Chitosan composites with inorganics, morphogenetic proteins and stem cells, for bone regeneration

Carbohydrate Polymers

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1433-1445

  Muzzarelli, Riccardo A A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bone; Bone marrow stem cells; Calcium phosphate; Chitosan; Hydroxyapatite; Morphogenetic proteins

Indexed keywords

AMINO GROUP; BONE MARROW STEM CELLS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS; BONE REGENERATION; CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION; CHITOSAN COMPOSITES; DEGREE OF ACETYLATION; EPOXY GROUP; INORGANICS; LIVING BONE; MOLECULAR SIZE; MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS; NANO-SIZED HYDROXYAPATITE; RESORBABLE; SURFACE AREA; TITANIUM PROSTHESIS;

ACETYLATION; APATITE; BONE; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CHITIN; CHITOSAN; HYDROXYAPATITE; PROTEINS; SILICATES; STEM CELLS; SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY; TITANIUM;

HYDROGELS;

EID: 78650519154     PISSN: 01448617     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.044     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. A. Abarrategi, A. Civantos, V. Ramos, J.V.S. Casado, and J.L. Lopez-Lacomba Chitosan film as rhBMP2 carrier: delivery properties for bone tissue application Biomacromolecules 9 2008 711 718
2. S. Aday, and M. Gumusderelioglu Bone-like apatite-coated chitosan scaffolds: characterization and osteoblastic activity Polymer Composites 31 2010 1418 1426
3. A.C. Akman, R.S. Tigli, M. Gumusderelioglu, and R.M. Nohutcu Bone morphogenetic protein-6-loaded chitosan scaffolds enhance the osteoblastic characteristics of MC3T3-E1 cells Artificial Organs 34 2010 65 74
4. P. Arpornmaeklong, P. Pripatnanont, and N. Suwatwirote Properties of chitosan-collagen sponges and osteogenic differentiation of rat-bone-marrow stromal cells International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37 2008 357 366
5. C. Borah, G. Scott, and K. Wortham Bone induction by chitosan C.J. Brine, P.A. Sandford, J.P. Zikakis, Advances in chitin and chitosan 1992 Elsevier Amsterdam 47 53
6. D. Boynuegri, G. Ozcan, S. Senel, D. Uc, A. Uraz, and E. Ogus Clinical and radiographic evaluations of chitosan gel in periodontal intraosseous defects: a pilot study Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 90-B 2009 461 466
7. J.D. Bumgardner, R. Wiser, S.H. Elder, R. Jouett, Y. Yang, and J.L. Ong Contact angle, protein adsorption and osteoblast precursor cell attachment to chitosan coatings bonded to titanium Journal of Biomaterial Science Polymer Edition 14 2003 1401 1409
8. J.D Bumgardner, R. Wiser, D. Gerard, P. Bergin, B. Chestnutt, and M. Marin Chitosan: potential use as a bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial/dental implants Journal of Biomaterial Science Polymer Edition 14 2003 423 438
9. L. Calandrelli, F. Della Ragione, G.G. d'Ayala, P. Laurienzo, M. Malinconico, and A. Oliva Biodegradable composites for bone regeneration. In Bone regeneration: Growth factors, augmentation procedures and tissue engineering applications 2010 Nova Science Publishers Inc. Hauppauge, USA pp. 1-57
10. H.I. Canter, I. Vargel, P. Korkusuz, F. Oner, D.B. Gungorduk, and B. Cil Effect of use of slow release of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-beta-2 in a chitosan gel matrix on cranial bone graft survival in experimental cranial critical size defect model Annals of Plastic Surgery 64 2010 342 350
11. E. Castagnino, M.F. Ottaviani, M. Cangiotti, M. Morelli, L. Casettari, and R.A.A. Muzzarelli Radical scavenging activity of 5-methylpyrrolidinone chitosan and dibutyryl chitin Carbohydrate Polymers 74 2008 640 647
12. 4/platelet-rich plasma microsphere composites as alveolus osteogenesis material Biomedical Engineering - Applications Basis Communications 21 2009 115 122
13. X.G. Chen, and H.J. Park Chemical characteristics of O-carboxymethyl chitosans related to the preparation conditions Carbohydrate Polymers 53 2003 355 359
14. F. Chen, Z.C. Wang, and C.J. Lin Preparation and characterization of nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles and hydroxyapatite/chitosan nano-composite for use in biomedical materials Materials Letters 57 2002 858 861
15. X.M. Cheng, Y.B. Li, Y. Zuo, L. Zhang, J.D. Li, and H.A. Wang Properties and in vitro biological evaluation of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan membranes for bone guided regeneration Materials Science and Engineering 29C 2009 29 35
16. J.D. Chen, Y.J. Wang, and X.F. Chen Designing nano-hydroxyapatite in the polyelectrolyte complex macroporous scaffold based on chitosan and hyaluronic acid Materials Research 2009 1252 1254 610-613 (Pts 1-2)
17. B.M. Chesnutt, A.M. Viano, Y.L. Yuan, Y.Z. Yang, T. Guda, and M.R. Appleford Design and characterization of a novel chitosan/nanocrystalline calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone regeneration Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 88A 2009 491 502
18. T.Y. Chiang, C.C. Ho, D.C.H. Chen, M.H. Lai, and S.J. Ding Physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of chitosan oligosaccharide/ gelatin/calcium phosphate hybrid cements Materials Chemistry and Physics 120 2010 282 288
19. P.H. Chua, K.G. Neoh, E.T. Kang, and W. Wang Surface functionalization of titanium with hyaluronic acid /chitosan polyelectrolyte multilayers and RGD for promoting osteoblast functions and inhibiting bacterial adhesion Biomaterials 29 2008 1412 1421
20. D.S. Couto, Z.K. Hong, and J.F. Mano Development of bioactive and biodegradable chitosan-based injectable systems containing bioactive glass nanoparticles Acta Biomaterialia 5 2009 115 123
21. X. Cui, B. Zhang, Y. Wang, and Y.L. Gao Effects of chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on restoration of segmental bone defect Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 19 2008 459 465
22. S.N. Danilchenko, O.V. Kalinkevich, V.N. Kuznetsov, A.N. Kalinkevich, T.G. Kalinichenko, and I.N. Poddubny Thermal transformations of the mineral component of composite biomaterials based on chitosan and apatite Crystal Research and Technology 45 2010 685 691
23. Z. Degim Use of microparticulate systems to accelerate skin wound healing Journal of Drug Targeting 16 2008 437 448
24. S.V. Dorozhkin, and M. Epple Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41 2002 3130 3146
25. A.R.C. Duarte, J.F. Mano, and R.L. Reis Preparation of chitosan scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for tissue engineering applications using supercritical fluid technology European Polymer Journal 45 2009 141 148
26. L. Dupoirieux, D. Pourquier, M.C. Picot, and M. Neves Comparative study of three different membranes for guided bone regeneration of rat cranial defects International Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 30 2001 58 62
27. A. Fakhry, G.B. Schneider, R. Zaharias, and S. Senel Chitosan supports the initial attachment and spreading of osteoblasts preferentially over fibroblasts Biomaterials 25 2004 2075 2079
28. H.L. Fan, L.L. Wang, K.K. Zhao, N. Li, Z.J. Shi, and Z.G. Ge Fabrication, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites Biomacromolecules 11 2010 2345 2351
29. C.P. Geffre, J. Ochoa, D.S. Margolis, and J.A. Szivek Evaluation of the osteogenic performance of calcium phosphate-chitosan bone fillers Journal of Investigative Surgery 23 2010 134 141
30. G. Gomez d'Ayala, A. De Rosa, P. Laurienzo, and M. Malinconico Development of a new calcium sulphate-based composite using alginate and chemically modified chitosan for bone regeneration Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 81A 2007 811 820
31. A.H. Greene, J.D. Bumgardner, Y. Yang, J. Moseley, and W.O. Haggard Chitosan-coated stainless steel screws for fixation in contaminated fractures Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 466 2008 1699 1704
32. J. Guzman-Morales, H. El-Gabalawy, M.H. Pham, N. Tran-Khanh, M.D. McKee, and W. Wu Effect of chitosan particles and dexamethasone on human bone marrow stromal cell osteogenesis and angiogenic factor secretion Bone 45 2009 617 626
33. Z.S. Haidar, R.C. Hamdy, and M. Tabrizian Delivery of recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins for bone regeneration and repair Part B: Delivery systems for BMPs in orthopaedic and craniofacial tissue engineering Biotechnology Letters 31 2009 1825 1835
34. J.P.M. Issa, C. DoNascimento, M.V.L.B. Bentley, E.A. DelBel, M.M. Iyomasa, and W. Sebald Bone repair in rat mandible by rhBMP-2 associated with two carriers Micron 39 2008 373 379
35. M. Ito In vitro properties of a chitosan bonded bone-filling paste Biomaterials 12 1991 41 45
36. M. Ito, and Y Hidaka A chitosan bonded hydroxyapatite bone filling material R.A.A. Muzzarelli, Chitin handbook 1997 Atec Italy 373 389
37. R. Jayakumar, K.P. Chennazhi, R.A.A. Muzzarelli, H. Tamura, S.V. Nair, and N. Selvamurugan Chitosan conjugated DNA nanoparticles in gene therapy Carbohydrate Polymers 79 2010 1 8
38. A.C. Jayasuriya, and S. Kibbe Rapid biomineralization of chitosan microparticles to apply in bone regeneration Journal of Materials Science - Materials in Medicine 21 2010 393 398
39. P. Jolls, R.A.A Muzzarelli, Chitin and chitinases 1999 Birkhauser Verlag Basel
40. G.L. Jones, A. Motta, M.J. Marshall, A.J. El Haj, and S.H. Cartmell Osteoblast /osteoclast co-cultures on silk fibroin, chitosan and PLLA films Biomaterials 30 2009 5376 5384
41. Y.M. Kang, K.H. Kim, Y.J. Seol, and S.H. Rhee Evaluations of osteogenic and osteoconductive properties of a non-woven silica gel fabric made by the electrospinning method Acta Biomaterialia 5 2009 462 469
42. L.C. Keong, and A.S. Halim In vitro models in biocompatibility assessment for biomedical grade chitosan derivatives in wound management International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10 2009 1300 1313
43. I.S. Kim, J.W. Park, I.C. Kwon, B.S. Baik, and B.C. Cho Role of BMP, betaig-h3, and chitosan in early bone consolidation in distraction osteogenesis in a dog model Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery 109 2002 1966 1977
44. C.A. Kirker-Head Potential applications and delivery strategies for bone morphogenetic proteins Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 43 2000 65 92
45. P.R. Klokkevold, L. Vandemark, E.B. Kennedy, and G.W. Bernard Osteogenesis enhanced by chitosan in vitro Journal of Periodontology 67 1996 1170 1177
46. L. Kostopoulos, and T. Karring Guided bone regeneration in mandibular defects in rats using a bioresorbable polymer Clinical Oral Implants Research 5 1994 666 674
47. M.N.V.R. Kumar, R.A.A. Muzzarelli, C. Muzzarelli, H. Sashiwa, and A.J. Domb Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives Chemical Reviews 104 2004 6017 6084
48. K. Kurita Chitin and chitosan: functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans Marine Biotechnology 8 2006 203 226
49. E.J. Lee, S.H. Jun, H.E. Kim, H.W. Kim, Y.H. Koh, and J.H. Jang Silica xerogel-chitosan nano-hybrids for use as drug eluting bone replacement Journal of Materials Science - Materials in Medicine 21 2010 207 214
50. E.J. Lee, D.S. Shin, H.E. Kim, H.W. Kim, Y.H. Koh, and J.H. Jang Membrane of hybrid chitosan-silica xerogel for guided bone regeneration Biomaterials 30 2009 743 750
51. J.Y. Lee, S.H. Nam, S.Y. Im, Y.J. Park, Y.M. Lee, and Y.J. Seol Enhanced bone formation by controlled growth factor delivery from chitosan-based biomaterials Journal of Controlled Release 78 2002 187 197
52. M. Lee, W.M. Li, R.K. Siu, J. Whang, X.L. Zhang, and C. Soo Biomimetic apatite-coated alginate/chitosan microparticles as osteogenic protein carriers Biomaterials 30 2009 6094 6101
53. S.H. Lee, B.J. Kim, S.H. Shin, H.S. Kim, K.C. Kim, and C.H. Kim Guided bone regeneration effect by chitosan/hydroxyapatite membrane on repair of rat calvarial defect Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 6 2009 916 923
54. Y.K. Lee, and D.J. Mooney Hydrogels for tissue enigineering Chemical Reviews 101 2001 1869 1879
55. L. Leroux, Z. Hatim, M. Freche, and J.L. Lacout Effects of various adjuvants lactic acid, glycerol, and chitosan on the injectability of a calcium phosphate cement Bone 5 1999 31s 34s
56. B. Li, X.B. Wang, J.H. Ma, and L.N. Huang Preparation of phosphorylated chitosan/chitosan/hydroxyapatite composites by co-precipitation method Multi-Functional Materials and Structures II 2009 401 404 79-82 (Pt 1-2)
57. J.J. Li, Y. Dou, J. Yang, Y.J. Yin, H. Zhang, and F.L. Yao Surface characterization and biocompatibility of micro- and nano-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan-gelatin network films Materials Science and Engineering 29C 2009 1207 1215
58. L.H. Li, K.P. Kommareddy, C. Pilz, C.R. Zhou, P. Fratzl, and I. Manjubala In vitro bioactivity of bioresorbable porous polymeric scaffolds incorporating hydroxyapatite microspheres Acta Biomaterialia 6 2010 2525 2531
59. Z. Li, Y.B. Li, Z. Yi, W. Lan, and J.A. Jansen In vitro and in vivo evaluation on the bioactivity of ZnO containing nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan cement Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 93A 2010 269 279
60. F. Liao, Y.Y. Chen, Z.B. Li, Y.N. Wang, B. Shi, and Z.C. Gong A novel bioactive three-dimensional beta-tricalcium phosphate/chitosan scaffold for periodontal tissue engineering Journal of Materials Science - Materials In Medicine 21 2010 489 496
61. T.Y. Lim, W. Wang, Z.L. Shi, C.K. Poh, and K.G. Neoh Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblast differentiation on titanium with surface-grafted chitosan and immobilized bone morphogenetic protein-2 Journal of Materials Science - Materials in Medicine 20 2009 1 10
62. P.M. Lopez-Perez, R.M.P. da Silva, C. Serra, I. Pashkuleva, and R.L. Reis Surface phosphorylation of chitosan significantly improves osteoblast cell viability, attachment and proliferation Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 2010 483 491
63. K.L Low, S.H. Tan, S.H.S. Zein, J.A. Roether, V. Mourino, and A.R. Boccaccini Calcium phosphate-based composites as injectable bone substitute materials Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 94B 2010 273 286
64. P.B. Malafaya, and R.L. Reis Bilayered chitosan-based scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering: Influence of hydroxyapatite on in vitro cytotoxicity and dynamic bioactivity studies in a specific double-chamber bioreactor Acta Biomaterialia 5 2009 644 660
65. C. Maniatopoulos, J. Sodek, and A. Melcher Bone formation in vitro by stromal cells obtained from bone marrow of young adult rats Cell and Tissue Research 254 1988 317 330
66. A.M. Martins, C.M. Alves, F.K. Kasper, A.G. Mikos, and R.L. Reis Responsive and in situ-forming chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: an overview of the last decade Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 2010 1638 1645
67. M. Maruyama, and M. Ito In vitro properties of a chitosan-bonded self-hardening paste with hydroxyapatite granules Journal of Biomedical Material Research 32 1996 527 533
68. M. Mattioli-Belmonte, G. Biagini, R.A.A. Muzzarelli, C. Castaldini, M.G. Gandolfi, and A. Krajewski Osteoinduction in the presence of chitosan-coated porous hydroxyapatite Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 10 1995 249 257
69. M. Mattioli-Belmonte, N. Nicoli-Aldini, A. De Benedittis, G. Sgarbi, S. Amati, and M. Fini Morphological study of bone regeneration in the presence of 6-oxychitin Carbohydrate Polymers 40 1999 23 27
70. V. Mourino, and A.R. Boccaccini Bone tissue engineering therapeutics: controlled drug delivery in three-dimensional scaffolds Journal of the Royal Society Interface 7 2010 209 227
71. V.K. Mourya, and N.N. Inamdar Chitosan-modifications and applications: Opportunities galore Reactive and Functional Polymers 68 2008 1013 1051
72. Muzzarelli R A A (2010). Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers. In Marine Drugs, an open access journal, Marine Chitin and Chitosan issue, Basel. ISSN 1660-3397. www.mdpi.com/journal/ marinedrugs.
73. R.A.A Muzzarelli Aspects of chitin chemistry and enzymology M. Paoletti, S. Musumeci, Binomium chitin-chitinase: emerging issues 2009 Nova Science Publishers Inc. Hauppauge, USA
74. R.A.A. Muzzarelli Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wounded skin, nerve, cartilage and bone Carbohydrate Polymers 76 2009 167 182
75. R.A.A. Muzzarelli Chitin 1977 Pergamon Press Oxford
76. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, and C. Muzzarelli Chitin and chitosan hydrogels G.O. Phillips, P.A. Williams, Handbook of hydrocolloids. 2nd ed. 2009 Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Cambridge UK 849 888
77. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, and C. Muzzarelli Chitosan a dietary supplement and a food technology commodity C.G. Biliaderis, M.S. Izydorczyk, Functional food carbohydrates 2006 Francis & Taylor n, USA 215 244
78. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, and C. Muzzarelli Chitosan chemistry: relevance to the biomedical sciences T. Heinze, Advances in polymer science Vol. 186 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin 151 171
79. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, and C. Muzzarelli Chitin nanofibrils P.K. Dutta, Chitin and chitosan, opportunities and challenges 2005 New Age International New Delhi, India
80. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, and C. Muzzarelli Natural and artificial chitosan-inorganic composites Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 92 2002 89 94
81. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, G. Biagini, A. DeBenedittis, P. Mengucci, G. Majni, and G. Tosi Chitosan-oxychitin coatings for prosthetic materials Carbohydrate Polymers 45 2001 35 41
82. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, V. Ramos, V. Stanic, B. Dubini, M. Mattioli-Belmonte, and G. Tosi Osteogenesis promoted by calcium phosphate dicarboxymethyl chitosan Carbohydrate Polymers 36 1998 267 276
83. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, G. Biagini, M. Mattioli-Belmonte, O. Talassi, M.G. Gandolfi, and R. Solmi Osteoinduction by chitosan-complexed BMP: morpho-structural response in an osteoporotic model Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 12 1997 321 329
84. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, G. Biagini, M. Bellardini, C. Simonelli, C. Castaldini, and G. Fratto Osteoconduction exerted by N-methylpyrrolidinone chitosan used in dental surgery Biomaterials 14 1993 39 43
85. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, G. Biagini, M. Mattioli-Belmonte, O. Talassi, M.G. Gandolfi, and R. Solmi Osteoconductive properties of methylpyrrolidinone chitosan in an animal model Biomaterials 14 1993 925 929
86. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, G. Biagini, A. Pugnaloni, O. Filippini, V. Baldassarre, and C. Castaldini Reconstruction of parodontal tissue with chitosan Biomaterials 10 1989 598 603
87. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, V. Bicchiega, G. Biagini, A. Pugnaloni, and R. Rizzoli Role of N-carboxybutyl chitosan in the repair of the meniscus Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 7 1992 130 148
88. H. Nitzsche, A. Lochmann, H. Metz, A. Hauser, F. Syrowatka, and E. Hempel Fabrication and characterization of a biomimetic composite scaffold for bone defect repair Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 94A 2010 298 307
89. X. Niu, Q. Feng, M. Wang, X. Guo, and Q. Zheng In vitro degradation and release behavior of porous poly(lactic acid) scaffolds containing chitosan microspheres as a carrier for BMP-2-derived synthetic peptide Polymer Degradation and Stability 94 2009 176 182
90. E.O. Oktay, B. Demiralp, B. Demiralp, S. Senel, A.C. Akman, and K. Eratalay Effects of platelet-rich plasma and chitosan combination on bone regeneration in experimental rabbit cranial defects Journal of Oral Implantology 36 2010 175 184
91. J.M. Oliveira, S.A. Costa, I.B. Leonor, P.B. Malafaya, J.F. Mano, and R.L. Reis Novel hydroxyapatite/carboxymethylchitosan composite scaffolds prepared through an innovative "autocatalytic" electroless coprecipitation route Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 88A 2009 470 480
92. X. Pang, and I. Zhitomirsky Electrophoretic deposition of composite hydroxyapatite-chitosan coatings Materials Characterization 58 2007 339 348
93. D.J. Park, B.H. Choi, S.J. Zhu, J.Y. Huh, B.Y. Kim, and S.H. Lee Injectable bone using chitosan-alginate gel/mesenchymal stem cells /BMP-2 composites Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 33 2005 50 54
94. M. Peter, N. Ganesh, N. Selvamurugan, S.V. Nair, T. Furuike, and H. Tamura Preparation and characterization of chitosan-gelatin-nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications Carbohydrate Polymers 80 2010 687 694
95. A. Piattelli, A. Scarano, P. Russo, and S. Matarasso Evaluation of guided bone regeneration in rabbit tibia using bioresorbable and non-resorbable membranes Biomaterials 17 1996 791 796
96. D. Puppi, F. Chiellini, A.M. Piras, and E. Chiellini Polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair Progress in Polymer Science 35 2010 403 440
97. Y.Z. Qiu, N. Zhang, Q. Kang, Y.H. An, and X.J. Wen Chemically modified light-curable chitosans with enhanced potential for bone tissue repair Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 89A 2009 772 779
98. J. Ratanavaraporn, S. Kanokpanont, Y. Tabata, and S. Damrongsakkul Growth and osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived and bone marrow-derived stem cells on chitosan and chitooligosaccharide films Carbohydrate Polymers 78 2009 873 878
99. M. Rinaudo Characterization and properties of some polysaccharides used as biomaterials Macromolecular Symposia 245 2006 549 557
100. M. Rinaudo Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications Progress in Polymer Science 31 2006 603 632
101. N. Rochet, T. Balaguer, F. Boukhechba, J.P. Laugier, D. Quincey, and S. Goncalves Differentiation and activity of human preosteoclasts on chitosan enriched calcium phosphate cement Biomaterials 30 2009 4260 4267
102. K. Sahithi, M. Swetha, K. Ramasamya, N. Sriniyasan, and N. Selyamurugan Polymeric composites containing carbon nanotubes for bone tissue engineering International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 46 2010 281 283
103. D. Sahoo, S. Sahoo, P. Mohanty, S. Sasmal, and P.L. Nayak Chitosan: a new versatile bio-polymer for various applications Designed Monomers and Polymers 12 2009 377 404
104. P. Sangsanoh, O. Suwantong, A. Neamnark, P. Cheepsunthorn, P. Pavasant, and P. Supaphol In vitro biocompatibility of electrospun and solvent-cast chitosan substrata towards Schwann, osteoblast, keratinocyte and fibroblast cells European Polymer Journal 46 2010 428 440
105. S. Sharma, V.P. Soni, and J.R. Bellare Chitosan reinforced apatite-wollastonite coating by electrophoretic deposition on titanium implants Journal of Materials Science - Materials in Medicine 20 2009 1427 1436
106. S.S. Shi, X.R. Cheng, J.W. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Peng, and Y.F. Zhang RhBMP-2 microspheres-loaded chitosan/collagen scaffold enhanced osseointegration: an experiment in dog Journal of Biomaterials Applications 23 2009 331 346
107. Z.L. Shi, K.G. Neoh, E.T. Kang, C.K. Poh, and W. Wang Surface functionalization of titanium with carboxymethyl chitosan and immobilized bone morphogenetic protein-2 for enhanced osseointegration Biomacromolecules 10 2009 1603 1611
108. Y. Shirosaki, C.M. Botelho, M.A. Lopes, and J.D. Santos Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-silicate hydrogel as resorbable vehicle for Bonelike ® bone graft Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 9 2009 3714 3719
109. Y. Shirosaki, K. Tsuru, S. Hayakawa, A. Osaka, M.A. Lopes, and J.D. Santos Physical, chemical and in vitro biological profile of chitosan hybrid membrane as a function of organosiloxane concentration Acta Biomaterialia 5 2009 346 355
110. P. Sikorski, R. Hori, and M. Wada Revisit of alpha-chitin crystal structure using high resolution X-ray diffraction data Biomacromolecules 10 2009 1100 1105
111. I.A. Sogias, A.C. Williams, and V.V. Khutoryanskiy Why is chitosan mucoadhesive? Biomacromolecules 9 2008 1837 1842
112. H.Y. Song, A.H.M.E. Rahman, and B.T. Lee Fabrication of calcium phosphate-calcium sulfate injectable bone substitute using chitosan and citric acid Journal of Materials Science - Materials In Medicine 20 2009 935 941
113. F. Sun, B.K. Lim, S.C. Ryu, D. Lee, and J. Lee Preparation of multi-layered film of hydroxyapatite and chitosan Materials Science and Engineering C-30 2010 789 794
114. W. Suphasiriroj, P. Yotnuengnit, R. Surarit, and R. Pichyangkura The fundamental parameters of chitosan in polymer scaffolds affecting osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 Journal of Materials Science - Materials in Medicine 20 2009 309 320
115. M. Swetha, K. Sahithi, A. Moorthi, N. Srinivasan, K. Ramasamy, and N. Selvamurugan Biocomposites containing natural polymers and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 47 2010 1 4
116. H.P. Tan, J.D. Wu, L.H. Lao, and C.Y. Gao Gelatin/chitosan /hyaluronan scaffold integrated with PLGA microspheres for cartilage tissue engineering Acta Biomaterialia 5 2009 328 337
117. S.H. Teng, E.J. Lee, B.H. Yoon, D.S. Shin, H.E. Kim, and J.S. Oh Chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite composite membranes via dynamic filtration for guided bone regeneration Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 88A 2009 569 580
118. W.W. Thein-Han, and R.D.K. Misra Biomimetic chitosan-nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Acta Biomaterialia 5 2009 b 1182 1197
119. W.W. Thein-Han, and R.D.K. Misra Three-dimensional chitosan- nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering JOM 61 2009 41 44
120. R.S. Tigli, S. Ghosh, M.M. Laha, N.K. Shevde, L. Daheron, and J. Gimble Comparative chondrogenesis of human cell sources in 3D scaffolds Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 3 2009 348 360
121. V.P. Varlamov, V.M. Bykova, G.A. Vikhoreva, S.A. Lopatin, S.V. Nemtsev, Modern perspectives in chitin and chitosan studies 2003 Vniro Moscow
122. J. Venugopal, M.P. Prabhakaran, Y.Z. Zhang, S. Low, A.T. Choon, and S. Ramakrishna Biomimetic hydroxyapatite-containing composite nanofibrous substrates for bone tissue engineering Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society 368A 2010 2065 2081
123. G. Vunjak-Novakovic, L. Meinel, G. Altman, and D. Kaplan Bioreactor cultivation of osteochondral grafts Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 8 2005 209 218
124. J. Wang, J. DeBoer, and K. DeGroot Proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on calcium phosphate/chitosan coatings Journal of Dental Research 87 2008 650 654
125. L.M. Wang, and J.P. Stegemann Thermogelling chitosan and collagen composite hydrogels initiated with beta-glycerophosphate for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials 31 2010 3976 3985
126. X.L. Wang, X.M. Wang, Y.F. Tan, B. Zhang, Z.W. Gu, and X.D. Li Synthesis and evaluation of collagen-chitosan-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone grafting Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 89A 2009 1079 1087
127. O.C. Wilson Jr., and J.R. Hull Surface modification of nanophase hydroxyapatite with chitosan Materials Science and Engineering 28C 2008 434 437
128. H.H.K. Xu, J.B. Quinn, S. Takagi, and L.C. Chow Processing and properties of strong and non-rigid calcium phosphate cement Journal of Dental Research 81 2002 219 224
129. Q. Xu, Y.L. Chao, and Q.B. Wan Health benefit application of functional oligosaccharides Carbohydrate Polymers 77 2009 435 441
130. H.H.K. Xua, D.T. Smith, and C.G. Simon Strong and bioactive composites containing nano-silica-fused whiskers for bone repair Biomaterials 25 2004 4615 4626
131. Y.J. Yin, F. Zhao, X.F. Song, K.D. Yao, W.W. Lu, and J.C. Leong Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite /chitosan-gelatin network composite Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77 2000 2929 2938
132. Y. Yuan, B.M. Chesnutt, L. Wright, W.O. Haggard, and J.D. Bumgardner Mechanical property, degradation rate, and bone cell growth of chitosan coated titanium influenced by degree of deacetylation of chitosan Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 86-B 2008 245 252
133. L.A. Zhao, M.D. Weir, and H.H.K. Xu An injectable calcium phosphate-alginate hydrogel-umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell paste for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials 31 2010 6502 6510
134. Z.H. Zheng, Y.J. Wei, G. Wang, Y.D. Gong, and X.F. Zhang Surface characterization and cytocompatibility of three chitosan/polycation composite membranes for guided bone regeneration Journal of Biomaterials Applications 24 2009 209 229
135. H.J. Zhou, J.C. Qian, J. Wang, W.T. Yao, C.S. Liu, and J.G. Chen Enhanced bioactivity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 with low dose of 2-N, 6-O-sulfated chitosan in vitro and in vivo Biomaterials 30 2009 1715 1724
136. Q. Zou, Y.B. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Zuo, J.F. Li, and J.D. Li Antibiotic delivery system using nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan bone cement consisting of berberine Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 89A 2009 1108 1117