Novel targeted agents on the horizon for castration-resistant prostate cancer

Future Oncology

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1883-1895

  Koupparis, Anthony ^a   Casey, Rowan ^a   Robinson, Michael ^a   Gleave, Martin E ^a  

^a VANCOUVER PROSTATE CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

androgen receptor; angiogenesis; castration resistant prostate cancer; immune therapy; molecular chaperone; prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

4 [3 [4 CYANO 3 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL] 5,5 DIMETHYL 4 OXO 2 THIOXO 1 IMIDAZOLIDINYL] 2 FLUORO N METHYLBENZAMIDE; ABIRATERONE; AFLIBERCEPT; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ATRASENTAN; BEVACIZUMAB; CHAPERONE; CIXUTUMUMAB; CLUSTERIN; CUSTIRSEN; CYTOCHROME P450 17; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; DENOSUMAB; DOCETAXEL; FIGITUMUMAB; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 27; LENALIDOMIDE; MPC 3100; OGX 427; ORTHOPOXVIRUS VACCINE; PREDNISONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTVAC; PROVENGE; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIBOTENTAN;

ANGIOGENESIS; BONE STROMA; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CASTRATION; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STROMA;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; BONE NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE; MALE; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; ORCHIECTOMY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; TESTOSTERONE; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 78650507890     PISSN: 14796694     EISSN: 17448301     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.145     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Huggins C, Hodges C: Studies on prostatic cancer, I: the effect of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1, 293-297 (1941).
2. Sharifi N, Gulley JL, Dahut WL: Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. JAMA 294(2), 238-244 (2005).
3. Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR et al.: Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(6), 1756-1764 (1996).
4. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 94(19), 1458-1468 (2002).
5. Porter AT, McEwan AJ, Powe JE et al.: Results of a randomized Phase-III trial to evaluate the efficacy of strontium-89 adjuvant to local field external beam irradiation in the management of endocrine resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 25(5), 805-813 (1993).
6. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR et al.: Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(15), 1502-1512 (2004).
7. Sartor AO, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M et al.: Cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone with prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) previously treated with docetaxel: final results of a multinational Phase III trial (TROPIC). Presented at: 2010 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA, USA, 5-7 March (2010).
8. Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I et al.: Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(7), 1148-1159 (2008).
9. ODonnell A, Judson I, Dowsett M et al.: Hormonal impact of the 17a-hydroxylase/C(17,20)-lyase inhibitor abiraterone acetate (CB7630) in patients with prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer 90(12), 2317-2325 (2004).
10. Attard G, Reid AH, Yap TA et al.: Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(28), 4563-4571 (2008).
11. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fong L et al.: Phase I clinical trial of the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate demonstrating clinical activity in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer who received prior ketoconazole therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(9), 1481-1488 (2010).
12. Reid AH, Attard G, Danila DC et al.: Significant and sustained antitumor activity in post-docetaxel, castration-resistant prostate cancer with the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(9), 1489-1495 (2010).
13. Danila DC, Morris MJ, de Bono JS et al.: Phase II multicenter study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone therapy in patients with docetaxel-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(9), 1496-1501 (2010).
14. Scher HI, Beer TM, Higano CS: Phase I/II study of MPV3100 in patients with progressive castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 251S (2008).
15. Scher HI, Beer TM, Higano CS et al.: Antitumour activity of MDV3100 in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a Phase I/II study. Lancet 375(9724), 1437-1446 (2010).
16. Folkman J: Antiangiogenesis: new concept for therapy of solid tumors. Ann. Surg. 175(3), 409-416 (1972).
17. Jaeger TM, Weidner N, Chew K et al.: Tumor angiogenesis correlates with lymph node metastases in invasive bladder cancer. J. Urol. 154(1), 69-71 (1995).
18. Macchiarini P, Fontanini G, Hardin MJ, Squartini F, Angeletti CA: Relation of neovascularisation to metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet 340(8812), 145-146 (1992).
19. Weidner N, Carroll PR, Flax J, Blumenfeld W, Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in invasive prostate carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. 143(2), 401-409 (1993).
20. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Redman BG et al.: Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(1), 16-24 (2006).
21. Jain RK: Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307(5706), 58-62 (2005).
22. Gerber HP, Ferrara N: Pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of bevacizumab as monotherapy or in combination with cytotoxic therapy in preclinical studies. Cancer Res. 65(3), 671-680 (2005).
23. Reese D, Fratesi P, Michelle Corry RN, Novotny W, Holmgren E, Small E: A Phase II trial of humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Open Prost. Cancer J. 3(2), 65-70 (2001).
24. Di Lorenzo G, Figg WD, Fossa SD et al.: Combination of bevacizumab and docetaxel in docetaxel-pretreated hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Phase II study. Eur. Urol. 54(5), 1089-1094 (2008).
25. Kelly WK, Halabi S, Carducci MA et al.: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III trial comparing docetaxel, prednisone, and placebo with docetaxel, prednisone, and bevacizumab in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Survival results of CALGB 90401. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(18), LBA4511 (2010).
26. Kelsey FO: Thalidomide update: regulatory aspects. Teratology 38(3), 221-226 (1988).
27. DAmato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, Folkman J: Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91(9), 4082-4085 (1994).
28. Figg WD, Kruger EA, Price DK, Kim S, Dahut WD: Inhibition of angiogenesis: treatment options for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Invest. New Drugs 20(2), 183-194 (2002).
29. Figg WD, Dahut W, Duray P et al.: A randomized Phase II trial of thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 7(7), 1888-1893 (2001). (Pubitemid 32994822)
30. Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM et al.: Randomized Phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(13), 2532-2539 (2004).
31. Ning YM, Gulley JL, Arlen PM et al.: Phase II trial of bevacizumab, thalidomide, docetaxel, and prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(12), 2070-2076 (2010).
32. Figg WD, Li H, Sissung T et al.: Preclinical and clinical evaluation of estramustine, docetaxel and thalidomide combination in androgen-independent prostate cancer. BJU Int. 99(5), 1047-1055 (2007).
33. Richardson PG, Schlossman RL, Weller E et al.: Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 100(9), 3063-3067 (2002).
34. Tohnya TM, Ng SS, Dahut WL et al.: A Phase I study of oral CC-5013 (lenalidomide, Revlimid), a thalidomide derivative, in patients with refractory metastatic cancer. Clin. Prostate Cancer 2(4), 241-243 (2004).
35. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernandez Toriz N et al.: Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(8), 745-755 (2009).
36. Smith MR, Saad F, Egerdie B et al.: Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Urol. 182(6), 2670-2675 (2009).
37. Herrmann E, Bogemann M, Bierer S, Eltze E, Hertle L, Wulfing C: The endothelin axis in urologic tumors: mechanisms of tumor biology and therapeutic implications. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 6(1), 73-81 (2006).
38. Chiao JW, Moonga BS, Yang YM et al.: Endothelin-1 from prostate cancer cells is enhanced by bone contact which blocks osteoclastic bone resorption. Br. J. Cancer 83(3), 360-365 (2000).
39. Yin JJ, Mohammad KS, Kakonen SM et al.: A causal role for endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of osteoblastic bone metastases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(19), 10954-10959 (2003).
40. Verhaar MC, Grahn AY, Van Weerdt AW et al.: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of ABT-627, an oral ETA selective endothelin antagonist, in humans. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49(6), 562-573 (2000).
41. Carducci MA, Padley RJ, Breul J et al.: Effect of endothelin-A receptor blockade with atrasentan on tumor progression in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomized, Phase II, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(4), 679-689 (2003).
42. Akhavan A, McHugh KH, Guruli G et al.: Endothelin receptor A blockade enhances taxane effects in prostate cancer. Neoplasia 8(9), 725-732 (2006).
43. Carducci MA, Nelson JB, Bowling MK et al.: Atrasentan, an endothelin-receptor antagonist for refractory adenocarcinomas: safety and pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(8), 2171-2180 (2002).
44. Carducci MA, Saad F, Abrahamsson PA et al.: A Phase III randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of atrasentan in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 110(9), 1959-1966 (2007).
45. James ND, Caty A, Borre M et al.: Safety and efficacy of the specific endothelin-A receptor antagonist ZD4054 in patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases who were pain free or mildly symptomatic: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, Phase II trial. Eur. Urol. 55(5), 1112-1123 (2009).
46. Whitesell L, Lindquist SL: HSP90 and the chaperoning of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5(10), 761-772 (2005).
47. Gleave M, Miyake H, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Jansen B: Antisense therapy: current status in prostate cancer and other malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 21(1), 79-92 (2002).
48. Carver JA, Rekas A, Thorn DC, Wilson MR: Small heat-shock proteins and clusterin: intra-and extracellular molecular chaperones with a common mechanism of action and function? IUBMB Life 55(12), 661-668 (2003).
49. Nizard P, Tetley S, Le Drean Y et al.: Stress-induced retrotranslocation of clusterin/ apoJ into the cytosol. Traffic 8(5), 554-565 (2007).
50. Zellweger T, Miyake H, July LV, Akbari M, Kiyama S, Gleave ME: Chemosensitization of human renal cell cancer using antisense oligonucleotides targeting the antiapoptotic gene clusterin. Neoplasia 3(4), 360-367 (2001).
51. Loison F, Debure L, Nizard P, le Goff P, Michel D, le Drean Y: Up-regulation of the clusterin gene after proteotoxic stress: implication of HSF1-HSF2 heterocomplexes. Biochem. J. 395(1), 223-231 (2006).
52. Trougakos IP, Lourda M, Antonelou MH et al.: Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex. Clin. Cancer Res. 15(1), 48-59 (2009).
53. Zhang H, Kim JK, Edwards CA, Xu Z, Taichman R, Wang CY: Clusterin inhibits apoptosis by interacting with activated Bax. Nat. Cell Biol. 7(9), 909-915 (2005).
54. Zoubeidi A, Ettinger S, Beraldi E et al.: Clusterin facilitates COMMD1 and I-kB degradation to enhance NF-kB activity in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 8(1), 119-130 (2010).
55. Miyake H, Hara S, Arakawa S, Kamidono S, Hara I: Over expression of clusterin is an independent prognostic factor for nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 167(2), 703-706 (2002).
56. Miyake H, Gleave M, Kamidono S, Hara I: Overexpression of clusterin in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is related to disease progression and recurrence. Urology 59(1), 150-154 (2002).
57. Redondo M, Villar E, Torres-Munoz J, Tellez T, Morell M, Petito CK: Overexpression of clusterin in human breast carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. 157(2), 393-399 (2000).
58. Steinberg J, Oyasu R, Lang S et al.: Intracellular levels of SGP-2 (clusterin) correlate with tumor grade in prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 3(10), 1707-1711 (1997).
59. Miyake H, Nelson C, Rennie PS, Gleave ME: Testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 is an antiapoptotic gene involved in progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 60(1), 170-176 (2000). (Pubitemid 30058748)
60. July LV, Akbari M, Zellweger T, Jones EC, Goldenberg SL, Gleave ME: Clusterin expression is significantly enhanced in prostate cancer cells following androgen withdrawal therapy. Prostate 50(3), 179-188 (2002).
61. Song H, Zhang B, Watson MA, Humphrey PA, Lim H, Milbrandt J: Loss of Nkx3.1 leads to the activation of discrete downstream target genes during prostate tumorigenesis. Oncogene 28(37), 3307-3319 (2009).
62. Miyake H, Nelson C, Rennie PS, Gleave ME: Acquisition of chemoresistant phenotype by overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 in prostate cancer xenograft models. Cancer Res. 60(9), 2547-2554 (2000).
63. Sowery RD, Hadaschik BA, So AI et al.: Clusterin knockdown using the antisense oligonucleotide OGX-011 resensitizes docetaxel-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells to chemotherapy. BJU Int. 102(3), 389-397 (2008).
64. Miyake H, Hara I, Gleave ME: Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide therapy targeting clusterin gene for prostate cancer: Vancouver experience from discovery to clinic. Int. J. Urol. 12(9), 785-794 (2005).
65. Gleave M, Miyake H: Use of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the cytoprotective gene, clusterin, to enhance androgen- and chemo-sensitivity in prostate cancer. World J. Urol. 23(1), 38-46 (2005).
66. Chi KN, Eisenhauer E, Fazli L et al.: A Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of OGX-011, a 2-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide to clusterin, in patients with localized prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97(17), 1287-1296 (2005).
67. Chi KN, Hotte SJ, Yu E et al.: Mature results of a randomized Phase II study of OGX-011 in combination with docetaxel and prednisone or docetaxel and prednisone alone in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 5012 (2009).
68. Saad F, Hotte SJ, North SA et al.: A Phase II randomized study of custirsen (OGX-011) combination therapy in patients with poor-risk hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) who relapsed on or within six months of 1st-line docetaxel therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 5002 (2008).
69. Michels J, Montemurro T, Murray N, Kollmannsberger C, Nguyen Chi K: First- and second-line chemotherapy with docetaxel or mitoxantrone in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: does sequence matter? Cancer 106(5), 1041-1046 (2006).
70. Rocchi P, So A, Kojima S et al.: Heat shock protein 27 increases after androgen ablation and plays a cytoprotective role in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 64(18), 6595-6602 (2004).
71. Morino M, Tsuzuki T, Ishikawa Y et al.: Specific expression of HSP27 in human tumor cell lines in vitro. In Vivo 11(2), 179-184 (1997). (Pubitemid 27219890)
72. Foster CS, Dodson AR, Ambroisine L et al.: HSP-27 expression at diagnosis predicts poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer independent of ETS-gene rearrangement. Br. J. Cancer 101(7), 1137-1144 (2009).
73. Hotte SJ, Yu EY, Hirte HW, Higano CS, Gleave M, Chi KN: OGX-427, a 2methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), against HSP27: results of a first-in-human trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(15 Suppl.), 3506 (2009).
74. Solit DB, Scher HI, Rosen N: HSP90 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Semin. Oncol. 30(5), 709-716 (2003).
75. Williams CR, Tabios R, Linehan WM, Neckers L: Intratumor injection of the HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG decreases tumor growth and induces apoptosis in a prostate cancer xenograft model. J. Urol 178(4), 1528-1532 (2007).
76. Heath EI, Hillman DW, Vaishampayan U et al.: A Phase II trial of 17-allylamino-17- demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(23), 7940-7946 (2008).
77. Morales A, Eidmger D, Bruce AW: Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J. Urol. 116:180-184 (1976).
78. Gulley JL, Madan RA, Arlen PM: Enhancing efficacy of therapeutic vaccinations by combination with other modalities. Vaccine 25(Suppl. 2), B89-B96 (2007).
79. Fong L, Small EJ: Immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 9(3), 226-233 (2007).
80. Coffey DS, Isaacs JT: Prostate tumor biology and cell kinetics - theory. Urology 17(Suppl. 3), 40-53 (1981).
81. Madan RA, Mohebtash M, Schlom J, Gulley JL: Therapeutic vaccines in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: principles in clinical trial design. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 10(1), 19-28 (2010).
82. Rhodes DR, Barrette TR, Rubin MA, Ghosh D, Chinnaiyan AM: Meta-analysis of microarrays: interstudy validation of gene expression profiles reveals pathway dysregulation in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 62(15), 4427-4433 (2002).
83. Fong L, Small EJ: Immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Semin. Oncol. 30(5), 649-658 (2003).
84. Drake CG: Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: an emerging treatment modality. Urol. Clin. North Am. 37(1), 121-129 (2010).
85. Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM et al.: Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(23), 3894-3903 (2000).
86. Kantoff P, Higano CS, Berger ER et al.: Updated survival results of the IMPACT trial of sipuleucel-T for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Presented at: American Society of Clinical Oncology 2010. Chicago, IL, USA, 4-8 June 2010.
87. Kantoff PW, Schuetz TJ, Blumenstein BA et al.: Overall survival analysis of a Phase II randomized controlled trial of a poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(7), 1099-1105 (2010).
88. Fong L, Kwek V, Dao R et al.: Identification of novel prostate cancer-associated antigens through antibody profiling of prostate cancer patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(15), 2578 (2010).
89. de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB et al.: Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(19), 6302-6309 (2008).
90. Groves-Kirkby N: Biomarkers: circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 6(5), 238 (2009).
91. Chen CD, Welsbie DS: Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat. Med. 10(1), 33-39 (2004).
92. Haapala K, Kuukasjärvi T, Hyytinen E, Rantala I, Helin HJ, Koivisto PA: Androgen receptor amplification is associated with increased cell proliferation in prostate cancer. Human Pathol. 38(3), 474-478 (2007).
93. Shukla S, Maclennan GT, Hartman DJ, Fu P, Resnick MI, Gupta S: Activation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway promotes prostate cancer cell invasion. Int. J. Cancer 121(7), 1424-1432 (2007).
94. Sonpavde G, Periman PO, Bernold D et al.: Sunitinib malate for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer following docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Ann. Oncol. 21(2), 319-324 (2010).
95. Karakunnel JJ, Gulley JL, Arlen PM et al.: Phase II trial of cediranib (AZD2171) in docetaxel-resistant, castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 5136 (2008).