Kinematics and vorticity in Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet: Testing midcrustal channel flow models for the Himalaya

Tectonics

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  Wagner, Tom ^a,b   Lee, Jeffrey ^a   Hacker, Bradley R ^c   Seward, Gareth ^c  

^a CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Cabot Oil and Gas Penn Center West ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOMES; GARNETS; KINEMATICS; MICA; QUARTZ; SHEAR DEFORMATION; SILICATE MINERALS; VORTICITY;

DEFORMATION PATTERN; DEFORMATION TEMPERATURES; DUCTILE DEFORMATIONS; DUCTILE SHEAR ZONE; GENERAL SHEAR; GNEISS DOME; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HIMALAYAS; KANGMAR; KINEMATIC INDICATORS; KINEMATIC VORTICITY; MESOSCOPICS; METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS; PURE SHEAR; QUARTZ LATTICE; SHEAR ZONE; SOUTHERN TIBET; THERMOBAROMETRY; TIBETANS;

ROCKS;

BIOTITE; CHANNEL FLOW; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; DETACHMENT FAULT; DUCTILE DEFORMATION; FLOW MODELING; GARNET; KINEMATICS; METAMORPHISM; METASEDIMENTARY ROCK; MICROSTRUCTURE; SHEAR STRAIN; SHEAR ZONE; VORTICITY;

CHINA; KANGMAR DOME; XIZANG;

EID: 78650547208     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010TC002746     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aoya,M., S. R. Wallis, K. Terada, J. Lee, T. Kawakami, Y. Wang, and M. Heizler (2005), North-south extension in the Tibetan crust triggered by granite emplacement, Geology, 33, 853-856, doi:10.1130/G21806.1.
2. Aoya, M., S. R. Wallis, T. Kawakami, J. Lee, Y. Wang, and H. Maeda (2006), The Malashan gneiss dome in south Tibet: Comparative study with the Kangmar Dome with special reference to kinematics of deformation and origin of associated granites, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 471-495.
3. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, J. L. Mercier, and H. Tong- Lin (1986), Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13,803-13,872, doi:10.1029/JB091iB14p13803.
4. Barth, N. C., B. R. Hacker, G. G. E. Seward, E. O. Walsh, D. Young, and S. Johnston (2010), Strain within the ultrahigh-pressure western gneiss region of Norway recorded by quartz CPOs, in Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 335, 663-685, doi:10.1144/SP335.27.
5. Beaumont, C., R. A. Jamieson, M. H. Nguyen, and B. Lee (2001), Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation, Nature, 414, 738-742, doi:10.1038/414738a.
6. Beaumont, C., R. A. Jamieson, M. H. Nguyen, and S. Medvedev (2004), Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06406, doi:10.1029/2003JB002809.
7. Beaumont, C., M. H. Nguyen, R. A. Jamieson, and S. Ellis (2006), Crustal flow modes in large hot orogens, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 91-145.
8. Brookfield, M. E. (1993), The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous, Sediment. Geol., 84, 1-35, doi:10.1016/0037-0738(93) 90042-4.
9. Burchfiel, B. C., and L. H. Royden (1985), North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region, Geology, 13, 679-682, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1985)13〈679:NEWTCH〉2.0.CO;2.
10. Burchfiel, B. C., C. Zhiliang, K. V. Hodges, L. H. Uping, D. Changrong, and X. Jiene (1992), The south Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan orogen: Extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 269, 41 pp.
11. Burg, J. P., and J. M. Chen (1984), Tectonics and structural zonation of southern Tibet, China, Nature, 311, 219-223, doi:10.1038/311219a0.
12. Burg, J. P.,M. Brunel, D. Gapais, G. M. Chen, and G. H. Liu (1984), Deformation of leucogranites of the crystalline Main Central sheet in southern Tibet (China), J. Struct. Geol., 6, 535-542, doi:10.1016/0191-8141 (84)90063-4.
13. Burkhard, M. (1993), Calcite twins, their geometry, appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 351-368, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(93)90132-T.
14. Carosi, R., C. Montomoli, D. Rubatto, and D. Visona (2006), Normal-sense shear zones in the core of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (Bhutan Himalaya): Evidence for extrusion?, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 425-444.
15. Carosi, R., C. Montomoli, and D. Visona (2007), A structural transect in the lower Dolpo: Insights on the tectonic evolution of western Nepal, J. Asian Earth Sci., 29, 407-423, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.05.001.
16. Chen, Z., Y. Liu, K. V. Hodges, B. C. Burchfiel, L. H. Royden, and C. Deng (1990), The Kangmar Dome: A metamorphic core complex in southern Xizang (Tibet), Science, 250, 1552-1556, doi:10.1126/science.250.4987.1552.
17. Copley, A., J.-P. Avouac, and J.-Y. Royer (2010), India- Asia collision and the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate: Implications for the forces driving plate motions, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B03410, doi:10.1029/2009JB006634.
18. Cottle, J., M. P. Searle, M. Horstwood, and D. J. Waters (2009), Timing of midcrustal metamorphism, melting, and deformation in the Mount Everest region of southern Tibet revealed by U(-Th)-Pb geochronology, J. Geol., 117, 643-664, doi:10.1086/605994.
19. Dewane, T. J., D. F. Stockli, C. Hager, M. Taylor, L. Ding, J. Lee, and S. Wallis (2006), Timing of Cenozoic E-W extension in the Tangra Yum Co- Kung Co Rift, south-central Tibet, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T34C-04.
20. Ferrill, D. A., P. A. Morris, M. A. Evans, M. Burkhard, R. H. Groshong Jr., and C. M. Onasch (2004), Calcite twin morphology: A low temperature deformation geothermometer, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 1521-1529, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.028.
21. Gaetani, M., and E. Garzanti (1991), Multicyclic history of the northern India continental margin (northwestern Himalaya), Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 75, 1427-1446.
22. Garzanti, E. (1999), Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin, J. Asian Earth Sci., 17, 805-827, doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00017-6.
23. Godin, L., T. P. Gleeson, M. P. Searle, T. D. Ullrich, and R. R. Parrish (2006), Locking of southward extrusion in favour of rapid crustal-scale buckling of the Greater Himalayan sequence, Nar Valley, central Nepal, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 269-292.
24. Grasemann, B., H. Fritz, and J. C. Vannay (1999), Quantitative kinematic flow analysis from the Main Central Thrust Zone (NW-Himalaya, India): Implications for a decelerating strain path and the extrusion of orogenic wedges, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 837-853, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00077-2.
25. Grujic, D. (2006), Channel flow and continental collision tectonics: An overview, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 25-37.
26. Grujic, D., C. Martin, C. Davidson, L. S. Hollister, R. Kuendig, T. L. Pavlis, and S. M. Schmid (1996), Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: Evidence from quartz microfabrics, Tectonophysics, 260, 21-43, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(96)00074-1.
27. Grujic, D., L. S. Hollister, and R. R. Parrish (2002), Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: Insight from Bhutan, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 198, 177-191, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02) 00482-X.
28. Hager, C., D. F. Stockli, T. J. Dewane, and L. Ding (2006), Episodic Mio-Pliocene rifting in southcentral Tibet. Thermochronometric constraints from the Xainza rift, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T34C-02.
29. Hauck, M. L., K. D. Nelson, L. D. Brown, W. J. Zhao, and A. R. Ross (1998), Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at similar to 90 degrees east longitude from Project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles, Tectonics, 17, 481-500, doi:10.1029/98TC01314.
30. Hayden, H. H. (1912), The geology of the provinces of Tsan and Ü in central Tibet, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 36, 122-198.
31. Heard, H. C., and N. L. Carter (1968), Experimentally induced 'natural' intragranular flow in quartz and quartzite, Am. J. Sci., 266, 1-42, doi:10.2475/ajs.266.1.1.
32. Hirth, G., and J. Tullis (1992), Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 145-159, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(92)90053-Y.
33. Hodges, K. V., R. R. Parrish, T. B. Housh, D. R. Lux, B. C. Burchfiel, L. H. Royden, and Z. Chen (1992), Simultaneous Miocene extension and shortening in the Himalayan orogen, Science, 258, 1466-1470, doi:10.1126/science.258.5087. 1466.
34. Hodges, K. V., R. R. Parrish, and M. P. Searle (1996), Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas, Tectonics, 15, 1264-1291, doi:10.1029/96TC01791.
35. Hodges, K. V., J. M. Hurtado, and K. X. Whipple (2001), Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust and its effect on Himalayan tectonics, Tectonics, 20, 799-809, doi:10.1029/2001TC001281.
36. Jessup, M. J., R. D. Law, M. P. Searle, andM. S.Hubbard (2006), Structural evolution and vorticity of flow during extrusion and exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Slab,Mount Everest Massif, Tibet/Nepal: Implications for orogen-scale flow partitioning, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 379-413.
37. Jessup, M. J., R. D. Law, and C. Frassi (2007), The rigid grain net (RGN): An alternative method for estimating mean kinematic vorticity number (Wm), J. Struct. Geol., 29, 411-421, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.11.003.
38. Johnson, S. E., H. J. Lenferink, N. A. Price, J. H. Marsh, P. O. Koons, D. P. West Jr., and R. Beane (2009), Clast-based kinematic vorticity gauges: The effects of slip at matrix/clast interfaces, J. Struct. Geol., 31, 1322-1339, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.07.008.
39. Kawakami, T., M. Aoya, S. R. Wallis, J. Lee, K. Terada, Y. Wang, and M. Heizler (2007), Contact metamorphism in the Malashan Dome, north Himalayan gneiss domes, southern Tibet: An example of shallow extensional tectonics in the Tethys Himalaya, J. Metamorph. Geol., 25, 831-853, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314. 2007.00731.x.
40. Kellett, D. A., D. Grujic, and S. Erdmann (2009), Miocene structural reorganization of the south Tibetan detachment, eastern Himalaya: Implications for continental collision, Lithosphere, 1, 259-281, doi:10.1130/L56.1.
41. Koch, P. S., J. M. Christie, A. Ord, and R. P. George (1989), Effect of water on the rheology of experimentally deformed quartzite, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,975-13,996, doi:10.1029/JB094iB10p13975.
42. Langille, J., J. Lee, B. Hacker, and G. Seward (2010), Middle crustal ductile deformation patterns in southern Tibet: Insights from vorticity studies in Mabja Dome, J. Struct. Geol., 32, 70-85, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.08.009.
43. Larson, K. P., and L. Godin (2009), Kinematics of the Greater Himalayan sequence, Dhaulagiri Himal: Implications for the structural framework of central Nepal, J. Geol. Soc., 166, 25-43, doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-180.
44. Law, R. D., M. P. Searle, and R. L. Simpson (2004), Strain, deformation temperatures and vorticity of flow at the top of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Everest Massif, Tibet, J. Geol. Soc. London, 161, 305-320, doi:10.1144/0016- 764903-047.
45. Lee, J., and M. J. Whitehouse (2007), Onset of midcrustal extensional flow in southern Tibet: Evidence from U/Pb zircon ages, Geology, 35, 45-48, doi:10.1130/G22842A.1.
46. Lee, J., W. S. Dinklage, B. R. Hacker, Y. Wang, P. B. Gans, A. Calvert, J. Wan, W. Chen, A. Blythe, and W. McClelland (2000), Evolution of the Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet: Structural, petrologic, and thermochronologic constraints, Tectonics, 19, 872-896, doi:10.1029/1999TC001147.
47. Lee, J., J. L. Wan, W. S. Dinklage, and Y. Wang (2002), Geology of Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet, with explanatory notes, Map Chart Ser. MCH090, 8 pp., Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
48. Lee, J., B. R. Hacker, and Y. Wang (2004), Evolution of North Himalayan gneiss domes: Structural andmetamorphic studies in Mabja Dome, southern Tibet, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 2297-2316, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.02.013.
49. Lee, J., W. McClelland, Y. Wang, A. Blythe, and M. McWilliams (2006), Oligocene-Miocene mid-crustal flow in southern Tibet: Geochronology of Mabja Dome, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 445-469.
50. Liao, Q., D. Li, L. Lu, Y. Yuan, and L. Chu (2008), Paleoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the Dinggye and LhagoiKangri areas from the higher and northern Himalaya, Tibet: Geochronology and implications, Sci. China, Ser. E, Earth Sci., 51, 240-248.
51. Liu, G., and G. Einsele (1994), Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas, Geol. Rundsch., 83, 32-61, doi:10.1007/BF00211893.
52. Mahèo, G., P. H. Leloup, F. Valli, R. Lacassin, N. Arnaud, J.-L. Paquette, A. Fernandez, L. Haibing, K. A. Farley, and P. Tapponnier (2007), Post 4 Ma initiation of normal faulting in southern Tibet: Constraints from the Kung Co half graben, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 256, 233-243, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2007.01.029.
53. Mainprice, D., J.-L. Bouchez, P. Blumenfeld, and J. M. Tubià (1986), Dominant c slip in naturally deformed quartz: Implications for dramatic plastic softening at high temperature, Geology, 14, 819-822, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14〈819: DCSIND〉2.0.CO;2.
54. Makovsky, Y., S. L. Klemperer, L. Ratschbacher, L. D. Brown, M. Li, W. Zhao, and F. Meng (1996), INDEPTH wide-angle reflection observation of P-wave-to-S-wave conversion from crustal bright spots in Tibet, Science, 274, 1690-1691, doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1690.
55. Molnar, P., and J. M. Stock (2009), Slowing of India's convergence with Eurasia since 20 Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics, Tectonics, 28, TC3001, doi:10.1029/2008TC002271.
56. Murphy, M. A., and T. M. Harrison (1999), Relationship between leucogranites and the Qomolangma detachment in the Rongbuk Valley, south Tibet, Geology, 27, 831-834, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027〈0831:RBLATQ〉2.3. CO;2.
57. Nelson, K. D., et al. (1996), Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: Synthesis of project INDEPTH results, Science, 274, 1684-1688, doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1684.
58. Passchier, C. W. (1987), Stable positions of rigid objects in non-coaxial flow: A study in vorticity analysis, J. Str uct. Geol ., 9, 679-690, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(87)90152-0.
59. Passchier, C. W., and R. A. J. Trouw (2005), Microtectonics, 2nd ed., 366 pp., Springer, Berlin.
60. Pfiffner, O. A., and J. G. Ramsay (1982), Constraints on geological strain rates: Arguments from finite strain states of naturally deformed rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 311-321, doi:10.1029/JB087iB01p00311.
61. Quigley, M., L. Yu, X. Liu, C. J. L.Wilson,M. Sandiford, and D. Phillips (2006), 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the Kampa Dome, southern Tibet: Implications for tectonic evolution of the North Himalayan gneiss domes, Tectonophysics, 421, 269-297, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.002.
62. Quigley, M. C., L. Yu, C. Gregory, A. Corvino, M. Sandiford, C. J. L. Wilson, and X. Liu (2008), U-Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology and T-t-d history of the Kampa Dome, southern Tibet, Tectonophysics, 446, 97-113, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.004.
63. Ramsay, J. G., and M. I. Huber (1987), The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, vol. 2, Folds and Fractures, 700 pp., Academic, London.
64. Ratschbacher, L., W. Frisch, G. Liu, and C. Chen (1994), Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India-Asia collision, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19,917-19,945, doi:10.1029/94JB00932.
65. Rowley, D. B., and B. S. Currie (2006), Paleo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet, Nature, 439, 677-681, doi:10.1038/nature04506.
66. Royden, L. H., and B. C. Burchfiel (1987), Thinskinned north-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region: Gravitational collapse of a Miocene topographic front, in Continental Extensional Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 611-619.
67. Searle, M. P., R. D. Law, R. R. Parrish, and D. J. Waters (2003), The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal-South Tibet, J. Geol. Soc., 160, 345-366, doi:10.1144/0016-764902-126.
68. Simpson, R. L., R. R. Parrish, M. P. Searle, and D. J. Waters (2000), Two episodes of monazite crystallization during metamorphism and crustal melting in the Everest region of theNepaleseHimalaya, Geology, 28, 403-406, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28〈403: TEOMCD〉2.0.CO;2.
69. Spear, F. S. (1993), Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths, 799 pp., Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C.
70. Stipp, M., H. Stünitz, R. Heilbronner, and S. M. Schmid (2002a), The eastern Tonale fault zone: A 'natural laboratory' for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700°C, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 1861-1884, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00035-4.
71. Stipp, M., H. Stünitz, R. Heilbronner, and S. M. Schmid (2002b), Dynamic recrystallization of quartz: Correlation between natural and experimental conditions, in DeformationMechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives, edited by S. De Meer et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 200, 171-190.
72. Stockli, D. F., M. Taylor, A. Yin, T. M. Harrison, J. D'Andrea, D. Lin, and P. Kapp (2002), Late Miocene-Pliocene inception of E-W extension in Tibet as evidenced by apatite (U-Th)/He data, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 34, 411.
73. Turcotte, D., and G. Schubert (2002), Geodynamics, 456 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
74. Vance, D., and N. Harris (1999), The timing of prograde metamorphism in the Zanskar Himalaya, Geology, 27, 395-398, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999) 027〈0395:TOPMIT〉2.3.CO;2.
75. Vannay, J.-C., and B. Grasemann (2001), Himalayan inverted metamorphism and syn-convergence extension as a consequence of a general shear extrusion, Geol. Mag., 138, 253-276, doi:10.1017/S0016756801005313.
76. Walker, J. D., M. W. Martin, S. A. Bowring, M. P. Searle, D. J. Waters, and K. V. Hodges (1999), Metamorphism, melting, and extension: Age constraints from the High Himalayan slab, S.E.Zanskar and N.W. Lahoul, J. Geol., 107, 473-495, doi:10.1086/314360.
77. Wallis, S. R. (1992), Vorticity analysis in a metachert from the Sanbagawa Belt, SW Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 271-280, doi:10.1016/0191- 8141(92) 90085-B.
78. Wallis, S. R. (1995), Vorticity analysis and recognition of ductile extension in the Sanbagawa belt, SW Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 1077-1093, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(95)00005-X.
79. Wallis, S. R., J. P. Platt, and S. D. Knott (1993), Recognition of syn-convergence extension in accretionary wedges with examples from the Calabrian Arc and the Eastern Alps, Am. J. Sci., 293, 463-494, doi:10.2475/ajs.293.5.463.
80. White, F. M. (1974), Viscous Fluid Flow, 725 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
81. Williams, P. F., D. Jiang, and S. Lin (2006), Interpretation of deformation fabrics of infrastructure zone rocks in the context of channel flow and other models, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, edited by R. D. Law et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 268, 221-235.
82. Xypolias, P. (2009), Some new aspects of kinematic vorticity analysis in naturally deformed quartzites, J. Struct. Geol ., 31, 3-10, doi:10.1016/j.jsg. 2008.09.009.
83. Zhang, H., N. Harris, R. R. Parrish, S. Kelley, L. Zhang, N. Rogers, T. Argles, and J. King (2004), Causes and consequences of protracted melting of the mid-crust exposed in the north Himalayan antiform, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228, 195-212, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.031.
84. Zhang, Q., Y. S. Zhou, D. Z. Li, and H. R. Wu (1986), Principal features of the gneissic dome and its peripheral metamorphic zones in Kangma of Xizang, China, Sci. Geol. Sin., 2, 125-133.
85. Zhou, Y. S., Q. Zhang, C. W. Jin, and H. J. Mei (1981), Magmatism and Metamorphism in Xizang (Tibet): The Series of the Scientific Expedition to Qinghai-Xizang, 359 pp., Sci. Press, Beijing.