Studying cross-cultural differences in temperament in the first year of life: United States and Italy

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 27-37

  Montirosso, Rosario ^a   Cozzi, Patrizia ^a   Putnam, Samuel P ^b   Gartstein, Maria A ^c   Borgatti, Renato ^a  

^a SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^b BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cross cultural differences; infancy; temperament

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; CULTURAL FACTOR; HUMAN; INFANT; ITALY; PERCEPTION; PLEASURE; QUESTIONNAIRE; TEMPERAMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 78650447536     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: 14640651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0165025410368944     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Attili, G. (1993). Alle basi della personalità. Teorie, metodi e ricerche sul temperamento. Florence: Giunti.
2. Axia, G. (1993 a). La misurazione del temperamento nei primi tre anni di vita. Padua: Cleup.
3. Axia, G. (1993 b). Questionari per la misurazione del temperamento nei primi tre anni di vita: Traduzione e taratura delle scale: Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire per 1-4 mesi; Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire, per 4-8 mesi; Toddler Temperament Scale, per 12-30 mesi (Report No. 58). Padua: Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology.
4. Axia, G. (1994). La valutazione precoce della personalità: Il temperamento. In G. Axia (Ed.), La valutazione dello sviluppo. Manuale di strumenti e metodi (pp. 175-226). Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.
5. Axia, G., Prior, M., & Carelli, G. (1992). Cross-cultural influences on temperament: A comparison of Italian, Italo-Australian, and Anglo-Australian toddlers. Australian Psychologist, 27, 52-56.
6. Axia, G., Prior, M., Garino, E., Ferlini, I., & Condini, A. (1991). Fattori nel temperamento dei bambini italiani dai 15 ai 35 mesi. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 198, 41-49.
7. Axia, G., Svampa, E., Taffi, T., & Condini, A. (1996). La misurazione del temperamento infantile: Due strumenti a confronto. Imago: Giornale italiano di psicopatologia e psichiatria dell'infanzia e dell'adolescenza, 3, 79-88.
8. Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1979). The emergence of symbols: Communication and cognition in infancy. New York, NY: Academic Press.
9. Bates, J.E. (1987). Temperament in infancy. In J.D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 1101-1149). New York, NY: Wiley.
10. Bellah, R.N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W.M., Swindler, A., & Tipton, S.M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
11. Bornstein, M.H. (1994). Cross-cultural perspectives on parenting. In G. d'Ydewalle, P. Eelen, & P. Bertelson (Eds.), Current advances in psychological science: An international perspective (pp. 359-369). State of the art lectures presented at the 25th International Congress of Psychology, Brussels, 1992. Hove: Erlbaum.
12. Bornstein, M.H., & Arterberry, M.E. (2003). Recognition, discrimination and categorization of smiling by 5-month-old infants. Developmental Science, 6, 585-599.
13. Bornstein, M.H., Cote, L.R., & Venuti, P. (2001). Parenting beliefs and behaviors in northern and southern groups of Italian mothers of young infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 663-675.
14. Bornstein, M.H., Giusti, Z., Leach, D.B., & Venuti, P. (2005). Maternal reports of adaptive behaviors in young children: Urban-rural and gender comparisons in Italy and United States. Infant and Child Development, 14, 403-424.
15. Bornstein, M.H., Haynes, O.M., Pascual, L., Painter, K.M., & Galperín, C. (1999). Play in two societies: Pervasiveness of process, specificity of structure. Child Development, 70, 317-331.
16. Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., Heslington, M., Gini, M., Suwalsky, J.T.D., Venuti, P., et al. (2008). Mother-child emotional availability in ecological perspective: Three countries, two regions, two genders. Developmental Psychology, 44, 666-680.
17. Bornstein, M.H., Tal, J., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (1991). Parenting in cross-cultural perspective: The United States, France, and Japan. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed.), Cultural approaches to parenting (pp. 69-90). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol 1. Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
19. Buss, A.H., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperamental theory of personality development. New York, NY: Wiley.
20. Campbell, D.T., & Eaton W.O. (1999). Sex differences in the activity level of infants. Infant and Child Development, 8, 1-17.
21. Campbell, D.T., & Fiske, D.W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
22. Carranza, J.A., Perez-Lopez, J., Gonzalez, C., & Martinez-Fuentes, M.T. (2000). A longitudinal study of temperament in infancy: Stability and convergence of measures. European Journal of Personality, 14, 21-37.
23. Carugati, R., Emiliani, F., & Molinari, L. (1990). Being a mother is not enough: Theories and images in the social representations of childhood. Review Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 3, 289-306.
24. Caspi, A. (1998). Personality development across the life course. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 311-388). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
25. Chen, X., Hastings, P.D., Rubin, K.H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S.L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677-686.
26. Chen, X., He, Y., De Oliveira, A.M., Lo Coco, A., Zappulla, C., Kaspar, V., et al. (2004). Loneliness and social adaptation in Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese and Italian children: A multi-national comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1373-1384.
27. Chen, X., Rubin, K.H., & Li, Z.Y. (1995). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 31, 531-540.
28. Chen, X., Rubin, K.H., & Sun, Y. (1992). Social reputation and peer relationships in Chinese and Canadian children: A cross-cultural study. Child Development, 63, 1336-1343.
29. Eaton, W.O., & Enns, L.R. (1986). Sex differences in motor activity level. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 19-28.
30. Else-Quest, N.M., Hyde, J.S., Goldsmith, H.H., & Van Hulle, C.A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 33-72.
31. Fitzgerald, H.E., Johnson, R.B., Van Egeren, L.A., Castellino, D.R., Johnson, C.B., & Judge-Lawton, M. (Eds.). (1999). Infancy and culture. An international review and source book. New York, NY: Falmer Press.
32. Freedman, D.G. (1974). Human infancy: An evolutionary perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Gartstein, M.A., Bridgett, D.J., Rothbart, M.K., Robertson, C., Iddins, E., Ramsay, K., & Schlect, S. (2010). A latent growth examination of fear development in infancy: Contributions of maternal depression and the risk for toddler anxiety. Developmental Psychology, 46, 651-668.
34. Gartstein, M.A., Knyazev, G.G., & Slobodskaya, H.R. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in the structure of infant temperament: United States of America (US) and Russia. Infant Behavior & Development, 28, 54-61.
35. Gartstein, M.A., & Marmion, J. (2008). Fear and positive affectivity in infancy: Convergence/discrepancy between parent-report and laboratory-based indicators. Infant Behavior & Development, 31, 227-238.
36. Gartstein, M.A., Peleg, Y., Young, B.N., & Slobodskaya, H.R. (2009). Infant temperament in Russia, United States of America, and Israel: Differences and similarities between Russian-speaking families. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 241-256.
37. Gartstein, M.A., & Rothbart, M.K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 64-86.
38. Gartstein, M.A., Slobodskaya, H.R., & Kinsht, I.A. (2003). Cross-cultural differences in temperament in the first year of life: United States of America (US) and Russia. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 316-328.
39. Gartstein, M.A., Slobodskaya, H.R., Putnam, S.P., Kinsht, I.A. (2009). A cross-cultural study of infant temperament: Predicting preschool effortful control in the United States of America (US) and Russia. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 337-364.
40. Giardini, M., Rutelli, P., & Venettoni, S. (1997). L'Italia dei valori lavorativi ovvero l'unità fra le differenze [Values in Italy between unity and differences]. Skill, 9, 39-49.
41. Goldsmith, H.H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218-235.
42. Goldsmith, H.H., & Campos, J.J. (1990). The structure of temperamental fear and pleasure in infants: A psychometric perspective. Child Development, 61, 1944-1964.
43. Goldsmith, H.H., Rieser-Danner, L.A., & Briggs, S. (1991). Evaluating convergent and discriminant validity of temperament questionnaires for preschoolers, toddlers, and infants. Developmental Psychology, 27, 566-579.
44. Green, J.A. (1992). Testing whether correlation matrices are different from each other. Developmental Psychology, 28, 215-224.
45. Harkness, S., & Super, C.M. (1995). Culture and parenting. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 2: Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 211-234). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Harkness, S., Super, C.M., Moscardino, U., Rha, J., Blom, M., Huitrón, B., et al. (2007). Cultural models and developmental agendas: Implications for arousal and self-regulation in early infancy. The Journal of Developmental Processes, 2, 5-39.
47. Hart, S., Field, T., & Roitfarb, M. (1999). Depressed mothers' assessment of their neonates' behaviors. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20, 200-210.
48. Harwood, R.L., & Miller, J. (1991). Perceptions of attachment behavior: A comparison of Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37, 583-599.
49. Harwood, R.L., Schoelmerich, A., Schulze, P.A., & Gonzalez, Z. (1999). Cultural differences in maternal beliefs and behaviors: A study of middle-class Anglo and Puerto Rican mother-infant pairs in four everyday situations. Child Development, 70, 1005-1016.
50. Ho, D.Y. F. (1986). Chinese patterns of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of Chinese people (pp. 1-37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
51. Ho, D.Y. F., & Kang, T.S.K. (1986). Intergenerational comparisons of child-rearing attitudes and practices in Hong Kong. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1004-1016.
52. Hsu, C., Soong, W., Stigler, J.W., Hong, C., & Liang, C. (1981). The temperamental characteristics of Chinese babies. Child Development, 53, 1337-1340.
53. Hsu, H., & Lavelli, M. (2005). Perceived and observed parenting behavior in American and Italian first-time mothers across the first 3 months. Infant Behavior & Development, 28, 503-518.
54. Hui, C.C.H., & Triandis, H.C. (1989). Effects on culture and response format on extreme response style. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 20, 296-309.
55. Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User's Reference Guide (2 nd ed.). Lincolwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
56. Kaye, K. (1978). Discriminating among normal infants by multivariate analysis of Brazelton scores: Lumping and smoothing. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 43, 60-80.
57. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Coy, K.C. (1997). Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 68, 263-277.
58. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
59. Martin, R.P., Wisenbaker, J., Baker, J., & Huttunen, M.O. (1997). Gender differences in temperament at six months and five years. Infant Behavior and Development, 20, 339-347.
60. Maziade, M., Boudreault, M., Thivierge, J., Caperaa, P., & Cote, R. (1984). Infant temperament: SES and gender differences and reliability of measurement in a large Quebec sample. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, 213-226.
61. Miller, A.M., & Harwood, R.L. (2002). The cultural organization of parenting: Change and stability of behavior patterns during feeding and social play across the first year of life. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 241-263.
62. Moscardino, U. & Axia, G., (2006). La misurazione del temperamento nei primi tre anni di vita tramite l'Infant Behaviour Questionnaire e il Toddler Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire-Supplemented di Rothbart. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 1, 67-92.
63. Moser, M.H., & Denham, S.A. (1989, April). Infant temperament: Stability, parental concurrence, and relations to mother-infant attachment. Paper presented at the Biennal Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MC.
64. New, R.S., & Richman, A.L. (1996). Maternal beliefs and infant care practices in Italy and the United States. In S.S. Harkness & C.M. Super (Eds.), Parents' cultural belief systems: The origins, expressions, and consequences (pp. 385-444). New York, NY: Guilford.
65. Parade, S.H., & Leerkes, E.M. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire- Revised. Infant Behavior and Development, 31, 637-646.
66. Pauli-Pott, U., Mertesacker, B., Bade, U., Haverkock, A., & Beckmann, D. (2003). Parental perceptions of infant temperamental development. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 27-48.
67. Persson-Blennow, I., & McNeil, T.F. (1981). Temperament characteristics of children in relation to gender, birth order, and social class. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 710-714.
68. Putnam, S.P., Ellis, L.K., & Rothbart, M.K. (2001). The structure of temperament from infancy through adolescence. In A. Eliasz & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Advances in research on temperament (pp. 165-182). Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.
69. Putnam, S.P., Rothbart, M.K., & Gartstein, M.A. (2008). Homotypic and heterotypic continuity of fine-grained temperament during infancy, toddlerhood, and early childhood. Infant and Child Development, 17, 387-405.
70. Putnam, S.P., & Stifter, C.A. (2002). Development of approach and inhibition in the first year: Parallel findings from motor behavior, temperament ratings, and directional cardiac response. Developmental Science, 5, 441-451.
71. Richman, A.L., LeVine, R.A., New, R.S., Howrigan, G.A., Welles-Nystrom, B., & LeVine, S.E. (1988). Maternal behavior to infants in five cultures. New Directions for Child Development, 40, 81-97.
72. Richman, A.L., Miller, P.M., & Solomon, M.J. (1988). The socialization of infants in suburban Boston. In R.A. LeVine & P.M. West (Eds.), Parental behavior in diverse societies (pp. 65-73). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
73. Rothbart, M.K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569-578.
74. Rothbart, M.K. (1986). Longitudinal observation of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 22, 356-365.
75. Rothbart, M.K. (1987). A psychobiological approach to the study of temperament. In G. Kohnstamm (Ed.), Temperament discussed (pp. 63-72). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
76. Rothbart, M.K. (1988). Temperament and the development of the inhibited approach. Child Development, 59, 1241-1250.
77. Rothbart, M.K. (1989). Temperament and development. In G.A. Kohnstamm, J.E. Bates, & M.K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 187-248). New York: Wiley.
78. Rothbart, M.K., Ahadi, S.A., & Evans, D.E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122-135.
79. Rothbart, M.K., Ahadi, S.A., & Hershey, K.L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21-39.
80. Rothbart, M.K., Ahadi, S.A., Hershey, K.L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at 3-7 years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394-1408.
81. Rothbart, M.K., & Bates, J.E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damond (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
82. Rothbart, M.K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M.E. Lamb & A.L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
83. Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., & Elias, P.K. (1982). Sociocultural variability in infant temperament ratings. Child Development, 53, 164-173.
84. Schwartz, S.H., & Ros, M. (1995). Value priorities in West European nations: A cross-cultural perspective. In G. Ben-Shakhar & A. Lieblich (Eds.), Studies in psychology in honor of Solomon Kugelmass. Publications of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Vol. 36, pp. 322-347). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
85. Senese, P., Poderico, C., & Venuti, P. (2003). Credenze parentali sulla relazione genitori-figli: Confronto tra diversi gruppi etnici. In C. Poderico, P. Venuti, & R. Marcone (Eds.), Diverse culture, bambini diversi? (pp. 57-70). Rome: Unicopli.
86. Sroufe, L.A. (1995). Emotional Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
87. Stevens, G., & Featherman, D.L. (1981). A revised socioeconomic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 10, 364-395.
88. Super, C.M., Axia, G., Harkness, S., Welles-Nyström, B., Zylicz, P.O., Parmar, P., et al. (2008). Culture, temperament, and the ''difficult child. '' European Journal of Developmental Science, 2, 136-157.
89. Triandis, H.C. (1992). The analysis of subjective culture. New York, NY: Wiley.
90. Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
91. Triandis, H.C. (1997). Cross-cultural perspectives on personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology. New York, NY: Academic Press.
92. Welles-Nystrom, B., New, R., & Richman, A. (1994). The ''Good Mother''. A comparative study of Swedish, Italian and American maternal behaviour. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 8, 81-86.
93. Windle, W., Iwawaki, S., & Lerner, R.M. (1988). Cross-cultural comparability of temperament among Japanese and American preschool children. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 547-567.