Viral oncogenes, noncoding RNAs, and RNA splicing in human tumor viruses

International Journal of Biological Sciences

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 730-755

  Zheng, Zhi Ming ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenovirus; Epstein Barr virus; Human papillomaviruses; Human T cell leukemia virus; Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus; Polyomavirus; RNA splicing; Viral microRNA; Viral noncoding RNA

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRIDAE; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; POLYOMAVIRUS;

EID: 78650434696     PISSN: 14492288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.730     Document Type: Article

References (273)

1. Rous P. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. J Exp Med, 1911;13:397-411.
2. Pagano JS, Blaser M, Buendia MA, et al. Infectious agents and cancer: criteria for a causal relation. Semin Cancer Biol, 2004;14:453-471.
3. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, et al. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980;77:7415-7419.
4. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Reitz MS, et al. Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sezary T-cell leukaemia. Nature, 1981;294:268-271.
5. Miyoshi I, Kubonishi I, Yoshimoto S, et al. Type C virus particles in a cord T-cell line derived by co-cultivating normal human cord leukocytes and human leukaemic T cells. Nature, 1981;294:770-771.
6. Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, et al. A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science, 1982;218:571-573.
7. Calattini S, Chevalier SA, Duprez R, et al. Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Central Africa. Retrovirology, 2005;2:30.
8. Switzer WM, Salemi M, Qari SH, et al. Ancient, independent evolution and distinct molecular features of the novel human T-lymphotropic virus type 4. Retrovirology, 2009;6:9.
9. Mahieux R and Gessain A. The human HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 retroviruses: New members of the HTLV family. Pathol Biol (Paris), 2009 Mar;57(2):161-6.
10. Vonka V, Kanka J, Hirsch I, et al. Prospective study on the relationship between cervical neoplasia and herpes simplex type-2 virus. II. Herpes simplex type-2 antibody presence in sera taken at enrollment. Int J Cancer, 1984;33:61-66.
11. Lehtinen M, Koskela P, Jellum E, et al. Herpes simplex virus and risk of cervical cancer: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the nordic countries. Am J Epidemiol, 2002;156:687-692.
12. Durst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, et al. A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1983;80:3812-3815.
13. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002;2:342-350.
14. Narisawa-Saito M and Kiyono T. Basic mechanisms of high-risk human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis: roles of E6 and E7 proteins. Cancer Sci, 2007;98:1505-1511.
15. Lowy DR and Schiller JT. Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines. J Clin Invest, 2006;116:1167-1173.
16. Wang D, Liebowitz D and Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell, 1985;43:831-840.
17. Dirmeier U, Neuhierl B, Kilger E, et al. Latent membrane protein 1 is critical for efficient growth transformation of human B cells by epstein-barr virus. Cancer Res, 2003;63:2982-2989.
18. Lee DY and Sugden B. The LMP1 oncogene of EBV activates PERK and the unfolded protein response to drive its own synthesis. Blood, 2008;111:2280-2289.
19. Humme S, Reisbach G, Feederle R, et al. The EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) enhances B cell immortalization several thousandfold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003;100:10989-10994.
20. Kang MS, Soni V, Bronson R, et al. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 does not cause lymphoma in C57BL/6J mice. J Virol, 2008;82:4180-4183.
21. Decaussin G, Sbih-Lammali F, Turenne-Tessier M, et al. Expression of BARF1 gene encoded by Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. Cancer Res, 2000;60:5584-5588.
22. Wei MX and Ooka T. A transforming function of the BARF1 gene encoded by Epstein-Barr virus. EMBO J, 1989;8:2897-2903.
23. Seto E, Ooka T, Middeldorp J, et al. Reconstitution of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-type EBV infection induces tumorigenicity. Cancer Res, 2008;68:1030-1036.
24. Montaner S, Sodhi A, Molinolo A, et al. Endothelial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaposi's sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes. Cancer Cell, 2003;3:23-36.
25. Bais C, Van Geelen A, Eroles P, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor immortalizes human endothelial cells by activation of the VEGF receptor-2/ KDR. Cancer Cell, 2003;3:131-143.
26. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, et al. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science, 2008;319:1096-1100.
27. Shuda M, Feng H, Kwun HJ, et al. T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008;105:16272-16277.
28. Schowalter RM, Pastrana DV, Pumphrey KA, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin. Cell Host Microbe, 2010;7:509-515.
29. Pastrana DV, Tolstov YL, Becker JC, et al. Quantitation of human seroresponsiveness to Merkel cell polyomavirus. PLoS Pathog, 2009;5:e1000578.
30. Berk AJ. Recent lessons in gene expression, cell cycle control, and cell biology from adenovirus. Oncogene, 2005;24:7673-7685.
31. Kim CM, Koike K, Saito I, et al. HBx gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice. Nature, 1991;351:317-320.
32. Bouchard MJ and Schneider RJ. The enigmatic X gene of hepatitis B virus. J Virol, 2004;78:12725-12734.
33. Zhang Z, Sun E, Ou JH, et al. Inhibition of cellular proteasome activities mediates HBX-independent hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Virol, 2010;84:9326-9331.
34. Sir D, Tian Y, Chen WL, et al. The early autophagic pathway is activated by hepatitis B virus and required for viral DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010;107:4383-4388.
35. Takatsuki K. Discovery of adult T-cell leukemia. Retrovirology, 2005;2:16.
36. Matsuoka M and Jeang KT. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation. Nat Rev Cancer, 2007;7:270-280.
37. Dong B, Kim S, Hong S, et al. An infectious retrovirus susceptible to an IFN antiviral pathway from human prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007;104:1655-1660.
38. Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das GJ, et al. Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Science, 2009;326:585-589.
39. Mikovits JA, Huang Y, Pfost MA, et al. Distribution of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) infection in chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer. AIDS Rev, 2010;12:149-152.
40. Lo SC, Pripuzova N, Li B, et al. Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010;107:15874-15879.
41. Yan Y, Liu Q, Wollenberg K, et al. Evolution of Functional and Sequence Variants of the Mammalian XPR1 Receptor for Mouse Xenotropic Gammaretroviruses and the Human- Derived Retrovirus XMRV. J Virol, 2010;84:11970-11980.
42. Hohn O, Krause H, Barbarotto P, et al. Lack of evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus(XMRV) in German prostate cancer patients. Retrovirology, 2009;6:92.
43. Switzer WM, Jia H, Hohn O, et al. Absence of evidence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus infection in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy controls in the United States. Retrovirology, 2010;7:57.
44. Aloia AL, Sfanos KS, Isaacs WB, et al. XMRV: A New Virus in Prostate Cancer? Cancer Res, 2010; [Epub ahead of print].
45. Danielson BP, Ayala GE and Kimata JT. Detection of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in normal and tumor tissue of patients from the southern United States with prostate cancer is dependent on specific polymerase chain reaction conditions. J Infect Dis, 2010;202:1470-1477.
46. Henrich TJ, Li JZ, Felsenstein D, et al. Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus prevalence in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or chronic immunomodulatory conditions. J Infect Dis, 2010;202:1478-1481.
47. Barnes E, Flanagan P, Brown A, et al. Failure to detect xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in blood of individuals at high risk of blood-borne viral infections. J Infect Dis, 2010;202:1482-1485.
48. Liang TJ and Heller T. Pathogenesis of hepatitis C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2004;127:S62-S71.
49. Jopling CL, Yi M, Lancaster AM, et al. Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific MicroRNA. Science, 2005;309:1577-1581.
50. Band V, Dalal S, Delmolino L, et al. Enhanced degradation of p53 protein in HPV-6 and BPV-1 E6-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. EMBO J, 1993;12:1847-1852.
51. Hawley-Nelson P, Vousden KH, Hubbert NL, et al. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins cooperate to immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. EMBO J, 1989;8:3905-3910.
52. Munger K, Phelps WC, Bubb V, et al. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J Virol, 1989;63:4417-4421.
53. Sedman SA, Barbosa MS, Vass WC, et al. The full-length E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 has transforming and trans-activating activities and cooperates with E7 to immortalize keratinocytes in culture. J Virol, 1991;65:4860-4866.
54. Storey A and Banks L. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 gene cooperates with EJ-ras to immortalize primary mouse cells. Oncogene, 1993;8:919-924.
55. Pim D, Storey A, Thomas M, et al. Mutational analysis of HPV-18 E6 identifies domains required for p53 degradation in vitro, abolition of p53 transactivation in vivo and immortalisation of primary BMK cells. Oncogene, 1994;9:1869-1876.
56. Liu Y, Chen JJ, Gao Q, et al. Multiple functions of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 contribute to the immortalization of mammary epithelial cells. J Virol, 1999;73:7297-7307.
57. Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M and Howley PM. Cloning and expression of the cDNA for E6-AP, a protein that mediates the interaction of the human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein with p53. Mol Cell Biol, 1993;13:775-784.
58. Werness BA, Levine AJ and Howley PM. Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Science, 1990;248:76-79.
59. Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, et al. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell, 1990;63:1129-1136.
60. Nomine Y, Masson M, Charbonnier S, et al. Structural and functional analysis of E6 oncoprotein: insights in the molecular pathways of human papillomavirus-mediated pathogenesis. Mol Cell, 2006;21:665-678.
61. Ristriani T, Fournane S, Orfanoudakis G, et al. A single-codon mutation converts HPV16 E6 oncoprotein into a potential tumor suppressor, which induces p53-dependent senescence of HPV-positive HeLa cervical cancer cells. Oncogene, 2009;28(5):762-72.
62. Dyson N, Howley PM, Munger K, et al. The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science, 1989;243:934-937.
63. Boyer SN, Wazer DE and Band V. E7 protein of human papilloma virus-16 induces degradation of retinoblastoma protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Cancer Res, 1996;56:4620-4624.
64. Gonzalez SL, Stremlau M, He X, et al. Degradation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein is important for functional inactivation and is separable from proteasomal degradation of E7. J Virol, 2001;75:7583-7591.
65. Mantovani F and Banks L. The human papillomavirus E6 protein and its contribution to malignant progression. Oncogene, 2001;20:7874-7887.
66. Munger K, Basile JR, Duensing S, et al. Biological activities and molecular targets of the human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. Oncogene, 2001;20:7888-7898.
67. Song S, Liem A, Miller JA, et al. Human papillomavirus types 16 E6 and E7 contribute differently to carcinogenesis. Virology, 2000;267:141-150.
68. Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M and Howley PM. Localization of the E6-AP regions that direct human papillomavirus E6 binding, association with p53, and ubiquitination of associated proteins. Mol Cell Biol, 1993;13:4918-4927.
69. Storey A, Thomas M, Kalita A, et al. Role of a p53 polymorphism in the development of human papillomavirus- associated cancer. Nature, 1998;393:229-234.
70. An J, Mo D, Liu H, et al. Inactivation of the CYLD deubiquitinase by HPV E6 mediates hypoxia-induced NF-kappaB activation. Cancer Cell, 2008;14:394-407.
71. Kanda T, Watanabe S, Zanma S, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 proteins with glycine substitution for cysteine in the metal-binding motif. Virology, 1991;185:536-543.
72. Thomas M, Dasgupta J, Zhang Y, et al. Analysis of specificity determinants in the interactions of different HPV E6 proteins with their PDZ domain-containing substrates. Virology, 2008;376:371-378.
73. Zhang Y, Dasgupta J, Ma RZ, et al. Structures of a human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 polypeptide bound to MAGUK proteins: mechanisms of targeting tumor suppressors by a high-risk HPV oncoprotein. J Virol, 2007;81:3618-3626.
74. Tao M, Kruhlak M, Xia S, et al. Signals That Dictate Nuclear Localization of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Oncoprotein E6 in Living Cells. J Virol, 2003;77:13232-13247.
75. Crook T, Tidy JA and Vousden KH. Degradation of p53 can be targeted by HPV E6 sequences distinct from those required for p53 binding and trans-activation. Cell, 1991;67:547-556.
76. Desaintes C, Hallez S, Van Alphen P, et al. Transcriptional activation of several heterologous promoters by the E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16. J Virol, 1992;66:325-333.
77. Patel D, Huang SM, Baglia LA, et al. The E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 binds to and inhibits co- activation by CBP and p300. EMBO J, 1999;18:5061-5072.
78. Zimmermann H, Degenkolbe R, Bernard HU, et al. The human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein can down-regulate p53 activity by targeting the transcriptional coactivator CBP/p300. J Virol, 1999;73:6209-6219.
79. Ronco LV, Karpova AY, Vidal M, et al. Human papillomavirus 16 E6 oncoprotein binds to interferon regulatory factor-3 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Genes Dev, 1998;12:2061-2072.
80. Gross-Mesilaty S, Reinstein E, Bercovich B, et al. Basal and human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein-induced degradation of Myc proteins by the ubiquitin pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998;95:8058-8063.
81. Liu X, Dakic A, Chen R, et al. Cell-restricted immortalization by human papillomavirus correlates with telomerase activation and engagement of the hTERT promoter by Myc. J Virol, 2008;82:11568-11576.
82. Veldman T, Liu X, Yuan H, et al. Human papillomavirus E6 and Myc proteins associate in vivo and bind to and cooperatively activate the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003;100:8211-8216.
83. Bodaghi S, Jia R and Zheng ZM. Human papillomavirus type 16 E2 and E6 are RNA-binding proteins and inhibit in vitro splicing of pre-mRNAs with suboptimal splice sites. Virology, 2009;386(1):32-43.
84. Chen JJ, Reid CE, Band V, et al. Interaction of papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins with a putative calcium- binding protein. Science, 1995;269:529-531.
85. Gao Q, Srinivasan S, Boyer SN, et al. The E6 oncoproteins of high-risk papillomaviruses bind to a novel putative GAP protein, E6TP1, and target it for degradation. Mol Cell Biol, 1999;19:733-744.
86. Gao Q, Singh L, Kumar A, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6-induced degradation of E6TP1 correlates with its ability to immortalize human mammary epithelial cells. J Virol, 2001;75:4459-4466.
87. Singh L, Gao Q, Kumar A, et al. The high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 E6 counters the GAP function of E6TP1 toward small Rap G proteins. J Virol, 2003;77:1614-1620.
88. Tong X and Howley PM. The bovine papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein interacts with paxillin and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997;94:4412-4417.
89. Filippova M, Song H, Connolly JL, et al. The human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein binds to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) R1 and protects cells from TNF-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem, 2002;277:21730-21739.
90. Topffer S, Muller-Schiffmann A, Matentzoglu K, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 is a target of the E6 oncoprotein of high-risk genital human papillomaviruses. J Gen Virol, 2007;88:2956-2965.
91. Kiyono T, Hiraiwa A, Fujita M, et al. Binding of high-risk human papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins to the human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997;94:11612-11616.
92. Lee SS, Weiss RS and Javier RT. Binding of human virus oncoproteins to hDlg/SAP97, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997;94:6670-6675.
93. Huh K, Zhou X, Hayakawa H, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein associates with the cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex, which contributes to degradation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. J Virol, 2007;81:9737-9747.
94. Liu X, Clements A, Zhao K, et al. Structure of the human Papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein and its mechanism for inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. J Biol Chem, 2006;281:578-586.
95. Knapp AA, McManus PM, Bockstall K, et al. Identification of the nuclear localization and export signals of high risk HPV16 E7 oncoprotein. Virology, 2009;383:60-68.
96. McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Bromberg-White JL and Meyers C. The role of the human papillomavirus type 18 E7 oncoprotein during the complete viral life cycle. Virology, 2005;338:61-68.
97. Jian Y, Schmidt-Grimminger DC, Chien WM, et al. Post-transcriptional induction of p21cip1 protein by human papillomavirus E7 inhibits unscheduled DNA synthesis reactivated in differentiated keratinocytes. Oncogene, 1998;17:2027-2038.
98. Noya F, Chien WM, Broker TR, et al. p21cip1 Degradation in differentiated keratinocytes is abrogated by costabilization with cyclin E induced by human papillomavirus E7. J Virol, 2001;75:6121-6134.
99. Kotake Y, Cao R, Viatour P, et al. pRB family proteins are required for H3K27 trimethylation and Polycomb repression complexes binding to and silencing p16INK4alpha tumor suppressor gene. Genes Dev, 2007;21:49-54.
100. Nguyen CL, Eichwald C, Nibert ML, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein associates with the centrosomal component gamma-tubulin. J Virol, 2007;81:13533-13543.
101. Baldwin A, Li W, Grace M, et al. Kinase requirements in human cells: II. Genetic interaction screens identify kinase requirements following HPV16 E7 expression in cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008;105:16478-16483.
102. Bernat A, Avvakumov N, Mymryk JS, et al. Interaction between the HPV E7 oncoprotein and the transcriptional coactivator p300. Oncogene, 2003;22:7871-7881.
103. Avvakumov N, Torchia J and Mymryk JS. Interaction of the HPV E7 proteins with the pCAF acetyltransferase. Oncogene, 2003;22:3833-3841.
104. Baldwin A, Huh KW and Munger K. Human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein dysregulates steroid receptor coactivator 1 localization and function. J Virol, 2006;80:6669-6677.
105. DeMasi J, Huh KW, Nakatani Y, et al. Howley PM. Bovine papillomavirus E7 transformation function correlates with cellular p600 protein binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005;102:11486-11491.
106. McLaughlin-Drubin ME and Munger K. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. Virology, 2008.
107. Horwitz GA, Zhang K, McBrian MA, et al. Adenovirus small e1a alters global patterns of histone modification. Science, 2008;321:1084-1085.
108. Ferrari R, Pellegrini M, Horwitz GA, et al. Epigenetic reprogramming by adenovirus e1a. Science, 2008;321:1086-1088.
109. Bos JL, Polder LJ, Bernards R, et al. The 2.2 kb E1b mRNA of human Ad12 and Ad5 codes for two tumor antigens starting at different AUG triplets. Cell, 1981;27:121-131.
110. Yang Y, McKerlie C, Lu Z, et al. In vivo potential effects of adenovirus type 5 E1A and E1B on lung carcinogenesis and lymphoproliferative inflammation. J Virol, 2008;82:8105-8111.
111. Yew PR and Berk AJ. Inhibition of p53 transactivation required for transformation by adenovirus early 1B protein. Nature, 1992;357:82-85.
112. Gonzalez R, Huang W, Finnen R, et al. Adenovirus E1B 55-kilodalton protein is required for both regulation of mRNA export and efficient entry into the late phase of infection in normal human fibroblasts. J Virol, 2006;80:964-974.
113. Hahn WC, Dessain SK, Brooks MW, et al. Enumeration of the simian virus 40 early region elements necessary for human cell transformation. Mol Cell Biol, 2002;22:2111-2123.
114. Ahuja D, Saenz-Robles MT and Pipas JM. SV40 large T antigen targets multiple cellular pathways to elicit cellular transformation. Oncogene, 2005;24:7729-7745.
115. Bocchetta M, Eliasz S, De Marco MA, et al. The SV40 large T antigen-p53 complexes bind and activate the insulin-like growth factor-I promoter stimulating cell growth. Cancer Res, 2008;68:1022-1029.
116. Sablina AA and Hahn WC. SV40 small T antigen and PP2A phosphatase in cell transformation. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2008;27:137-146.
117. Houben R, Shuda M, Weinkam R, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus- infected Merkel cell carcinoma cells require expression of viral T antigens. J Virol, 2010;84:7064-7072.
118. Kis LL, Takahara M, Nagy N, et al. IL-10 can induce the expression of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) in the absence of EBNA-2 in B lymphocytes and in Burkitt lymphoma- and NK lymphoma-derived cell lines. Blood, 2006;107:2928-2935.
119. Konforte D, Simard N and Paige CJ. Interleukin-21 regulates expression of key Epstein-Barr virus oncoproteins, EBNA2 and LMP1, in infected human B cells. Virology, 2008;374:100-113.
120. Fennewald S, van Santen V and Kieff E. Nucleotide sequence of an mRNA transcribed in latent growth-transforming virus infection indicates that it may encode a membrane protein. J Virol, 1984;51:411-419.
121. Pandya J and Walling DM. Oncogenic activity of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is down-regulated by lytic LMP-1. J Virol, 2006;80:8038-8046.
122. Kilger E, Kieser A, Baumann M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus- mediated B-cell proliferation is dependent upon latent membrane protein 1, which simulates an activated CD40 receptor. EMBO J, 1998;17:1700-1709.
123. D'Souza BN, Edelstein LC, Pegman PM, et al. Nuclear factor kappa B-dependent activation of the antiapoptotic bfl-1 gene by the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 and activated CD40 receptor. J Virol, 2004;78:1800-1816.
124. Fries KL, Miller WE and Raab-Traub N. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 blocks p53-mediated apoptosis through the induction of the A20 gene. J Virol, 1996;70:8653-8659.
125. Grimm T, Schneider S, Naschberger E, et al. EBV latent membrane protein-1 protects B cells from apoptosis by inhibition of BAX. Blood, 2005;105:3263-3269.
126. Anastasiadou E, Boccellato F, Vincenti S, et al. Epstein-Barr virus encoded LMP1 downregulates TCL1 oncogene through miR-29b. Oncogene, 2010;29:1316-1328.
127. Baer R, Bankier AT, Biggin MD, et al. DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus genome. Nature, 1984;310:207-211.
128. Hudson GS, Farrell PJ and Barrell BG. Two related but differentially expressed potential membrane proteins encoded by the EcoRI Dhet region of Epstein-Barr virus B95-8. J Virol, 1985;53:528-535.
129. Pandya J and Walling DM. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) half-life in epithelial cells is down-regulated by lytic LMP-1. J Virol, 2004;78:8404-8410.
130. Wang D, Liebowitz D and Kieff E. The truncated form of the Epstein-Barr virus latent-infection membrane protein expressed in virus replication does not transform rodent fibroblasts. J Virol, 1988;62:2337-2346.
131. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Wang F, et al. Epstein-Barr virus latent infection membrane protein alters the human B-lymphocyte phenotype: deletion of the amino terminus abolishes activity. J Virol, 1988;62:4173-4184.
132. Erickson KD and Martin JM. The late lytic LMP-1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus can negatively regulate LMP-1 signaling. J Virol, 2000;74:1057-1060.
133. Seto E, Yang L, Middeldorp J, et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded BARF1 gene is expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma tissues in the absence of lytic gene expression. J Med Virol, 2005;76:82-88.
134. Sheng W, Decaussin G, Ligout A, et al. Malignant transformation of Epstein-Barr virus-negative Akata cells by introduction of the BARF1 gene carried by Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol, 2003;77:3859-3865.
135. Danve C, Decaussin G, Busson P, et al. Growth transformation of primary epithelial cells with a NPC-derived Epstein-Barr virus strain. Virology, 2001;288:223-235.
136. Guo X, Sheng W and Zhang Y. [Malignant transformation of monkey kidney epithelial cell induced by EBV BARF1 gene and TPA]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi, 2001;15:321-323.
137. Strockbine LD, Cohen JI, Farrah T, et al. The Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 gene encodes a novel, soluble colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. J Virol, 1998;72:4015-4021.
138. Houali K, Wang X, Shimizu Y, et al. A new diagnostic marker for secreted Epstein-Barr virus encoded LMP1 and BARF1 oncoproteins in the serum and saliva of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2007;13:4993-5000.
139. Kinoshita T, Shimoyama M, Tobinai K, et al. Detection of mRNA for the tax1/rex1 gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T-cell leukemia patients and viral carriers by using the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989;86:5620-5624.
140. Furukawa Y, Osame M, Kubota R, et al. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) Tax is expressed at the same level in infected cells of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis patients as in asymptomatic carriers but at a lower level in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood, 1995;85:1865-1870.
141. Coscoy L, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Tangy F, et al. Molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis in mice transgenic for the human T cell leukemia virus Tax gene. Virology, 1998;248:332-341.
142. Portis T, Grossman WJ, Harding JC, et al. Analysis of p53 inactivation in a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax transgenic mouse model. J Virol, 2001;75:2185-2193.
143. Hall AP, Irvine J, Blyth K, et al. Tumours derived from HTLV-I tax transgenic mice are characterized by enhanced levels of apoptosis and oncogene expression. J Pathol, 1998;186:209-214.
144. Jeang KT. HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia: insights into viral transformation of cells 30 years after virus discovery. J Formos Med Assoc, 2010;109:688-693.
145. Satou Y, Yasunaga J, Yoshida M, et al. HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006;103:720-725.
146. Arnold J, Zimmerman B, Li M, et al. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 antisense-encoded gene, Hbz, promotes T-lymphocyte proliferation. Blood, 2008;112:3788-3797.
147. Yeung ML, Yasunaga J, Bennasser Y, et al. Roles for micro- RNAs, miR-93 and miR-130b, and tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 tumor suppressor in cell growth dysregulation by human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1. Cancer Res, 2008;68:8976-8985.
148. Pichler K, Schneider G and Grassmann R. MicroRNA miR-146a and further oncogenesis-related cellular microRNAs are dysregulated in HTLV-1-transformed T lymphocytes. Retrovirology, 2008;5:100.
149. Grassmann R, Aboud M and Jeang KT. Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax. Oncogene, 2005;24:5976-5985.
150. Semmes OJ and Jeang KT. Localization of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax to subnuclear compartments that overlap with interchromatin speckles. J Virol, 1996;70:6347-6357.
151. Taylor JM and Nicot C. HTLV-1 and apoptosis: role in cellular transformation and recent advances in therapeutic approaches. Apoptosis, 2008;13:733-747.
152. Boxus M, Twizere JC, Legros S, et al. The HTLV-1 Tax interactome. Retrovirology, 2008;5:76.
153. Caron C, Rousset R, Beraud C, et al. Functional and biochemical interaction of the HTLV-I Tax1 transactivator with TBP. EMBO J, 1993;12:4269-4278.
154. Goren I, Semmes OJ, Jeang KT, et al. The amino terminus of Tax is required for interaction with the cyclic AMP response element binding protein. J Virol, 1995;69:5806-5811.
155. Harrod R, Kuo YL, Tang Y, et al. p300 and p300/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein associated factor interact with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 Tax in a multi-histone acetyltransferase/activator-enhancer complex. J Biol Chem, 2000;275:11852-11857.
156. Smith MR and Greene WC. Characterization of a novel nuclear localization signal in the HTLV-I tax transactivator protein. Virology, 1992;187:316-320.
157. Basbous J, Bazarbachi A, Granier C, et al. The central region of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein contains distinct domains involved in subunit dimerization. J Virol, 2003;77:13028-13035.
158. Xiao G and Sun SC. Activation of IKKalpha and IKKbeta through their fusion with HTLV-I tax protein. Oncogene, 2000;19:5198-5203.
159. Gatza ML and Marriott SJ. Genotoxic stress and cellular stress alter the subcellular distribution of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. J Virol, 2006;80:6657-6668.
160. Yin MJ, Christerson LB, Yamamoto Y, et al. HTLV-I Tax protein binds to MEKK1 to stimulate IkappaB kinase activity and NF-kappaB activation. Cell, 1998;93:875-884.
161. Fu DX, Kuo YL, Liu BY, et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax activates I-kappa B kinase by inhibiting I-kappa B kinase-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem, 2003;278:1487-1493.
162. Semmes OJ and Jeang KT. Definition of a minimal activation domain in human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax. J Virol, 1995;69:1827-1833.
163. Alefantis T, Jain P, Ahuja J, et al. HTLV-1 Tax nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, interaction with the secretory pathway, extracellular signaling, and implications for neurologic disease. J Biomed Sci, 2005;12:961-974.
164. Kehn K, Fuente CL, Strouss K, et al. The HTLV-I Tax oncoprotein targets the retinoblastoma protein for proteasomal degradation. Oncogene, 2005;24:525-540.
165. Rousset R, Fabre S, Desbois C, et al. The C-terminus of the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein mediates interaction with the PDZ domain of cellular proteins. Oncogene, 1998;16:643-654.
166. Smotkin D and Wettstein FO. Transcription of human papillomavirus type 16 early genes in a cervical cancer and a cancer- derived cell line and identification of the E7 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1986;83:4680-4684.
167. Zheng ZM and Baker CC. Papillomavirus genome structure, expression, and post-transcriptional regulation. Front Biosci, 2006;11:2286-2302.
168. Lin BY, Makhov AM, Griffith JD, et al. Chaperone proteins abrogate inhibition of the human papillomavirus (HPV) E1 replicative helicase by the HPV E2 protein. Mol Cell Biol, 2002;22:6592-6604.
169. Zheng ZM, Tao M, Yamanegi K, et al. Splicing of a Cap-proximal Human Papillomavirus 16 E6E7 Intron Promotes E7 Expression, but can be Restrained by Distance of the Intron from its RNA 5' Cap. J Mol Biol, 2004;337:1091-1108.
170. Rosenberger S, De Castro AJ, Langbein L, et al. Alternative splicing of human papillomavirus type-16 E6/E6* early mRNA is coupled to EGF signaling via Erk1/2 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010;107:7006-7011.
171. Suprynowicz FA, Krawczyk E, Hebert JD, et al. The human papillomavirus type 16 E5 oncoprotein inhibits epidermal growth factor trafficking independently of endosome acidification. J Virol, 2010;84:10619-10629.
172. Smotkin D, Prokoph H and Wettstein FO. Oncogenic and nononcogenic human genital papillomaviruses generate the E7 mRNA by different mechanisms. J Virol, 1989;63:1441-1447.
173. Kozak M. Pushing the limits of the scanning mechanism for initiation of translation. Gene, 2002;299:1-34.
174. Tang S, Tao M, McCoy JP Jr, et al. The E7 oncoprotein is translated from spliced E6*I transcripts in high-risk human papillomavirus type 16- or type 18-positive cervical cancer cell lines via translation reinitiation. J Virol, 2006;80:4249-4263.
175. Kozak M. Effects of intercistronic length on the efficiency of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes. Mol Cell Biol, 1987;7:3438-3445.
176. Stephens C and Harlow E. Differential splicing yields novel adenovirus 5 E1A mRNAs that encode 30 kd and 35 kd proteins. EMBO J, 1987;6:2027-2035.
177. Brockmann D and Esche H. The multifunctional role of E1A in the transcriptional regulation of CREB/CBP-dependent target genes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2003;272:97-129.
178. Akusjarvi G and Stevenin J. Remodelling of the host cell RNA splicing machinery during an adenovirus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2003;272:253-286.
179. Himmelspach M, Cavaloc Y, Chebli K, et al. Titration of serine/ arginine (SR) splicing factors during adenoviral infection modulates E1A pre-mRNA alternative splicing. RNA, 1995;1:794-806.
180. Mayeda A and Krainer AR. Regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing by hnRNP A1 and splicing factor SF2. Cell, 1992;68:365-375.
181. Caceres JF, Stamm S, Helfman DM, et al. Regulation of alternative splicing in vivo by overexpression of antagonistic splicing factors. Science, 1994;265:1706-1709.
182. Cowper AE, Caceres JF, Mayeda A, et al. Serine-arginine (SR) protein-like factors that antagonize authentic SR proteins and regulate alternative splicing. J Biol Chem, 2001;276:48908-48914.
183. Dauksaite V and Akusjarvi G. The second RNA-binding domain of the human splicing factor ASF/SF2 is the critical domain controlling adenovirus E1A alternative 5'-splice site selection. Biochem J, 2004;381:343-350.
184. Screaton GR, Cáceres JF, Mayeda A, et al. Identification and characterization of three members of the human SR family of pre-mRNA splicing factors. EMBO J, 1995;14:4336-4349.
185. Zhang W-J and Wu JY. Functional properties of p54, a novel SR protein active in constitutive and alternative splicing. Mol Cell Biol, 1996;16:5400-5408.
186. Lerga A, Hallier M, Delva L, et al. Identification of an RNA binding specificity for the potential splicing factor TLS. J Biol Chem, 2001;276:6807-6816.
187. Lai MC, Kuo HW, Chang WC, et al. A novel splicing regulator shares a nuclear import pathway with SR proteins. EMBO J, 2003;22:1359-1369.
188. Yomoda J, Muraki M, Kataoka N, et al. Combination of Clk family kinase and SRp75 modulates alternative splicing of Adenovirus E1A. Genes Cells, 2008;13:233-244.
189. Bourgeois CF, Popielarz M, Hildwein G, et al. Identification of a bidirectional splicing enhancer: differential involvement of SR proteins in 5' or 3' splice site activation. Mol Cell Biol, 1999;19:7347-7356.
190. Popielarz M, Gattoni R and Stevenin J. Contrasted cis-acting effects of downstream 5' splice sites on the splicing of a retained intron: the adenoviral E1A pre-mRNA model. Nucleic Acids Res, 1993;21:5144-5151.
191. Lewis JB and Anderson CW. Identification of adenovirus type 2 early region 1B proteins that share the same amino terminus as do the 495R and 155R proteins. J Virol, 1987;61:3879-3888.
192. Noble JC, Pan ZQ, Prives C, et al. Splicing of SV40 early pre-mRNA to large T and small t mRNAs utilizes different patterns of lariat branch sites. Cell, 1987;50:227-236.
193. Ge H and Manley JL. A protein factor, ASF, controls cell-specific alternative splicing of SV40 early pre-mRNA in vitro. Cell, 1990;62:25-34.
194. Wang J and Manley JL. Overexpression of the SR proteins ASF/SF2 and SC35 influences alternative splicing in vivo in diverse ways. RNA, 1995;1:335-346.
195. Zerrahn J, Knippschild U, Winkler T, et al. Independent expression of the transforming amino-terminal domain of SV40 large I antigen from an alternatively spliced third SV40 early mRNA. EMBO J, 1993;12:4739-4746.
196. Sompayrac L and Danna KJ. The SV40 T-antigen gene can have two introns. Virology, 1985;142:432-436.
197. Lerner MR, Andrews NC, Miller G, et al. Two small RNAs encoded by Epstein-Barr virus and complexed with protein are precipitated by antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981;78:805-809.
198. Howe JG and Shu MD. Epstein-Barr virus small RNA (EBER) genes: unique transcription units that combine RNA polymerase II and III promoter elements. Cell, 1989;57:825-834.
199. Sun R, Lin SF, Gradoville L, et al. Polyadenylylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996;93:11883-11888.
200. Zhong W and Ganem D. Characterization of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing an abundant polyadenylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8). J Virol, 1997;71:1207-1212.
201. Lee SI, Murthy SC, Trimble JJ, et al. Four novel U RNAs are encoded by a herpesvirus. Cell, 1988;54:599-607.
202. Cook HL, Lytle JR, Mischo HE, et al. Small nuclear RNAs encoded by Herpesvirus saimiri upregulate the expression of genes linked to T cell activation in virally transformed T cells. Curr Biol, 2005;15:974-979.
203. Cazalla D, Yario T and Steitz JA. Down-regulation of a host microRNA by a Herpesvirus saimiri noncoding RNA. Science, 2010;328:1563-1566.
204. Nanbo A and Takada K. The role of Epstein-Barr virus- encoded small RNAs (EBERs) in oncogenesis. Rev Med Virol, 2002;12:321-326.
205. Howe JG and Steitz JA. Localization of Epstein-Barr virus- encoded small RNAs by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1986;83:9006-9010.
206. Rosa MD, Gottlieb E, Lerner MR, et al. Striking similarities are exhibited by two small Epstein-Barr virus-encoded ribonucleic acids and the adenovirus-associated ribonucleic acids VAI and VAII. Mol Cell Biol, 1981;1:785-796.
207. Komano J, Maruo S, Kurozumi K, et al. Oncogenic role of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs in Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Akata. J Virol, 1999;73:9827-9831.
208. Kitagawa N, Goto M, Kurozumi K, et al. Epstein-Barr virus- encoded poly(A)(-) RNA supports Burkitt's lymphoma growth through interleukin-10 induction. EMBO J, 2000;19:6742-6750.
209. Yang L, Aozasa K, Oshimi K, et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA promotes growth of EBV-infected T cells through interleukin-9 induction. Cancer Res, 2004;64:5332-5337.
210. Iwakiri D, Sheen TS, Chen JY, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA induces insulin-like growth factor 1 and supports growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived cell lines. Oncogene, 2005;24:1767-1773.
211. Nanbo A, Inoue K, Adachi-Takasawa K, et al. Epstein-Barr virus RNA confers resistance to interferon-alpha-induced apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma. EMBO J, 2002;21:954-965.
212. Nanbo A, Yoshiyama H and Takada K. Epstein-Barr virus- encoded poly(A)- RNA confers resistance to apoptosis mediated through Fas by blocking the PKR pathway in human epithelial intestine 407 cells. J Virol, 2005;79:12280-12285.
213. Lewis BP, Burge CB and Bartel DP. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell, 2005;120:15-20.
214. Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, et al. The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution. Science, 2005;310:1817-1821.
215. Pfeffer S, Zavolan M, Grasser FA, et al. Identification of virus- encoded microRNAs. Science, 2004;304:734-736.
216. Edwards RH, Marquitz AR and Raab-Traub N. Epstein-Barr virus BART microRNAs are produced from a large intron prior to splicing. J Virol, 2008;82:9094-9106.
217. Grundhoff A, Sullivan CS and Ganem D. A combined computational and microarray-based approach identifies novel microRNAs encoded by human gamma-herpesviruses. RNA, 2006;12:733-750.
218. Cai X, Schafer A, Lu S, et al. Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs are evolutionarily conserved and differentially expressed. PLoS Pathog, 2006;2:e23.
219. Xing L and Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 micro- and stable RNAs during latency III and after induction of replication. J Virol, 2007;81:9967-9975.
220. Zhu JY, Pfuhl T, Motsch N, et al. Identification of novel Epstein- Barr virus microRNA genes from nasopharyngeal carcinomas. J Virol, 2009;83:3333-3341.
221. Cosmopoulos K, Pegtel M, Hawkins J, et al. Comprehensive profiling of Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol, 2009;83:2357-2367.
222. Chen SJ, Chen GH, Chen YH, et al. Characterization of Epstein- Barr virus miRNAome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by deep sequencing. PLoS ONE, 2010;5: e12745.
223. Cullen BR. Viruses and microRNAs. Nat Genet, 2006;38 (Suppl):S25-S30.
224. Gottwein E and Cullen BR. Viral and cellular microRNAs as determinants of viral pathogenesis and immunity. Cell Host Microbe, 2008;3:375-387.
225. Sullivan CS, Grundhoff AT, Tevethia S, et al. SV40-encoded microRNAs regulate viral gene expression and reduce susceptibility to cytotoxic T cells. Nature, 2005;435:682-686.
226. Seo GJ, Fink LH, O'Hara B, et al. Evolutionarily conserved function of a viral microRNA. J Virol, 2008;82:9823-9828.
227. Seo GJ, Chen CJ and Sullivan CS. Merkel cell polyomavirus encodes a microRNA with the ability to autoregulate viral gene expression. Virology, 2009;383:183-187.
228. Wang X, Tang S, Le SY, et al. Aberrant expression of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs in cervical cancer is required for cancer cell growth. PLoS ONE, 2008;3:e2557.
229. Cai X, Li G and Laimins LA, Cullen BR. Human papillomavirus genotype 31 does not express detectable microRNA levels during latent or productive virus replication. J Virol, 2006;80:10890-10893.
230. Xia T, O'Hara A, Araujo I, et al. EBV microRNAs in primary lymphomas and targeting of CXCL-11 by ebv-mir-BHRF1-3. Cancer Res, 2008;68:1436-1442.
231. Barth S, Pfuhl T, Mamiani A, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA miR-BART2 down-regulates the viral DNA polymerase BALF5. Nucleic Acids Res, 2008;36:666-675.
232. Choy EY, Siu KL, Kok KH, et al. An Epstein-Barr virus- encoded microRNA targets PUMA to promote host cell survival. J Exp Med, 2008;205:2551-2560.
233. Lo AK, To KF, Lo KW, et al. Modulation of LMP1 protein expression by EBV-encoded microRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007;104:16164-16169.
234. Seto E, Moosmann A, Gromminger S, et al. Micro RNAs of Epstein-Barr virus promote cell cycle progression and prevent apoptosis of primary human B cells. PLoS Pathog, 2010;6: e1001063.
235. Gottwein E, Mukherjee N, Sachse C, et al. A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155. Nature, 2007;450:1096-1099.
236. Skalsky RL, Samols MA, Plaisance KB, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma- associated herpesvirus encodes an ortholog of miR-155. J Virol, 2007;81:12836-12845.
237. Samols MA, Skalsky RL, Maldonado AM, et al. Identification of cellular genes targeted by KSHV-encoded microRNAs. PLoS Pathog, 2007;3:e65.
238. Ziegelbauer JM, Sullivan CS and Ganem D. Tandem array- based expression screens identify host mRNA targets of virus-encoded microRNAs. Nat Genet, 2009;41:130-134.
239. Dolken L, Malterer G, Erhard F, et al. Systematic analysis of viral and cellular microRNA targets in cells latently infected with human gamma-herpesviruses by RISC immunoprecipitation assay. Cell Host Microbe, 2010;7:324-334.
240. Lu CC, Li Z, Chu CY, et al. MicroRNAs encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus regulate viral life cycle. EMBO Rep, 2010;11:784-790.
241. Gottwein E and Cullen BR. A human herpesvirus microRNA inhibits p21 expression and attenuates p21-mediated cell cycle arrest. J Virol, 2010;84:5229-5237.
242. Lei X, Bai Z, Ye F, et al. Regulation of NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha and viral replication by a KSHV microRNA. Nat Cell Biol, 2010;12:193-199.
243. Abend JR, Uldrick T and Ziegelbauer JM. Regulation of TWEAKR expression by KSHV microRNA prevents TWEAK-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression. J Virol, 2010; 84: 12139-12151.
244. Hansen A, Henderson S, Lagos D, et al. KSHV-encoded miRNAs target MAF to induce endothelial cell reprogramming. Genes Dev, 2010;24:195-205.
245. Lu F, Stedman W, Yousef M, et al. Epigenetic regulation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency by virus- encoded microRNAs that target Rta and the cellular Rbl2-DNMT pathway. J Virol, 2010;84:2697-2706.
246. Bellare P and Ganem D. Regulation of KSHV lytic switch protein expression by a virus-encoded microRNA: an evolutionary adaptation that fine-tunes lytic reactivation. Cell Host Microbe, 2009;6:570-575.
247. Cameron JE, Yin Q, Fewell C, et al. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces cellular MicroRNA miR-146a, a modulator of lymphocyte signaling pathways. J Virol, 2008;82:1946-1958.
248. Motsch N, Pfuhl T, Mrazek J, et al. Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) Induces the Expression of the Cellular MicroRNA miR-146a. RNA Biol, 2007;4:131-137.
249. Lu F, Weidmer A, Liu CG, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-induced miR-155 attenuates NF-kappaB signaling and stabilizes latent virus persistence. J Virol, 2008;82:10436-10443.
250. Costinean S, Zanesi N, Pekarsky Y, et al. Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E(mu)-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006;103:7024-7029.
251. Gatto G, Rossi A, Rossi D, et al. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 trans-activates miR-155 transcription through the NF-kappaB pathway. Nucleic Acids Res, 2008;36:6608-6619.
252. Linnstaedt SD, Gottwein E, Skalsky RL, et al. Virally Induced Cellular MicroRNA miR-155 Plays a Key Role in B-Cell Immortalization by Epstein-Barr Virus. J Virol, 2010;84:11670-11678.
253. Wang X, Wang H-K, McCoy JP, et al. Oncogenic HPV infection interrupts the expression of tumor-suppressive miR-34a through viral oncoprotein E6. RNA, 2009;15:637-647.
254. Li B, Hu Y, Ye F, et al. Reduced miR-34a expression in normal cervical tissues and cervical lesions with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2010;20:597-604.
255. Martinez I, Gardiner AS, Board KF, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 reduces the expression of microRNA-218 in cervical carcinoma cells. Oncogene, 2008;27:2575-2582.
256. Melar-New M and Laimins LA. Human papillomaviruses modulate expression of microRNA 203 upon epithelial differentiation to control levels of p63 proteins. J Virol, 2010;84:5212-5221.
257. Anderson MD, Ye J, Xie L, et al. Transformation studies with a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 molecular clone. J Virol Methods, 2004;116:195-202.
258. Baltimore D. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses. Nature, 1970;226:1209-1211.
259. Temin HM and Mizutani S. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus. Nature, 1970;226:1211-1213.
260. Stehelin D, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, et al. DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature, 1976;260:170-173.
261. Spector DH, Varmus HE and Bishop JM. Nucleotide sequences related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus are present in DNA of uninfected vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978;75:4102-4106.
262. Berget SM, Moore C and Sharp PA. Spliced segments at the 5' terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1977;74:3171-3175.
263. Chow LT, Gelinas RE, Broker TR, et al. An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5' ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell, 1977;12:1-8.
264. Selbach M, Schwanhausser B, Thierfelder N, et al. Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature, 2008;455:58-63.
265. Baek D, Villen J, Shin C, et al. The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature, 2008;455:64-71.
266. Babiarz JE, Ruby JG, Wang Y, et al. Mouse ES cells express endogenous shRNAs, siRNAs, and other Microprocessor- independent, Dicer-dependent small RNAs. Genes Dev, 2008;22:2773-2785.
267. Watanabe T, Totoki Y, Toyoda A, et al. Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes. Nature, 2008;453:539-543.
268. Tam OH, Aravin AA, Stein P, et al. Pseudogene-derived small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression in mouse oocytes. Nature, 2008;453:534-538.
269. Zheng ZM. Regulation of alternative RNA splicing by exon definition and exon sequences in viral and Mammalian gene expression. J Biomed Sci, 2004;11:278-294.
270. Flint SJ and Gonzalez RA. Regulation of mRNA production by the adenoviral E1B 55-kDa and E4 Orf6 proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 2003;272:287-330.
271. Gaudray G, Gachon F, Basbous J, et al. The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription. J Virol, 2002;76:12813-12822.
272. Murata K, Hayashibara T, Sugahara K, et al. A novel alternative splicing isoform of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 bZIP factor (HBZ-SI) targets distinct subnuclear localization. J Virol, 2006;80:2495-2505.
273. Hivin P, Frederic M, Arpin-Andre C, et al. Nuclear localization of HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) is mediated by three distinct motifs. J Cell Sci, 2005;118:1355-1362.