Modeling the CO2 emissions from battery electric vehicles given the power generation mixes of different countries

Energy Policy

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 803-811

  Doucette, Reed T ^a   McCulloch, Malcolm D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Electric; Emissions; Vehicles

Indexed keywords

BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES; ELECTRIC; EMISSIONS; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; NUMBER OF VEHICLES; POWER GENERATION MIX;

AUTOMOBILES; ENERGY UTILIZATION; INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES;

ELECTRIC VEHICLES;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON EMISSION; ELECTRIC VEHICLE; ENERGY USE; MODELING; POWER GENERATION;

CHINA; INDIA;

EID: 78650416088     PISSN: 03014215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.054     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. A123, 2009. High Power Lithium Ion ANR26650 M1A Datasheet. A123 Systems. Website accessed May 2009, available at: 〈〉. http://www.a123systems.com.
2. AutoblogGreen, 2010. First Drive: Nissan LEAF. Website accessed September 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/07/27/2011-nissan-leaf-first-drive-road-test-review.
3. Bauman J., Kazerani M. A comparative study of fuel-cell-battery, fuel-cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel-cell-battery-ultracapacitor vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2008, 57(2):760-769.
4. Bettle R., Pout C.H., et al. Interactions between electricity-saving measures and carbon emissions from power generation in England and Wales. Energy Policy 2006, 34(18):3434-3446.
5. Brown S., Pyke D., Steenhof P. Electric vehicles: the role and importance of standards in an emerging market. Energy Policy 2010, 38(7):3797-3806.
6. Burke A. Batteries and ultracapacitors for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE 2007, 95(4):806-820.
7. CAAM, 2010. Chinese Automotive Statistics. Chinese Association of Automobile Manufacturers. Website accessed September 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://statistics.chinaautoreview.com/StatsModules/Trends/Trends.aspx?VehicleType=AllVehicles.
8. Campanari S., Manzolini G., Garcia de la Iglesia F. Energy analysis of electric vehicles using batteries or fuel cells through well-to-wheel driving cycle simulations. Journal of Power Sources 2009, 186(2):464-477.
9. Carfolio, 2010. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.carfolio.com.
10. CARMA, 2010. Carbon Monitoring for Action. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.carma.org.
11. Chamon M., Mauro P., Okawa Y. Mass car ownership in the emerging market giants. Economic Policy 2008, 23:245-296.
12. DfT Transport Statistics Great Britain 2008 2008, UK Department for Transport.
13. Doucette, R.T., 2010. The Oxford Vehicle Model: a tool for modeling and simulating the powertrains of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford, UK. Available at: 〈〉. http://epg.eng.ox.ac.uk/?q=node/44.
14. Doucette, R.T., McCulloch, M.D., 2011. A comparison of high-speed flywheels, batteries, and ultracapacitors on the bases of cost and fuel economy as the energy storage system in a fuel cell based hybrid electric vehicle. Journal of Power Sources 196 (3), 1163-1170.
15. Ehsani M., Gao Y., Gay S.E., Emadi A. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design 2005, CRC Press, New York.
16. Ford, 2010. Ford Motor Company. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.ford.co.uk.
17. 2 emissions rates for national electricity systems. Energy Policy 2010, 38(10):5977-5987.
18. Honda, 2010. Honda Motor Company. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.honda.co.uk/cars.
19. Husain I. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals 2003, CRC Press, New York.
20. 2 emissions from fuel combustion 2009, International Energy Agency.
21. IPCC Transport and its infrastructure: In Mitigation of Climate Change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
22. KEEWAY, 2010. KEEWAY Motors. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.keewaymotor.com.
23. Lechner G., Naunheimer H. Automotive Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design, and Application 1999, Springer, Berlin.
24. Markel T., Brooker A., Hendricks T., Johnson V., Kelly K., Kramer B., O'Keefe M., Sprik S., Wipke K. ADVISOR: a systems analysis tool for advanced vehicle modeling. Journal of Power Sources 2002, 110(2):255-266.
25. MI, 2010. Engine Specifications. Marshall Industrial. Website accessed September 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/?euro=2.
26. Mitsubishi, 2010. Mitsubishi i-MiEV Press Release. Mitsubishi Motors. Website accessed September 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/products/detail1940.html.
27. Nissan, 2010. Nissan Motor Company. Website accessed September 2010, available at: 〈〉 and at 〈〉. http://www.nissan-zeroemission.com/EN/LEAF/specs.html.
28. Peterson S.B., Apt J., Whitacre J.F. Lithium-ion battery cell degradation resulting from realistic vehicle and vehicle-to-grid utilization. Journal of Power Sources 2010, 195(8):2385-2392.
29. Shepherd C.M. Design of primary and secondary cells-part 2. An equation describing battery discharge. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1965, 112:657-664.
30. SIAM, 2010. Domestic Market Share for 2009-10. Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers. Website accessed September 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/market-share.aspx.
31. Tesla, 2010. Tesla Roadster Specifications. Tesla Motors. Website accessed September 2010, available at 〈〉. http://www.teslamotors.com.
32. Tremblay O., Dessaint L.A., Dekkiche A.I. A generic battery model for the dynamic simulation of hybrid vehicles. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference 2007, 284-289.
33. UQM, 2009. PowerPhase 150 Traction System Datasheet. UQM Technologies. Website accessed May 2009, available at: 〈〉. http://www.uqm.com.
34. US EIA, 2008. Country Energy Profiles. United States Energy Information Administration. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.eia.doe.gov/country/index.cfm?view=consumption.
35. VW, 2010. Volkswagen. Website accessed July 2010, available at: 〈〉. http://www.volkswagen.co.uk.
36. WNA, 2010. Nuclear Power in India. World Nuclear Association. Website accessed September 2010, available, 〈〉. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html.
37. Weinert J., Ogden J., Sperling D., Burke A. The future of electric two-wheelers and electric vehicles in China. Energy Policy 2008, 36(7):2544-2555.
38. Werber M., Fischer M., Schwartz P.V. Batteries: lower cost than gasoline?. Energy Policy 2009, 37(7):2465-2468.
39. Wipke K.B., Cuddy M.R., Burch S.D. ADVISOR 2.1: a user-friendly advanced powertrain simulation using a combined backward/forward approach. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 1999, 48(6):1751-1761.
40. Woolmer, T.J., 2009. The YASA Machine: For High Performance Automotive Applications. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.