Contamination of Antarctic snow by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dominated by combustion sources in the polar region

Environmental Chemistry

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 504-513

  Kukučka, Petr ^a   Lammel, Gerhard ^a,b   Dvorská, Alice ^a   Klánová, Jana ^a   Möller, Andrea ^c,d   Fries, Elke ^e  

^a MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d Aerotec Engineering GmbH   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

Author keywords

air pollution; Antarctica; GC MS; long range transport; SPME

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; COMBUSTION; DATA SET; EXTRACTION METHOD; FIRN; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LONG RANGE TRANSPORT; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MELTWATER; PAH; POLAR REGION; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; SNOW; TOURISM;

ANTARCTICA; EAST ANTARCTICA; EKSTROM ICE SHELF; SOUTHERN OCEAN; WEDDELL SEA;

EID: 78650599697     PISSN: 14482517     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/EN10066     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. C. F. Boutron, E. W. Wolff, Heavy-metal and sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from human activities in Antarctica. Atmos. Environ. 1989, 23, 1669. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90051-6
2. H. F. Graf, S. V. Shirsat, C. Oppenheimer, M. J. Jarvis, R. Podzun, D. Jacob, Continental scale Antarctic deposition of sulphur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 2457. doi:10.5194/ACP-10-2457-2010
3. UNEP, Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances - Antarctica Regional Report 2002 (United Nations Environment Programme: Geneva, Switzerland)
4. A. Stohl, H. Sodemann, Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Antarctic troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. - Atmos. 2010, 115, D02305. doi:10.1029/2009JD012536
5. R. M. Lugar. Results of PM10 and TSP monitoring at McMurdo station, Antarctica 1993 (US Department of Energy). Available at http://www.osti.gov/ bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/10192138-XQ7ued/ webviewable/[Verified 26 November 2010].
6. G. C. Cripps, Problems in the identification of anthropogenic hydrocarbons against natural background levels in the Antarctic. Antarct. Sci. 1989, 1, 307. doi:10.1017/S0954102089000465
7. S. Taniguchi, R. C. Montone, M. C. Bicego, F. I. Colabuono, R. R. Weber, J. L. Sericano, Chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fat tissue of seabirds from King George Island, Antarctica. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58, 129. doi:10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2008.09. 026
8. M. C. Bícego, R. R. Weber, R. G. Ito, Aromatic hydrocarbons on surface waters of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1996, 32, 549. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(96) 84574-7
9. G. C. Cripps, Natural and Anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine-environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1992, 25, 266. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(92) 90681-U
10. J. Klánová, N. Matykiewiczová, Z. Mácka, P. Prosek, K. Láska, P. Klán, Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 152, 416. doi:10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2007.06.026
11. C. C. Martins, M. C. Bicego, S. Taniguchi, R. C. Montone, Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 2004, 16, 117. doi:10.1017/ S0954102004001932
12. A. M. Caricchia, S. Chiavarini, C. Cremisini, M. Fantini, R. Morabito, A. Perini, M. Pezza, PAHs in atmospheric particulate in the area of Italian scientific base in Antarctica. Water Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 235.
13. A. M. Caricchia, S. Chiavarini, C. Cremisini, R. Morabito, A. Perini, M. Pezza, Determination of PAH in atmospheric particulates in the area of the Italian base in Antarctica: report on monitoring activities during the last three scientific expeditions. Environ. Pollut. 1995, 87, 345. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(94)P4166-L
14. S. V. Shirsat, H. F. Graf, An emission inventory of sulfur from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 3397. doi:10.5194/ACP-9-3397-2009
15. J. Aislabie,M. Balks, N. Astori, G. Stevenson, R. Symons, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel-oil contaminated soils, Antarctica. Chemosphere 1999, 39, 2201. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00144-7
16. R. W. Macdonald, L. A. Barrie, T. F. Bidleman, M. L. Diamond, D. J. Gregor, R. G. Semkin, W. M. Strachan, Y. F. Li, et al., Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways. Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 254, 93. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00434-4
17. A. Cincinelli, P. G. Desideri, L. Lepri, L. Checchini, M. Del Bubba, R. Udisti, Marine contribution to the chemical composition of coastal and inland Antarctic snow. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2001, 79, 283. doi:10.1080/ 03067310108044390
18. G. Lammel, A. M. Sehili, T. C. Bond, J. Feichter, H. Grassl, Gas/ particle partitioning and global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - a modelling approach. Chemosphere 2009, 76, 98. doi:10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2009.02.017
19. G. C. Cripps, Hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine-environment - monitoring and background. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1994, 55, 3. doi:10.1080/03067319408026204
20. G. Green, P. D. Nichols, Hydrocarbons and sterols in marinesediments and soils at Davis-Station, Antarctica - a survey for human-derived contaminants. Antarct. Sci. 1995, 7, 137. doi:10. 1017/S0954102095000198
21. J. T. Hoff, F. Wania, D. Mackay, R. Gillham, Sorption of nonpolar organic vapors by ice and snow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 1982. doi:10.1021/ES00008A016
22. E. Fries, K. Sieg, W. Puttmann, W. Jaeschke, R. Winterhalter, J. Williams, G. Moortgat, Benzene, alkylated benzenes, chlorinated hydrocarbons and monoterpenes in snow/ice at Jungfraujoch (46.68N, 8.08E) during CLACE 4 and 5. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 391, 269. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2007.10.006
23. E. Starokozhev, E. Fries, A. Cycura, W. Puttmann, Distribution of VOCs between air and snow at the Jungfraujoch high alpine research station, Switzerland, during CLACE 5 (winter 2006). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 3197. doi:10.5194/ACP-9-3197-2009
24. L. A. Barrie, D. Fisher, R. M. Koerner, 20th-century trends in Arctic air-pollution revealed by conductivity and acidity observations in snow and ice in the Canadian high arctic. Atmos. Environ. 1985, 19, 2055. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90114-3
25. J. Gabrieli, P. Vallelonga, G. Cozzi, P. Gabrielli, A. Gambaro, M. Sigl, F. Decet, M. Schwikowski, et al., Post 17th-century changes of European PAH emissions recorded in high-altitude alpine snow and ice. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 3260. doi:10.1021/ ES903365S
26. A. J. Peters, D. J. Gregor, C. F. Teixeira, N. P. Jones, C. Spencer, The recent depositional trend of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon to the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 160-161, 167.
27. J. L. Jaffrezo, M. P. Clain, P. Masclet, Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons in the polar ice of Greenland - geochemical use of these atmospheric tracers. Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 1139. doi:10.1016/ 1352-2310(94)90291-7
28. P. G. Desideri, L. Lepri, L. Checchini, D. Santianni, Organiccompounds in surface and deep Antarctic snow. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1994, 55, 33. doi:10.1080/03067319408026207
29. O. Botta, Z. Martins, C. Emmenegger, J. P. Dworkin, D. P. Glavin, R. P. Harvey, R. Zenobi, J. L. Bada, P. Ehrenfreund, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and amino acids in meteorites and ice samples from LaPaz Icefield, Antarctica. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 2008, 43, 1465. doi:10.1111/J.1945-5100.2008.TB01021.X
30. C. L. Arthur, J. Pawliszyn, Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 2145. doi:10.1021/AC00218A019
31. M. de Fátima Alpendurada, Solid-phase microextraction: a promising technique for sample preparation in environmental analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 889, 3. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00453-2
32. R. Eisert, K. Levsen, Solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography: A new method for the analysis of organics in water. J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 733, 143. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95) 00875-6
33. S. B. Hawthorne, C. B. Grabanski, D. J. Miller, J. P. Kreitinger, Solidphase microextraction measurement of parent and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milliliter sediment pore water samples and determination of K-DOC values. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 2795. doi:10.1021/ES0405171
34. A. J. King, J. W. Readman, J. L. Zhou, The application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Environ. Geochem. Health 2003, 25, 69. doi:10.1023/A:1021248932084
35. A. J. King, J. W. Readman, J. L. Zhou, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 523, 259. doi:10.1016/J.ACA.2004.07.050
36. D. W. Potter, J. Pawliszyn, Rapid-determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated-biphenyls in water using solidphase microextraction and GCMS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28, 298. doi:10.1021/ES00051A017
37. F. Göktas, Characterisation of glacio-chemical and glacio-meteorological parameters of Amundsenisen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Ber. Pol. Meerfor. 2002, 425.
38. M. Legrand, E. C. Pasteur, Methane sulfonic acid to non-sea-salt sulfate ratio in coastal Antarctic aerosol and surface snow. J. Geophys. Res. - Atmos. 1998, 103, 10991. doi:10.1029/98JD00929
39. R.R. Draxler, G. D. Rolph, HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY 2003 (NOAA Air Resources Laboratory: Silver Springs, USA).
40. N. Aguinaga, N. Campillo, P. Vinas, M. Hernandez-Cordoba, Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 596, 285. doi:10.1016/J.ACA.2007.06.005
41. Q. Li, X. Xu, L. Sen-Chun, X. Wang, Determination of trace PAHs in seawater and sediment pore-water by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC/MS. Sci. China Ser. B. 2006, 49, 481. doi:10.1007/S11426-006-2026-5
42. W.-Y. Shiu, D. Mackay, Henry's Law Constants of Selected Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, and Ketones. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1997, 42, 27. doi:10.1021/JE960218U
43. P. C. M. van Noort, Estimation of amorphous organic carbon/water partition coefficients, subcooled aqueous solubilities, and n-octanol/ water distribution coefficients of alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 2009, 74, 1018. doi:10.1016/ J.CHEMOSPHERE.2008.11.001
44. R. Weller, J. Wöltjen, C. Piel, R. Resenberg, D. Wagenbach, G. König-Langlo,M.Kriews, Seasonal variability of crustal and marine trace elements in the aerosol at Neumayer station, Antarctica. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 2008, 60, 742. doi:10.1111/J.1600-0889.2008. 00372.X
45. A. Dvorská, G. Lammel, J. Klánová, Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 420. [Published online ahead of print 2010] doi:10.1016/ J.ATMOSENV.2010.09.063
46. J. M. Aislabie, M. R. Balks, J. M. Foght, E. J. Waterhouse, Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils: Effects and management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1265. doi:10.1021/ES0305149
47. D. L. Savoie, J. M. Prospero, R. J. Larsen, E. S. Saltzman, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Aerosols at Mawson, Antarctica, and Their Relationship to Natural Radionuclides. J. Atmos. Chem. 1992, 14, 181. doi:10.1007/BF00115233
48. G. Kiss, Z. Varga-Puchony, B. Tolnai, B. Varga, A. Gelencser, Z. Krivacsy, J. Hlavaj, The seasonal changes in the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation and aerosol near Lake Balaton, Hungary. Environ. Pollut. 2001, 114, 55. doi:10.1016/ S0269-7491(00)00208-6
49. X. P. Wang, T. D. Yao, P. L. Wang, W. Yang, L. D. Tian, The recent deposition of persistent organic pollutants and mercury to the Dasuopu glacier, Mt. Xixiabangma, central Himalayas. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 394, 134. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2008.01.016
50. G. Carrera, P. Fernandez, R. M. Vilanova, J. O. Grimalt, Persistent organic pollutants in snow from European high mountain areas. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 245. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00201-6
51. D. A. Cooper, Exhaust emissions from ships at berth. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 3817. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00446-1
52. S. Sidhu, B. Gullett, R. Striebich, J. Klosterman, J. Contreras, M. DeVito, Endocrine disrupting chemical emissions from combustion sources: diesel particulate emissions and domestic waste open burn emissions. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 801. doi:10.1016/J.ATMO SENV.2004.10.040
53. C. J. Halsall, L. A. Barrie, P. Fellin, D. C. G. Muir, B. N. Billeck, L. Lockhart, E. Y. Rovinsky, E. Y. Kononov, B. Pastukhov, Spatial and temporal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Arctic atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 3593. doi:10.1021/ES970342D
54. D. C. G. Muir, R. Wagemann, B. T. Hargrave, D. J. Thomas, D. B. Peakall, R. J. Norstrom, Arctic Marine Ecosystem Contamination. Sci. Total Environ. 1992, 122, 75. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(92)90246-O
55. X. H. Wang, W. X. Wang, Bioaccumulation and transfer of benzo(a) pyrene in a simplified marine food chain. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2006, 312, 101. doi:10.3354/MEPS312101