Patent law and bioprospecting in Antarctica

Polar Record

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 46-55

  Tvedt, Morten Walløe ^a  

^a FRIDTJOF NANSEN INSTITUTE   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOTECHNOLOGY; COMMERCIALIZATION; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; INNOVATION; LEGAL SYSTEM; POLAR REGION; PROPERTY RIGHTS; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ANTARCTICA;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 78650416483     PISSN: 00322474     EISSN: 14753057     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0032247410000045     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Antarctic Treaty. 1959. Adopted 1 December 1959. 401 UNTS; entered into force 23 June 1961.
2. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2002. Biological prospecting in Antarctica - working paper by the United Kingdom, 25th ATCM. Warsaw (WP-043).
3. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2003. Bioprospecting: the intenational regime for bioprospecting existing policies and emerging issues for Antarctica. Information paper by Norway and the UK. 26th ATCM. Madrid (IP-075-UK, NO Agenda Item: VI CEP 7).
4. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2004. Industry involvement in Antarctic bioprospecting. Information paper IP 106. 27th ATCM. Cape Town (agenda Item CEP 7 and ATCM 17).
5. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2005a. Biological prospecting in Antarctica. Working paper WP 13 submitted by New Zealand and Sweden. 28th ATCM. Stockholm (agenda item 18).
6. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2005b. Biological prospecting in Antarctica. Information paper IP 008 submitted by Spain. 28th ATCM. Stockholm (agenda item 18).
7. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2005c. Recent developments in biological prospecting relevant to Antarctica. Information paper IP 93 presented by UNEP. 28th ATCM. Stockholm (agenda item 18).
8. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2006a. A la recherche d'un régime juridique pour la bioprospection en Antarctique. Information paper IP 13 submitted by France. 29th ATCM. Edinburgh (agenda item 18).
9. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2006b. Argentine activities of bioprospecting and bioremediation in Antarctica. Information paper IP 112 presented by Argentina. 29th ATCM. Edinburgh (agenda item 18).
10. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2006c. Recent trends in the biological prospecting. Information paper IP 116 presented by UNEP. 29th ATCM. Edinburgh (agenda item 18).
11. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2007a. Biological prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty area - scoping for a regulatory framework.. Working paper WP 036, submitted by the Netherlands, Belgium and France. 30th ATCM. New Delhi.
12. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2007b. Biological prospecting in Antarctica: review, update and proposed tool to support a way forward. Information paper IP 067, submitted by UNEP. 30th ATCM. New Delhi.
13. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2007c. Final report. 30th ATCM. New Delhi.
14. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting). 2008. Report of the ATCM intersessional contact group to examine the issue of biological prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty area. WP 4, presented by the Netherlands. 31th ATCM. Kyiv.
15. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consulative Meeting). 2009a. The Antarctic biological prospecting database. Document WP 1 submitted by a group of countries.. 32nd ATCM. Baltimore (agenda item ATCM 17).
16. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consulative Meeting). 2009b. Regulation of biological prospecting under the Antarctic Treaty system. Document WP 18 submitted by Australia and New Zeland. 32nd ATCM. Baltimore (agenda item 17).
17. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consulative Meeting). 2009c. A gap analysis of the Antarctic Treaty system regarding the management of biological prospecting. Document WP 26, submitted by a group of countries. 32nd ATCM. Baltimore (agenda item 17).
18. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consulative Meeting). 2009d. Bioprospecting: baselines and parameters. Document WP 49 rev. 2, submitted by Chile. 32nd ATCM (Baltimore (agenda item 17).
19. ATCM (Antarctic Treaty Consulative Meeting). 2009e. Biological prospecting in the Antarctic: an update on the review by SCAR. Document IP 65 presented by SCAR. 32nd ATCM. Baltimore (agenda item 17).
20. Biswajit, D., and R. V. Anuradha. 2004. Access benefitssharing and intellectual property rights. Journal of World Intellectual Property 7(5):597-640.
21. Bostyn, S. J. R. 2002. A European perspective on the ideal scope of protection and the disclosure requirement for biotechnological inventions in a harmonised patent system - the quest for the Holy Grail? Journal of World Intellectual Property 5(6):1013-1046.
22. BT (Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure). 1977. Adopted 28 April 1977, entered into force August 19, 1980, amended 26 September 1980, 20 January 1981, 1 October 2002 (WIPO (World Intellectual Property Rights Organisation) publication 277).
23. BT Regulations 1977. Regulations under the Budapest Treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, adopted on 28 April 1977 and amended on 20 January 1981 and 1 October 2002, in force with its latest amendments 2 October 2002. URL: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/budapest/trtdocs-wo048.html.
24. CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). 1992. Adopted 5 June 1992, entered into force 29 December 1993. 31 International Legal Materials 818.
25. Dross, M., and F. Wolff. 2005. New elements of the international regime on access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources-the role of certificates of origin. Germany: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.
26. Dutfield, G. 2002. Sharing the benefits of biodiversity: is there a role for the patent system? Journal of World Intellectual Property 5(6):899-932.
27. EU (European Union). 1998. Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. Brussels: EU (Official Journal L 213, 30/07/1998 P. 0013-0021).
28. Farrell, R., and S. Duncan. 2005. Uniqueness of Antarctica and potential for commercial success. In: Hemmings A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore (editors). Antarctic bioprospecting. Christchurch: University of Canterbury: 10-40.
29. Finston, S. K. 2005. The relevance of genetic resources to the pharmaceutical industry: the industry perspective. Journal of World Intellectual Proper ty 8(2):141-156.
30. Girsberger, M. A. 2004. Transparency measures under patent law regarding genetic resources and traditional knowledge: disclosure of source and evidence of prior informed consent and benefit-sharing. Journal of World Intellectual Property 7(4):451-490.
31. Graham, A. 2005. Environmental, ethical and equity issues. In: Hemmings A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore (editors). Antarctic bioprospecting. Christchurch: University of Canterbury: 41-68.
32. Hemmings, A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore. 2005a. The issues posed by bioprospecting in Antarctic. In: Hemmings A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore (editors). Antarctic bioprospecting. Christchurch: University of Canterbury: 234-244.
33. Hemmings, A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore. 2005b. Science and commercial issues. Environment, ethics and equity issues. In: Hemmings A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore (editors). Antarctic bioprospecting. Christchurch: University of Canterbury: 248-268.
34. Jabour-Green, J., and D. Nicol. 2003. Bioprospecting in areas outside national jurisdiction: Antarctica and the southern ocean. Melbourne Journal of International Law 4(1):76-111.
35. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 2001. The ethics of patenting DNA. London: Nuffield Foundation of Bioethics.
36. Rogan-Finnemore, M. 2005. Setting the scene. In: Hemmings A. D., and M. Rogan-Finnemore (editors). Antarctic bioprospecting. Christchurch: University of Canterbury: 1-9.
37. SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research). 2002. SCAR group of specialists on environmental affairs and conservation (GOSEAC). Report No 22/2002. URL: www.scar.org/publications/reports/22/(Report of GOSEAC 12 meeting, College Station, Texas, United States, 24-27 April 2002).
38. SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research). 2009. The International Council for Science. Cambridge: Scott Polar Research Institute (SCAR bulletin 172. Report from the SCAR delegation to 32nd ATCM, Baltimore, USA, 6-17 April 2009).
39. Tessensohn, F. 1987. Geophysical and geological data in Antarctica - the overlap between science and prospection. In: Wolfrum, R. (editor). Antarcticchallenges. Berlin: Duncker and Humboldt (Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium 7-12 July 1987. Berlin).
40. Tvedt, M. W. 2005. How will a substantive patent law treaty affect the public domain for genetic resources and biological material? Journal of World Intellectual Property 8(3):311-344.
41. Tvedt, M. W. 2006. Elements for user country legislation to meet the fair and equitable commitment. Journal of World Intellectual Property 9(2):189-212.
42. Tvedt, M. W. 2007a. The path to one universal patent. Journal of Environmental Policy and Law, 37(4):297-305.
43. Tvedt, M. W. 2007b. The disclosure obligation in Norwegian legislation: is it likely to lead to fair and equitable benefit sharing? Environmental Policy and Law 38 (1/2): 100-107.
44. Tvedt, M. W., and T. R. Young. 2007. Beyond access - exploring implementation of the fair and equitable sharing commitment in the CBD. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
45. Vidas, D. 1996. The Antarctic Treaty system and the law of the sea: a new dimension introduced by the protocol. In: Stokke, O. S., and D Vidas (editors). Governing the Antarctic, the effectiveness and legimacy of the Antarctic Treaty system. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. 61-90.
46. Westerlund, L. 2001. Biotech patents-equivalency and exclusions under European and U. S. patent law. Stockholm: Stockholm University, Faculty of Law.
47. WIPO (World Intellectual Property Rights Organisation). 2004. WIPO technical study on patent disclosure requirements related to genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Geneva: WIPO (WIPO publication no. 786 (E). Study no. 3).
48. WIPO (World Intellectual Property Rights Organisation). 2003. Draft Substantive Patent Law Treaty. URL: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/scp/en/scp- 10/scp-10-4.pdf.
49. Wolfe, T. A., and B. Zycher. 2005. Biotechnological and pharmaceuticalresearchand developmentinvestment undera patent-based sccess and benefit-sharing regime, California: Pacific Research Institute.
50. WTO (World Trade Organisation). 1994: Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization of 15. April 1994 ANNEX 1C: Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS).