The lessons of the development of the first apa ethics code: Blending science, practice, and politics

Ethics and Behavior

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 466-481

  Joyce, Nicholas R ^a   Rankin, Thomas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

Author keywords

Apa; Critical incident; Ethics; Ethics code; History

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650284904     PISSN: 10508422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2010.521448     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Allport, G. W. (1948). Caution to APA members about advertising. The American Psychologist, 3, 206.
2. American Psychological Association. (1947). Report of the committee on scientific and professional ethics 1946-1947 [Shakow Papers, M1356]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
3. American Psychological Association. (1949). Ethical standards for the distribution of psychological tests and diagnostic aids: A tentative statement for criticism and revision. The American Psychologist, 4, 495-501.
4. American Psychological Association. (1950). Ethical standards for the distribution of psychological tests and diagnostic aids. The American Psychologist, 5, 620-626.
5. American Psychological Association. (1953). Ethical standards for psychologists. Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychological Association. (1958). Standards of ethical behavior for psychologists: Report of the committee on ethical standards of psychologists. American Psychologist, 13, 266-271.
7. American Psychological Association. (1959). Ethical standards for psychologists. American Psychologist, 14, 279-282.
8. American Psychological Association. (1981a). Awards for distinguished professional contributions: 1980. American Psychologist, 36, 52-66.
9. American Psychological Association. (1981b). Ethical principles of psychologists. American Psychologist, 36,633-638.
10. American Psychological Association. (2002a). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
11. American Psychological Association. (2002b). Report of the ethics committee. American Psychologist, 58, 650-657.
12. American Psychological Association. (2008a). Ethics committee public comment solicitation website: Psychological ethics and national security casebook/commentary. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://apaoutside.apa.org/EthicsCSS/Public/ProjectMenu.asp?t=192612&ProjectID=1
13. American Psychological Association. (2008b). Guidelines and principles for accreditation of programs in professional psychology. Washington, DC: Author.
14. Armstrong, C. (1949, March 11). [Letter to Horace English, English Papers, M519]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
15. Backof, J. F., & Martin, C. L. (1991). Historical perspectives: Development of the codes of ethics in the legal, medical and accounting professions. Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 99-110.
16. Benjamin, L. T. (1997). Organized industrial psychology before Division 14: The ACP and the AAAP (1930-1945). Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 459-466.
17. Benjamin, L. T., & Baker, D. B. (2004). From séance to science: A history of psychology in America. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.
18. Bersoff, D. N. (2008). A short history of the development of APA's ethics code. In D. N. Bersoff (Ed.), Ethical conflicts in psychology (pp. 10-13). Baltimore: United Book Press.
19. Bixler, R., & Seeman, J. (1946). Suggestions for a code of ethics for consulting psychologists. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 486-490.
20. Brotemarkle, R. A., & Kinder, E. F. (1937). Organization reports. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1(6), 93-98.
21. Clemens, W. V. (1997). John Clemans Flanagan (1906-1996): Obituary. The American Psychologist, 52, 1375-1376.
22. Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychology. (1949a). Developing a code of ethics for psychologists: A first report of progress. The American Psychologist, 4, 17.
23. Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychology. (1949b, June 25). [Letter to APA membership, Harrower Papers, M3191]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
24. Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics. (1947). Report of Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics [Shakow Papers, M1356]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
25. Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics and Conduct. (1954). Cases and inquiries before the Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics and Conduct. American Psychologist, 9, 806-807.
26. Coxe, W. W. (1939). Tentative report of the committee on professional ethics, American Association for Applied Psychology, September, 1939. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 4, 24-26.
27. Creegan, R. F. (1958). Concerning professional ethics. American Psychologist, 13, 272-275.
28. Dashiell, J. (1956). A contrary opinion-And a reassurance: Comment. American Psychologist, 11, 289.
29. David, H. P. (1948). Advertising in telephone directories. American Psychologist, 3, 206.
30. DePalma, N. (1961). Professional ethics: Another look. The American Psychologist, 16, 199-200.
31. DePalma, N., & Drake, R. M. (1956). Professional ethics for graduate students in psychology. American Psychologist, 11, 554-557.
32. Discussion on ethics. (1952). American Psychologist, 7, 425-455.
33. Doll, E. (1946). The divisional structure of the APA. American Psychologist, 1, 336-345.
34. Doll, E. (1949a, February 10). [Letter to Horace English, Doll Papers, M222]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
35. Doll, E. (1949b, April 1). [Letter to Horace English, Doll Papers, M222]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
36. English, H. B. (1941). Fundamentals and fundamentalism in the preparation of applied psychologists. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 5, 1-13.
37. English, H. B. (1947). [Letter to Edward Tolman, English Papers, M526]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
38. English, H. B. (1948). [Letter to members of Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics, Doll Papers, M222]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
39. English, H. B. (1949a, February 10). [Letter to J. J. LaMalfa, Doll Papers, M222]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
40. English, H. B. (1949b, March 7). [Letter to members of Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics, Doll Papers, M222]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
41. English, H. B. (1949c, March 7). [Letter to Clairette P. Armstrong, English Papers, M526]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
42. English, H. B. (1950, June 23). [Letter to Thelma Brown, English Papers, M525]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
43. Fagan, T. K. (2000). Hobbs, Nicholas. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 135-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
44. Farberman, R. (2007). Council extends its stance on torture. Monitor on Psychology, 38, 14.
45. Fishbein, M. (1948, December 13). Medicine: Mental quacks. Time, 52(24). Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799496,00.html
46. Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327-358.
47. Golann, S. (1970). Ethical standards for psychology: Development and revision, 1938-1968. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 169, 398-405.
48. Hackman, R. C. (1952). Comments on the training of graduate students in ethics in psychology. American Psychologist, 7, 429-430.
49. Hanson, A. (n.d.). [Letter to Dael Wolfe, English Papers, M519). Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
50. Harris, A. J. (1947). Ethical practices in vocational guidance. Occupations, 25, 528-529.
51. Harris, D. H. (1946, December 18). [Letter to NVGA Ethical Practices Committee, Harris Papers, M3610]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
52. Harris, D. H. (1948, November 27). [Letter to Nicholas Hobbs, Harris Papers, M3610]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
53. Hobbs, N. (1948a). The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology. The American Psychologist, 3, 80-84.
54. Hobbs, N. (1948b, November 3). [Letter to Daniel Harris, Harris Papers, M3610]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
55. Hobbs, N. (1949, January 25). [Letter to Horace English, English Papers, M519). Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
56. Hopkins Syndicate (n.d.). [Promotional flyer for George W. Crane, Ph.D., M.D.]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
57. Jones, S. E. (2000). Ethics: An overview. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 239-242). New York: Oxford University Press.
58. Joyce, N., & Baker, D. (2008). Applying technology to phrenology. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6), 22-23.
59. Kirkpatrick, F. H. (1942). Psychological racketeers. Personnel Journal, 20, 283-286.
60. Loevinger, J. (1948). Professional ethics for women psychologists. The American Psychologist, 3, 551.
61. Louttit, C. M. (1944). Psychology during the war and afterward. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 8, 1-7.
62. Luckey, B. M. (1941). Resume of Pennsylvania round table on licensing of psychologists. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 5, 78-79.
63. Mallen, M. J., Vogel, D. L., & Rochlen, A. B. (2005). The practical aspects of online counseling: Ethics, training, technology, and competency. The Counseling Psychologist, 33, 776-818.
64. Minnesota Society for Applied Psychology. (1947). A proposal for a code of ethics for professional psychologists. American Psychologist, 2, 246.
65. Napoli, D. S. (1981). Architects of adjustment: The history of the psychological profession in the United States. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
66. National Vocational Guidance Association. (1941). Criteria for appraising a vocational guidance agency. Occupations, 20, 83-88.
67. National Vocational Guidance Association. (1947). Minimum standards for vocational guidance. Occupations, 25, 527.
68. O'Donnell, J. M. (1979). The crisis of experimentalism in the 1920s: E. G. Boring and his uses of history. American Psychologist, 34, 289-295.
69. Pigman, W., & Carmichael, E. B. (1950). An ethical code for scientists. Science, 111, 643-647.
70. Pope, K. S., & Vetter, V. A. (1992). Ethical dilemmas encountered by members of the American Psychological Association: A national survey. American Psychologist, 47, 397-411.
71. Preston, A. M., Cooper, D. J., Scarbrough, D. P., & Chilton, R. C. (1995). Changes in the code of ethics of the U.S. accounting profession, 1917 and 1988: The continual quest for legitimation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20, 507-546.
72. Sargent, H. (1945). Professional ethics and the problems of therapy. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 40, 47-60.
73. Seashore, C. E. (1922). Psychology as a career. Science, 55(1424), 381-384.
74. Shakow, D. (1947, December 19). [Letter to E. C. Tolman, Shakow Papers, M1356]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
75. Shoben, E. J. (1948). Private clinicians in Los Angeles. American Psychologist, 3, 127-132.
76. Smith, M. B. (1994). Stuart W. Cook (1913-1993): Obituary. American Psychologist, 6, 521-522.
77. Sokal, M. (1992). Origins and early years of the American Psychological Association, 1890-1906. American Psychologist, 47, 111-122.
78. Sox, H. C. (2007). The ethical foundations of professionalism. Chest, 131, 1532-1540.
79. Sutich, A. (1944). Toward a professional code for psychological consultants. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 39, 329-350.
80. Thorne, F. C. (1956). Psychologists, heal thyselves! American Psychologist, 11, 152.
81. Tolman, E. C. (1947, October 21). [Letter to D. Shakow, Shakow Papers, M1356]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.
82. Voskuijl, O., & Evers, A. (2007). Tensions between the prescriptive and descriptive ethics of psychologists. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 279-291.
83. Wrenn, C. G. (1946, October 25). [Letter to Daniel Harris, Harris Papers, M3610]. Archives of the History of American Psychology, Akron, Ohio.