Climate and circulation in imperial Austria

Journal of Modern History

Volumn 82, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 839-875

  Coen, Deborah R ^a  

^a Barnard College of Columbia University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650609238     PISSN: 00222801     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/656078     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Joseph Roth, "The Bust of the Emperor", in The Collected Stories of Joseph Roth, trans. Michael Hofmann (New York, 2002), 229.
2. Alexander Supan, Österreich-Ungarn (Vienna, 1889), 324.
3. On the "mapping of difference" in Austria-Hungary and its significance for the development of the human sciences, see Pamela Ballinger, "Lines in the Water, Peoples on the Map: Maritime Museums and the Representation of Cultural Boundaries in the Upper Adriatic", Narodna umjetnost 43(2006):15-39.
4. See also Larry Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA, 1994);
5. Nancy M. Wingfield, ed., Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe (New York, 2003);
6. Christiane Zintzen, "Enzyclopädische Utopie: Ethnographie als Stiftung von Einheit im Diversen. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild", in Das entfernte Dorf: Moderne Kunst und ethnischer Artefakt, ed. Ákos Moravánsky (Vienna, 2002), 183-206.
7. Sander Gliboff stresses that the imperative of mapping the empire's natural diversity shaped Gregor Mendel's approach to biogeography and thus to evolutionary biology, but he does not consider possible links to ethnography: "Gregor Mendel and the Laws of Evolution", History of Science 37(1999):217-35.
8. Alison Fleig Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Cambridge, MA, 2005).
9. Margaret Schabas, The Natural Origins of Economics (Chicago, 2005), quoted on 59.
10. David Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (Oxford, 1992).
11. See, e.g., Albrecht Penck, "Die Geographie an der Wiener Universität", Arbeiten der Geographischen Institut der k.k. Universität Wien 5(1891): vii-xxiii.
12. Described in Heinrich von Ficker, Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien, 1851-1951 (Vienna, 1951), 6.
13. On the ZAMG, see Christa Hammerl, W. Lenhardt, R. Steinacker, and P. Steinhauser, eds., Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, 1851-2001 (Graz, 2001).
14. Almanach der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Vienna, 1902), 371-74.
15. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna: Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv (ÖstA/AVA), Deutschösterreichisches. Staatsamt für Unterricht/Nr. 29356/1918: August 1, 1918.
16. For a preliminary discussion, see Deborah R. Coen, "Scaling Down: Mapping the Austrian Climate between Empire and Republic", in Intimate Universality: Local and Global Themes in the History of Weather and Climate, ed. James Rodger Fleming, Vladimir Jankovic, and Deborah R. Coen (Sagamore Beach, MA, 2006), 115-40.
17. The Hungarian lands were not included in the Climatography because the Hungarian stations were administered separately by the Central Institute in Budapest. On Carniola, see ÖstA/AVA/K. K. Ministerium für Kultus und Unterricht, Fasz. 680-Sign. 4A, Nr. 42581/1914: September 17, 1914.
18. J. M. Pernter, foreword to Klimatographie von Niederösterreich [Climatography of Lower Austria], by Julius Hann (Vienna, 1904), i.
19. For comparison, the U. S. Weather Bureau issued a one-volume Climatology of the United States in 1906, but its methods were suspect: it was not even clear whether the data had been reduced to a uniform time period. See the review by Robert DeCourcy Ward, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 38, no. 11(1906):709-11.
20. James Rodger Fleming, Historical Perspectives on Climate Change (Oxford, 1998).
21. Napier Shaw, "Julius Hann", Nature 108(1921):249-51, 250.
22. Robert DeCourcy Ward, review of Handbuch der Klimatologie, 3rd ed., by Julius Hann, Science, n. s., 31, no. 791 (February 25, 1910):305. The first edition of Hann's Handbook treated Austria-Hungary cursorily within a twenty-page chapter on the climate of "Central Europe." Hann focused instead on what he termed "more foreign climates", primarily tropical ones.
23. Robert DeCourcy Ward, review of Handbuch der Klimatologie, 3rd ed., by Julius Hann, Science, n. s., 31, no. 791 (February 25, 1910):305. The first edition of Hann's Handbook treated Austria-Hungary cursorily within a twenty-page chapter on the climate of "Central Europe." Hann focused instead on what he termed "more foreign climates", primarily tropical ones.
24. Cleveland Abbe, review of Handbuch der Klimatologie
25. by Julius Hann, Science, n. s., 34, no. 866 (August 4, 1911):155-56.
26. Ingeborg Auer, R. Böhm, and W. Schöner, "Long Climatic Series from Austria", in History and Climate: Memories of the Future? ed. Phil D. Jones, A. E. J. Ogilvie, T. D. Davies, and K. R. Briffa (Dordrecht, 2001), 125-51.
27. See, e.g., Julius Hann, "Der Wald und die Temperatur-Extreme", and "Die Vorschläge zur Milderung der Sommerdürre in Ungarn", Zeitschrift der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Meteorologie 2(1867):25-28, 247-52.
28. Nico Stehr and Hans von Storch, eds., Eduard Brückner: The Sources and Consequences of Climate Change (Dordrecht, 2000).
29. Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos, trans. E. C. Otte (New York, 1858), 1:317.
30. Julius Hann, Handbuch der Klimatologie [Handbook of Climatology] (Stuttgart, 1883), 3.
31. Pernter, foreword to Niederosterreich.
32. Hann, Niederosterreich, 8-9;
33. Robert Klein, Klimatographie von Steiermark [Climatography of Styria] (Vienna, 1909), 3.
34. Reproduced in Hammerl et al., Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, 22.
35. OstA/AVA/Unterricht/Nr. 45052/1905: November 30, 1905.
36. Robert DeCourcy Ward, review of Klimatographie von Niederösterreich
37. by Julius Hann, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 36(1904):569.
38. Although the Climatography itself did not reach a popular audience, it informed popular accounts of the monarchy, such as the Sammlung-Göschen volume by Vienna geographer Alfred Grund, Landeskunde von Österreich-Ungarn (Leipzig, 1905).
39. Pernter, foreword to Niederösterreich.
40. See Victor Conrad, Methods in Climatology (Cambridge, MA, 1944), 2.
41. J. Valentin, "Der täglicher Gang der Lufttemperatur in Österreich", Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse 73(1901):133-229, 201.
42. J. Valentin, "Der täglicher Gang der Lufttemperatur in Österreich", Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathem.-Naturw. Klasse 73(1901):133-229, 201.
43. For this example, see Conrad, Methods, 129.
44. ÖstA/AVA/Unterricht, Nr. 22093/1910; ÖstA/AVA/Unterricht, Nr. 30079/1913: June 23, 1913. The Zentralanstalt offered to supply instruments for new stations in eastern Galicia but refused to pay construction costs. ÖstA/AVA/Unterricht, Nr. 23858/1911: Mai 22, 1911.
45. ÖstA/AVA/Unterricht, Nr. 52972/1913: November 19, and December 31, 1913.
46. Victor Conrad, Klimatographie der Bukowina (Vienna, 1917), 20.
47. Victor Conrad, Klimatographie der Bukowina (Vienna, 1917), 20.
48. By contrast, on efforts to aestheticize the landscape of the Russian steppes, see Christopher Ely, This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002).
49. Victor Conrad, "Beiträge zu einer Klimatographie von Serbien", Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaft in Wien, Abt. Iia 125(1916):1377-1417, 1411.
50. Victor Conrad, "Beiträge zu einer Klimatographie von Serbien", Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaft in Wien, Abt. Iia 125(1916):1377-1417, 1411.
51. Julius Hann, "über die klimatischen Verhältnissen von Bosnien und der Herzegowina", Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 88(1884):96-116, 96
52. and "Das meteorologische Beobachtungsnetz von Bosnien und der Hercegovina und dessen Gipfelstation auf der Bjelašnica", Meteorologische Zeitschrift 13(1896):41-49, 41.
53. Philipp Ballif, Wasserbauten in Bosnien und der Hercegowina (Vienna, 1896).
54. Srećko M. Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche, 1878-1918 (Munich, 1994), 82.
55. Julie Moscheles to W. Morris Davis, August 15, 1919, folder 336, Ms Am 1798, Houghton Library. Moscheles went on to become a Czechoslovak citizen and won respect in the 1920s for her studies of the urban climate of Prague, before her flight from the Nazis in 1938.
56. Julie Moscheles, Das Klima von Bosnien und der Hercegovina [Climatography of Bosnia-Herzegovina], vol. 20 of Kunde der Balkanhalbinsel (Sarajevo, 1918), 3.
57. Robert J. Donia, "The Proximate Colony: Bosnia-Herzogovina under Austro-Hungarian Rule", Kakanien Revisited 6(2007):3, http://www.kakanien. ac.at/beitr/fallstudie/RDonia1.pdf.
58. On the complicity of Austrian ethnographers in Habsburg colonialism in Bosnia, see Christian Marchetti, "Scientists with Guns: On the Ethnographic Exploration of the Balkans by Austrian-Hungarian Scientists before and during World War I", Ab Imperio 1(2007):113-240.
59. Moscheles, Das Klima von Bosnien und der Hercegovina, 3.
60. Conrad, Methods, 140-49.
61. Klein, Steiermark, 4-5.
62. Josef Partsch, Mitteleuropa (Gotha, 1904), 4.
63. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1887), 1:145.
64. Gisela Kutzbach, The Thermal Theory of Cyclones (Boston, 1979), 134.
65. Gisela Kutzbach, The Thermal Theory of Cyclones (Boston, 1979), 134.
66. cf. Deborah R. Coen, "The Storm Lab: Meteorology in the Austrian Alps", Science in Context 22(2009):463-86.
67. Julius Hann, Handbook of Climatology, trans. Robert DeCourcy Ward, General Climatology (New York, 1903), 1:258.
68. Julius Hann, Die Temperaturverhaltnisse der osterreichischen Alpenlander (Vienna, 1885).
69. Alois Fessler, Klimatographie von Salzburg (Vienna, 1912), 5.
70. Die osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:152, 162.
71. Hermann Schindler, Klimatographie von Mähren und Schlesien (Vienna, 1918), 61.
72. Klein, Steiermark, 7.
73. Heinrich von Ficker, Klimatographie von Tirol (Vienna, 1909), 1, 39, 96.
74. Ficker, Klimatographie von Tirol, 96, 116.
75. Friedrich Schneider, ed., Universalstaat oder Nationalstaat: Die Streitschriften von Heinrich v. Sybel und Julius Ficker zur deutschen Kaiserpolitik des Mittelalters (Innsbruck, 1941), esp. 73.
76. Karl Kreil, quoted by Ficker, Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien, 2.
77. Compare Bruno Latour, "Centres of Calculation", in Science in Action (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 215-57;
78. Simon Schaffer, "Late Victorian Metrology and Its Instrumentation: A Manufactory of Ohms", reprinted in The Science Studies Reader, ed. Mario Biagioli (New York, 1999), 457-78.
79. On the relationship between scientific methods and the Habsburg imperial formation in the case of anthropology/ethnography, see Peter Stachel, "Die Harmonisierung national-politischen Gegensätze und die Anfänge der Ethnographie in Österreich", in Geschichte der österreichischen Humanwissenschaften, vol. 4, Geschichte und Fremde Kulturen, ed. Karl Acham (Vienna, 2002);
80. and Emese Lafferton, "The Magyar Moustache: The Faces of Hungarian State Formation, 1867-1918", Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38(2007):706-32.
81. For example, Mark Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999);
82. Wingfield, Creating the Other.
83. Nailya Tagirova, "Mapping the Empire's Economic Regions from the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century", in Russian Empire, ed. Jane Burbank, Mark Von Hagen, and A. V. Remnev (Bloomington, IN, 2007), 125-38, 131.
84. Quoted from Rudolf's Nachlass in Christiane Zintzen, "Vorwort", in "Die österreichische-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild." Aus dem 'Kronprinzenwerk' des Erzherzog Rudolf (Vienna, 1999), 9-20, 10.
85. Moriz Szeps, quoted in Zintzen, "Vorwort", 11.
86. Zintzen "Enzyclopädische Utopie", 199;
87. Regina Bendix comes to a similar conclusion but also emphasizes the centralized, bureaucratic character of the project: "Ethnology, Cultural Reification, and the Dynamics of Difference in the Kronprinzenwerk", in Wingfield, Creating the Other, 149-66.
88. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
89. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
90. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
91. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
92. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
93. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
94. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:15.
95. See Eric T. Jennings, Curing the Colonizers: Hydrotherapy, Climatology, and French Colonial Spas (Durham, NC, 2006); and
96. Gregg Mitman, "Hay Fever Holiday: Health, Leisure, and Place in Gilded-Age America", Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77(2003):600-635.
97. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:158. The physician who penned the "Medical Foreword" to the second edition of Hann's Climatography of Lower Austria, a specialist in high-altitude climatotherapy, noted that new roads and rail lines had paved the way for tourists seeking cures "away from the autumn and winter fogs in the regions of invigorating sunshine"
98. (Hermann von Schrötter, "Ärztliches Geleitwort", in Klimatographie von Niederösterreich, ed. Julius Hann, 2nd ed. [Vienna, 1908], i-iii, ii).
99. Roth, "Bust of the Emperor", 228.
100. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, 1987).
101. Michael Dettelbach, "The Face of Nature: Precise Measurement, Mapping, and Sensibility in the Work of Alexander von Humboldt", Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 30:473-504.
102. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:148, 149, 153.
103. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 1:148, 149, 153.
104. Klein, Steiermark, 1.
105. Hammerl et al., Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, 78; OstA/AVA/Unterricht, Nr. 6960/1903: Marz 3, 1903.
106. Karl Renner, Grundlagen und Entwicklungsziele der österreichisch- ungarischen Monarchie (Vienna, 1906), 202, 204.
107. Ernst Friedrich, Geographie des Welthandels und Weltverkehrs (Jena, 1911), 9.
108. Victor Deville, Manuel de Géographie Commerciale, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (Paris, 1910), 379.
109. Gustav Renehr [pseud. Gustav Ratzenhofer], Im Donaureich, vol. 2, Die Kultur (Prague, 1878), 44.
110. Quoted and translated in Alexander Gerschenkron, An Economic Spurt That Failed (Princeton, NJ, 1977), 30. Beneath these visions for Austria-Hungary's future lurked a paradox. The dissolution of internal trade barriers and the expansion of the transportation system would tend to erode the regional diversity that had initially set trade in motion. The economic significance of the empire's natural diversity would thus diminish with time. Neil Smith has described such a process in terms of capitalism's countervailing geographic forces of spatial differentiation and equalization, arguing that the outcome must be uneven development (Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space [New York, 1984]).
111. Norbert Krebs, Länderkunde der österreichischen Alpen (Stuttgart, 1913), 43.
112. Supan, Österreich-Ungarn, 1. For a similar argument, indebted to Supan
113. see Robert Sieger, "Die geographischen Grundlagen der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie und ihrer Außenpolitik", Geographische Zeitschrift 21(1915):1-22, 101-26.
114. Alexander von Peez, Europa aus der Vogelschau (Vienna, 1916 [1889]), 119.
115. H. C. Siegfried von Strakosch, Die Grundlagen der Agrarwirtschaft in Österreich (Vienna, 1916), 10.
116. Ficker, Klimatographie von Tirol, 11.
117. See Coen, "Scaling Down. "
118. ÖstA/AVA/Unterricht, Nr. 52972/1913: November 19, and December 31, 1913.
119. Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities, trans. Sophie Wilkins (New York, 1995), 1:3.
120. Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, 2:2.
121. Coen, "Scaling Down. "
122. Hann, Die Vertheilung des Luftdruckes über Mittel-und Süd-Europa (Vienna, 1887), 5.
123. Cited in Austro-Marxism, ed. and trans. Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode (Oxford, 1978), 105.
124. Gliboff, "Gregor Mendel and the Laws of Evolution. "
125. Albrecht Penck, foreword to Geographischer Jahresbericht aus Osterreich (Vienna, 1906), 4:4.
126. Krebs, Länderkunde der österreichischen Alpen, 3.
127. Adler cited in Michael Steinberg, Austria as Theater and Ideology: The Meaning of the Salzburg Festival (Ithaca, NY, 2000), 120;
128. Kraus cited in Edward Timms, Karl Kraus: Apocalyptic Satirist, vol. 1, Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna (New Haven, CT, 1986), 10;
129. Jaszi and Masaryk cited in Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (New York, 1998), ix, 45.