Persistence of mortality reduction after the end of randomized therapy in clinical trials of blood pressure-lowering medications

Hypertension

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1060-1068

  Kostis, William J ^a   Thijs, Lutgarde ^b   Richart, Tom ^b   Kostis, John B ^c   Staessen, Jan A ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^c ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

blockers; ACEIs; blood pressure lowering medications; clinical trials; diuretics; legacy effect; mortality

Indexed keywords

ATENOLOL; CAPTOPRIL; CHLORTALIDONE; ENALAPRIL; FOSINOPRIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LISINOPRIL; METOPROLOL; NITRENDIPINE; RAMIPRIL; RESERPINE; TIMOLOL; TRANDOLAPRIL; ZOFENOPRIL;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ARTICLE; DEATH; DRUG EFFECT; EARLY INTERVENTION; FOLLOW UP; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGED; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 78650414364     PISSN: 0194911X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160291     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2000;356:1955-1964.
2. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, Weiss NS. Health outcomes associated with various antihyper-tensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003;289:2534-2544.
3. Heerspink HJ, Ninomiya T, Zoungas S, de Zeeuw D, Grobbee DE, Jardine MJ, Gallagher M, Roberts MA, Cass A, Neal B, Perkovic V. Effect of lowering blood pressure on cardiovascular events and mortality in patients on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-anaysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1009-1015.
4. Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Pocock S, Coope J, Cutler J, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Friedman L, Perry M, Prineas R, Schron E. Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:761-767.
5. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, Thijs L, Den Hond E, Boissel JP, Coope J, Ekbom T, Gueyffier F, Liu L, Kerlikowske K, Pocock S, Fagard RH. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2000;355:865-872.
6. Chalmers J, Cooper ME. UKPDS and the legacy effect. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1618-1620.
7. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUORUM statement. Lancet. 1999;354:1896-1900.
8. Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GLR, Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Macdonald GJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO, West MJ, for the Second Austrailian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;348: 583-592.
9. Reid CM, Owen A, Ryan P, Wing L, on behalf of the ANBP2 Cohort Study Group. Long-term survival in elderly hypertensives treated with ACE inhibitor or diuretic based therapy: the ANBP2 Cohort Study [abstract]. Abstracts AHA. 2008;OS27-4.
10. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program: I-reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. JAMA. 1979;242:2562-2571.
11. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Persistence of reduction in blood pressure and mortality of participants in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. JAMA. 1988;259: 2113-2122.
12. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA. 1982;248:1465-1477.
13. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Mortality after 10 1/2 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation. 1990;82:1616-1628.
14. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987; 316:1429-1435.
15. Kjekshus J, Swedberg K, Snapinn S, for the CONSENSUS investigators. Effects of enalapril on long-term mortality in sevre congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:103-107.
16. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B, for the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. The effect of the angiotensin-conventing-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:80-85.
17. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293-302.
18. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685-691.
19. Jong P, Yusuf S, Rousseau MF, Ahn SA, Bangdiwala SI. Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet. 2003;361: 1843-1848.
20. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:1670-1676.
21. Buch P, Rasmussen S, Abildstrom SZ, Kober L, Carlsen J, Torp-Pedersen C, for the TRACE investigators. The long-term impact of the angioten-sin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on mortality and hospital admissions in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: follow-up to 12 years. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:145-152.
22. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991;265:3255-3264.
23. Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Freudenberger RS, Cosgrove NM, Pressel SL, Davis BR, for the SHEP Collaborative Research Group. Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95: 29-35.
24. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhager WH, Bulpitt CJ, de Leeuw PW, Dollery CT, Fletcher AE, Forette F, Leonetti G, Machev C, O'Brien ET, Rosenfeld J, Rodicio JL, Tuomilehto J, Zanchetti A. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet. 1997;350:757-764.
25. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, Celis H, Birkenhager WH, Bulpitt CJ, de Leeuw PW, Fletcher AE, Forette F, Leonetti G, McCormack P, Nachev C, O'Brien E, Rodicio JL, Rosenfeld J, Sarti C, Tuomilehto J, Webster J, Yodfat Y, Zanchetti A, for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (SYst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Effects of immediate versus delayed antihypertensive therapy on outcome in the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial. J Hypertens. 2004;22:847-857.
26. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317:703-713.
27. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Neil HAW, Matthews DR. Long-term follow-up after tight control of blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1565-1576.
28. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Mio-cardico. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994;343:1115-1122.
29. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Mio-cardico. Six-month effects of earlytreatment with lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together withdrawn six weeks after acute myocardial infarction: the GISSI-3 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27:337-344.
30. The Norwegian Multicenter Study Group. Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:801-807.
31. Pedersen TR for the Norwegian Multicenter Study Group. Six-year follow-up of the Norwegian Multicenter Study on timolol after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1055-1058.
32. Hjalmarson A, Herlitz J, Holmberg S, Ryden L, Swedberg K, Vedin A, Waagstein F, Waldenstrom A, Waldenstrom J, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L, Wilhelmsson C. The Goteborg Metoprolol Trial: effects on mortality and morbidity in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1983;67:126-132.
33. Herlitz J, Hjalmarson A, Swedberg K, Vedin A, Waagstein, Waldenstom A, Wilhelmsson C. The influence of early intervention in acute myocardial infarction on long-term mortality and morbidity as assessed in the Goteborg metoprolol trial. Int J Cardiol. 1986;10:291-301.
34. Borghi C, Marino P, Zardini P, Magnani B, Collatina S, Ambrosioni E, for the FAMIS Working Party. Short- and long-term effects of early fosinopril administration in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis: results from the Fosinopril in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study. Am Heart J. 1998;136: 213-225.
35. Chinese Cardiac Study Collaborative Group. Suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet. 1995;345:686-687.
36. Lisheng LIU, for the Chinese Cardiac Study CCS-1 Collaborative Group. Long-term mortality in patients with myocardial infarction: impact of early treatment with captopril for 4 weeks. Chin Med J. 2001;114: 115-118.
37. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet. 1993;342:821-828.
38. Hall AS, Murray GD, Ball SG, on behalf of the AIREX Study Investigators. Follow-up study of patients ramdomly allocated ramipril or placebo for heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: AIRE Extension (AIREX) Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1493-1497.
39. ISIS-4 Collaborative Group. A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995; 345:669-685.
40. Genoni M, Malacrida R, Sessa F, Siegrist P, Maggioni AP, Moccetti T, for the ISIS-Switzerland Study Group. Long-term safety of an early ACE-inhibitor treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the 3 year follow-up period of 696 Swiss patients randomized to the ISIS-4 trial. Z Kardiol. 2000;89:81-83.
41. Swedberg K, Kjekshus J, Snapinn S, for the CONSENSUS investigators. Long-term survival in severe heart failure in patients treated with ena-lapril: ten years follow-up of CONSENSUS I. Eur Heart J. 1999;20: 136-139.
42. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17:1-12.
43. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons; 2009:277-292.
44. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000;56:455-463.
45. Rosenthal R. The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychol Bull. 1979;86:638-641.
46. Orwin RG. A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. J Educ Stat. 1983;8:157-159.
47. Kostis WJ, Kostis JB. Age-neutral guidelines for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JCH. 2009;11:644-645.