyllipidpolymer micelles as nanocarriers for poorly soluble anticancer drugs. Nano Lett., 2002, 2, 979-982.
150. Wong, H. L.; Rauth, A. M.; Bendayan, R.; Wu, X. Y In vivo evaluation of a new polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) formulation of doxorubicin in a murine solid tumor model. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2005, 65, 300-308.
151. Trimaille, T; Mondon, K.; Gurny, R.; Moller, M. Novel polymeric micelles for hydrophobic drug delivery based on biodegradable poly (hexyl-substituted lactides). Int. J. Pharm., 2006, 319, 147-154.
152. Kwon, G.; Naito, M.; Yokoyama, M.; Okano, T; Sakurai, Y.; Kataoka, K. Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery: loading and release of doxorubicin. J. Control Release, 1997, 48, 195-201.
153. Liu, J.; Zeng, F.; Allen, C. Influence of serum protein on polycarbonate-based copolymer micelles as a delivery system for a hydrophobic anti-cancer agent. J. Control Release, 2005, 103, 481-497.
154. Nakanishi, T; Fukushima, S.; Okamoto, K.; Suzuki, M.; Matsumura, Y; Yokoyama, M.; Okano, T; Sakurai, Y; Kataoka, K. Development of the polymer micelle carrier system for doxorubicin. J. Control Release, 2001, 74, 295-302.
155. Uchino, H.; Matsumura, Y; Negishi, T; Koizumi, F.; Hayashi, T; Honda, T; Nishiyama, N.; Kataoka, K.; Naito, S.; Kakizoe, T. Cisplatin-incorporating polymeric micelles (NC-6004) can reduce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity of cisplatin in rats. Br. J. Cancer, 2005, 93, 678-687.
156. Rapoport, N.; Pitt, W. G.; Sun, H.; Nelson, J. L. Drug delivery in polymeric micelles: From in vitro to in vivo. J. Control Release, 2003, 91, 85-95.
157. Exner, A. A.; Krupka, T. M.; Scherrer, K.; Teets, J. M. Enhancement of carboplatin toxicity by pluronic block copolymers. J. Control Release, 2005, 106, 188-197.
158. Xu, P.; Van Kirk, E. A.; Li, S.; Murdoch, W. J.; Ren, J.; Hussain, M. D.; Radosz, M.; Shen, Y Highly stable core-surface-crosslinked nanoparticles as cisplatin carriers for cancer chemotherapy. Colloids Surface B., 2006, 48, 50-57.
159. Shuai, X.; Merdan, T; Schaper, A. K.; Xi, F.; Kissel, T. Core-crosslinked polymeric micelles as paclitaxel carriers. Bioconjug. Chem., 2004, 15, 441-448.
160. Roy, I.; Ohulchanskyy, T. Y.; Pudavar, H. E.; Bergey, E. J.; Oseroff, A. R.; Morgan, J.; Dougherty, T. J.; Prasad, P. N. Ceramic-based nanoparticles entrapping water-insoluble photosensitizing anticancer drugs: A novel drug-carrier system for photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2003, 125, 7860-7865.
161. Everts, M.; Saini, V; Leddon, J. L.; Kok, R. J.; Stoff-Khalili, M.; Preuss, M. A.; Millican, C. L.; Perkins, G.; Brown, J. M.; Bagaria, H.; Nikles, D. E.; Johnson, D. T.; Zharov, VP.; Curiel, D. T. Covalently linked Au nanoparticles to a viral vector: potential for combined photothermal and gene cancer therapy. Nano Lett., 2006, 6, 587-591.
162. Hirsch, L. R.; Stafford, R. J.; Bankson, J. A.; Sershen, S. R.; Rivera, B.; Price, R. E.; Hazle, J. D.; Halas, N. J.; West, J. L. Nanoshellmediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 13549-13554.
163. Jordan, A.; Scholz, R.; Maier-Hauff, K.; van Landeghem, F. K. H.; Waldoefner, N.; Teichgraeber, U.; Pinkernelle, J.; Bruhn, H.; Neumann, F.; Thiesen, B.; Deimling, A. V.; Felix, R. The effect of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles on rat malignant glioma. J. Neuro Oncol, 2006, 78, 7-14.
164. Jurgons, R.; Seliger, C; Hilpert, A.; Trahms, L.; Odenbach, S.; Alexiou, C. Drug loaded magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy. J. Phys-Condens. Mat., 2006, 18, S2893-S2902.
165. Kobayashi, H.; Kawamoto, S.; Saga, T; Sato, N.; Ishimori, T; Konishi, J.; Ono, K.; Togashi, K.; Brechbiel, M. Avidin-dendrimer-(1B4M-Gd) 254: A tumor-targeting therapeutic agent for gadolinium neutron capture therapy of intraperitoneal disseminated tumor which can be monitored by MRI. Bioconjug. Chem., 2001, 12, 587-593.
166. Quintana, A.; Raczka, E.; Piehler, L.; Lee, I.; Myc, A.; Majoros, I.; Patri, A.; Thomas, T.; Mule, J.; Baker, J. Design and function of a dendrimer-based therapeutic nanodevice targeted to tumor cells through the folate receptor. Pharm. Res., 2002, 19, 1310-1316.
167. Latallo, J. F.; Candido K. A.; Cao, Z.; Nigavekar, S. S.; Majoros, I. J.; Thomas, T. P.; Balogh, L. P.; Khan, M. K.; Baker, J. Nanoparticles targeting of anticancer drug improves therapeutic response in animal model of human epithelial cancer. Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 5317-5324.
168. Morgan, M. T.; Nakanishi, Y.; Kroll, D. J.; Griser, A. P; Carnahan, M. A.; Wathier, M.; Oberlies, N. H.; Manikumar, G.; Wani, M. C.; Grinstaff, M. W. Dendrimer-encapsulated camptothecins: Increased solubility, cellular uptake, and cellular retention affords enhanced anticancer activity in vitro. Cancer Res., 2006, 66, 11913-11921.
169. Yoo, H. S.; Park, T. G. Folate receptor targeted biodegradable polymeric doxorubicin micelles. J. Control Release, 2004, 96, 273-283.
170. Park, E. K.; Kim, S. Y.; Lee, S. B.; Lee, YM. Folate-conjugated methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)/poly (e-caprolactone) Amphiphilic block copolymeric micelles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J. Control Release, 2005, 109, 158-168.
171. Nasongkla, N.; Shuai, X.; Ai, H.; Weinberg, B. D.; Pink, J.; Boothman, D. A.; Gao, J. M. cRGD-functionalized polymer micelles for targeted doxorubicin delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 2004, 43, 6323-6327.
172. Jeong, Y. I.; Seo, S. J.; Park, I. K.; Lee, H. C.; Kang, I. C.; Akaike, T; Cho, C. S. Cellular recognition of paclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly (gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) and poly (ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer end capped with galactose moiety. Int. J. Pharm., 2005, 296, 151-161.
173. Park, J. H.; Kwon, S.; Lee, M.; Chung, H.; Kim, J-H.; Kim, Y-S.; Park, R-W.; Kim, I-S.; Seo, S. B.; Kwon, I. C.; Jeong, S. Y. Selfassembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan bearing hydrophobic moieties as carriers for doxorubicin: In vivo biodistribution and anti-tumor activity. Biomaterials, 2006, 27, 119-126.
174. Wosikowski, K.; Biedermann, E.; Rattel, B.; Breiter, N.; Jank, P.; Loser, R.; Jansen, G.; Peters, G. J. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of methotrexate conjugated to human serum albumin in human cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res., 2003, 9, 1917-1926.
175. Torchilin, V. P.; Lukyanov, A. N.; Gao, Z.; Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, B. Immunomicelles: Targeted pharmaceutical carriers for poorly soluble drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 6039-6044.
176. Fonseca, M. J.; Jagtenberg, J. C.; Haisma, H. J.; Storm, G. Liposome-mediated targeting of enzymes to cancer cells for sitespecific activation of prodrugs: Comparison with the corresponding antibody-enzyme conjugate. Pharm. Res., 2003, 20, 423-428.
177. Schnyder, A.; Krahenbuhl, S.; Drewe, J.; Huwyler, J. Targeting of daunomycin using biotinylated immunoliposomes: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and in vitro pharmacological effects. J. Drug Target, 2005, 13, 325-335.
178. Farokhzad, O. C.; Cheng, J. J.; Teply, B. A.; Sherifi, I.; Jon, S.; Kantoff, P. W.; Richie, J. P.; Langer, R. Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103, 6315-6320.
179. Kasoju, N.; Bora, D. K.; Bhonde, R. R.; Bora, U. Synthesis and characterization and application of novel biodegradable selfassembled 2-(N-phthalimido) ethyl-palmitate nanoparticles for cancer theapy. J. Nanopart. Res., 2010, 12, 801-810.
180. Lawson, L. B.; Freytag, L. C.; Clements, J. D.; Clements, J. D. Use of nanocarriers for transdermal vaccine delivery. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, 2007, 82, 641-643.
181. Orringer, D. A.; Koo, Y. E.; Chen, T; Kopelman, R.; Sagher, O.; Philbert, M. A. Small solutions for big problems: The application of nanoparticles to brain tumor diagnosis and therapy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, 2009, 85, 531-534.
182. Prescott, J. H.; Lipka, S.; Baldwin, S.; Sheppard, N. F.; Maloney, J. M.; Coppeta, J.; Yomtov, B.; Staples, M. A.; Santini, J. T Chronic, programmed polypeptide delivery from an implanted, multireservoir microchip device. Nat. Biotechnol, 2006, 24, 437-438.
183. Thassu, D.; Deleers, M.; Pathak, Y. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Informa Healthcare: New York, USA, 2007, 24, pp. 129-140.
184. Vasir, J. K.; Reddy, M. K.; Labhasetwar, V. D. Nanosystems in drug targeting: Opportunities and challenges. Curr. Nanosci., 2005, 1, 47-64.
185. Wang, D.; Miller, S. C.; Kopeckova, P.; Kopecek, J. Bone-targeting macromolecular therapeutics. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 2005, 57, 1049-1076.
186. Kreuter, J. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2001, 47, 65-81.
187. Lanza, G. M.; Winter, P. M.; Caruthers, S. D.; Morawski, A. M.; Schmieder, A. H.; Crowder, K. C.; Wickline, S. A. Magnetic resonance molecular imaging with nanoparticles: From bench to bedside. J. Nucl. Cardiol, 2004, 11, 733-743.
188. Freitas, R. A. Pharmacytes: An ideal vehicle for targeted drug delivery. J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2006, 6, 2769-2775.
189. Choi, S. W.; Kim, J. H. Design of surface modified poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to bone. J. Control Release, 2007, 122, 24-30.
190. Oh, K. T.; Oh, Y. T.; Oh, N-M.; Kim, K.; Lee, D. H.; Lee, E. S. A smart flower-like polymeric micelle for pH-triggered anticancer drug release. Int. J. Pharm., 2009, 375, 163-169.
191. Hawkins, M. J.; Soon-Shiong, P.; Desai, N. Protein nanoparticles as drug carriers in clinical medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2008, 60, 876-885.
192. 2 integrindependent pathway. Biomaterials, 2010, 31, 366-374.
193. Zhou, J.; Leuschner, C; Kumar, C; Hormes, J.; Soboyejo, W. O. A TEM study of functionalized nanoparticles targeting breast cancer cells. Mat. Sci. Eng. C-Bio S., 2006, 26, 1451-1455.
194. Gupta, A. K.; Curtis, A. S. G. Surface modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: Interaction studies with human fibroblasts in culture. J. Mater. Sci-Mater M., 2004, 15, 493-496.
195. Huang, Y-F.; Lin, Y-W.; Lin, Z-H.; Chang, H-T Aptamermodified gold nanoparticles for targeting breast cancer cells through light scattering. J. Nanopart. Res., 2009, 11, 775-783.
196. Cheng, J.; Teply, B. A.; Sherifi, I.; Sung, J.; Luther, G.; Gu, F. X.; Levy-Nissenbaum, E.; Radovic-Moreno, A. F.; Langer, R.; Farokhzad, O. C. Formulation of functionalized PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials, 2007, 28, 869-876.
197. Zhang, L.; Hou, S.; Mao, S.; Wei, D.; Song, X.; Lu, Y Uptake of folate-conjugated albumin nanoparticles to the SKOV3 cells. Int. J. Pharm., 2004, 287, 155-162.
198. Vinogradov, S. V.; Batrakova, E. V.; Kabanov, A. V. Nanogels for oligonucleotide delivery to the brain. Bioconjug. Chem., 2004, 15, 50-60.
199. Gupta, A. K.; Berry, C.; Gupta, M.; Curtis, A. Receptor-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles using insulin as a surface ligand to prevent endocytosis. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience, 2003, 2, 255-261.
200. Patil, Y. B.; Toti, U. S.; Khadir, A.; Ma, L.; Panyam, J. Single-step surface functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials, 2009, 30, 859-866.
201. Messerschmidt, S. K. E.; Musyanovych, A.; Altvater, M.; Scheurich, P.; Pfizenmaier, K.; Landfester, K.; Kontermann, R. E. Targeted lipid-coated nanoparticles: delivery of tumor necrosis factorfunctionalized particles to tumor cells. J. Control Release, 2009, 137, 69-77.
202. Farokhzad, O. C; Jon, S.; Khademhosseini, A.; Tran, T. T.; La Van, A.; Langer, R. Nanoparticle-Aptamer bioconjugates: A new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res., 2004, 64, 7668-7672.
203. Hood, J. D.; Bednarski, M.; Frausto, R.; Guccione, S.; Reiseld, R. A.; Xiang, R.; Cheresh, D. A. Tumor regression by targeted gene delivery to the neovasculature. Science, 2002, 28, 2404-2407.
204. Schiffelers, R. M.; Ansari, A.; Xu, J.; Zhou, Q.; Tang, Q.; Storm, G.; Molema, G.; Lu, P. Y; Scaria, P. V.; Woodle, M. C. Cancer siRNA therapy by tumor selective delivery with ligand-targeted sterically stabilized nanoparticle. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32, e149-e150.
205. Hallahan, D.; Geng, L.; Qu, S.; Scarfone, C; Giorgio, T; Donnelly, E.; Gao, X.; Clanton, J. Integrin-mediated targeting of drug delivery to irradiated tumor blood vessels. Cancer Cell, 2003, 3, 63-74.
206. Elamanchili, P.; Diwan, M.; Cao, M.; Samuel, J. Characterization of poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) based nanoparticulate system for enhanced delivery of antigens to dendritic cells. Vaccine, 2004, 22, 2406-2412.
207. Pan, X. Q.; Zheng, X.; Shi, G.; Wang, H.; Ratnam, M.; Lee, R. J. Strategy for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia based on folate receptor p-targeted liposomal doxorubicin combined with receptor induction using all-trans retinoic acid. Blood, 2002, 100, 594-602.
208. Lopez de Menezes, D. E.; Pilarski, L. M.; Allen, T. M. In vitro and in vivo targeting of immunoliposomal doxorubicin to human B-Cell lymphoma. Cancer Res., 1998, 61, 2592-2601.
209. Park, J. W.; Hong, K.; Kirpotin, D. B.; Colbern, G.; Shalaby, R.; Baselga, J.; Shao, Y.; Nielsen, U. B.; Marks, J. D.; Moore, D.; Papahadjopoulos, D.; Benz, C. C. Anti-HER2 immunoliposomes: Enhanced efficacy attributable to targeted delivery. Clin. Cancer Res., 2002, 8, 1172-1181.
210. Olivier, J. C. Drug transport to brain with targeted nanoparticles. NeuroRx, 2005, 2, 108-119.
211. Eliaz, R. E.; Szoka, F. C. Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin targeted to CD44: a strategy to kill CD44-overexpressing tumor cells. Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 2592-2601.
212. Cho, C. S.; Cho, K. Y; Park, I. K.; Kim, S. H.; Sasagawa, T.; Uchiyama, M.; Akaike, T. Receptor-mediated delivery of all transretinoic acid to hepatocyte using poly (L-lactic acid) nanoparticles coated with galactose-carrying polystyrene. J. Control Release, 2001, 77, 7-15.
213. Gordon, E. M.; Cornelio, G. H.; Lorenzo, C. C; Levy, J. P.; Reed, R. A.; Liu, L.; Hall, F. L. First clinical experience using a 'pathotropic' injectable retroviral vector (Rexin-G) as intervention for stage IV pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Oncol, 2004, 24, 177-185.
214. Langer, R.; Vacanti, J. P Tissue engineering. Science, 1993, 2, 920-926.
215. Putnam, A.; Mooney, D. J. Tissue engineering using synthetic extracellular matrices. Nat. Med., 1996, 2, 824-826.
216. Mulligan, R. C. The basic science of gene therapy. Science, 1993, 260, 926-932.
217. Madsen, S-K.; Mooney, D. J. Delivering DNA with polymer matrices: Applications in tissue engineering and gene therapy. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today, 2000, 3, 381-384.
218. Pack, D. W.; Hoffman, A. S.; Pun, S.; Stayton, P. S. Design and development of polymers for gene delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2005, 4, 581-593.
219. Makhluf, S. B-D.; Abu-Mukh, A.; Rubinstein, S.; Breitbart, H.; Gedanken, A. Modified PVA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles as protein carriers into sperm cells. Small, 2008, 4, 1453-1458.
220. Ambrose, J. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Clinical application. B r. J. Radiol., 1973, 46, 1023-1047.
221. Lauterbur, P. C. Image formation by induced local interactions: examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature, 1973, 242, 190-191.
222. Chesler, D. A.; Hoop, J. R. B.; Brownell, G. L. Transverse section imaging of myocardium with 13NH4. J. Nucl. Med., 1973, 14, 623.
223. Weizenecker, J.; Gleich, B.; Rahmer, J.; Dahnke, H.; Borgert, J. Three-dimensional real-time in vivo magnetic particle imaging. Phys. Med. Biol., 2009, 54, L1-L10.
224. Kohler, N.; Sun, C.; Wang, J.; Zhang, M. Methotrexate-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake into human cancer cells. Langmuir, 2005, 19, 8858-8864.
225. Xu, H.; Yan, F.; Monson, E. E.; Kopelman, R. Room-temperature preparation and characterization of poly (ethylene glycol)-coated silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 2003, 66 A, 870-879.
226. Yan, F.; Xu, H.; Anker, J. N.; Kopelman, R.; Ross, B.; Alnawaz, R.; Reddy, R. Synthesis and characterization of Silica-embedded iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging. J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2004, 4, 72-76.
227. Koo, Y. E. L.; Reddy, G. R.; Bhojani, M.; Schneider, R.; Philbert, M. A.; Rehemtulla, A.; Ross, B. D.; Kopelman, R. Brain cancer diagnosis and therapy with nanoplatforms. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev., 2006, 58, 1556-1577.