From neuronal activity to scalp potential fields

Electrical Neuroimaging

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-24

  Brandeis, Daniel ^a,b   Michel, Christoph M ^c   Amzica, Florin ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS; NEURAL NETWORKS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL PROCESSING;

DIFFERENT FREQUENCY; FREQUENCY DOMAINS; HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION; HUMAN BRAIN FUNCTIONS; MACROSCOPIC LEVELS; NEURONAL ACTIVITIES; PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES; SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION;

BRAIN;

EID: 78650284494     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511596889.002     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Berger H. Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 1929;87:527-570.
2. Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva F. Electroencephalography. Philadelphia: LippincottWilliams &Wilkins; 2005.
3. Kandel ER. Principles of Neural Science. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000.
4. Zschocke S. Klinische Elektroenzephalographie. Berlin: Springer; 1995.
5. Nunez PL, Srinivasan R. Electric Fields of the Brain. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
6. Lehmann D. Principles of spatial analysis. In Remond A, Gevins A (eds.), Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Vol. 1: Methods of Analysis of Brain Electrical and Magnetic Signals. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987, pp. 309-354.
7. Brandeis D, Lehmann D. Event-related potentials of the brain and cognitive processes: approaches and applications. Neuropsychologia 1986;24:151-168.
8. Lehmann D, SkrandiesW. Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1980;48:609-621.
9. Lehmann D, OzakiH, Pal I. Averaging of spectral power and phase via vector diagram best fits without reference electrode or reference channel. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1986;64:350-363.
10. Lehmann D, Michel CM. Intracerebral dipole source localization for FFT power maps. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1990;76:271-276.
11. Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Trinath T, Oeltermann A. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 2001;412:150-157.
12. Henze DA, Borhegyi Z, Csicsvari J et al. Intracellular features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo. Journal of Neurophysiology 2000;84:390-400.
13. Scherg M, Von Cramon D. A new interpretation of the generators of BAEP waves I-V: Results of a spatio-temporal dipole model. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1985;62: 290-299.
14. Gobbele R, Buchner H, Scherg M, Curio G. Stability of high-frequency (600 Hz) components in human somatosensory evoked potentials under variation of stimulus rate-evidence for a thalamic origin. Clinical Neurophysiology 1999; 110:1659-1663.
15. Steriade M, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 1993; 262:679-685.
16. Bragin A, Wilson CL, Staba RJ et al. Interictal high-frequency oscillations (80-500Hz) in the human epileptic brain: entorhinal cortex. Annals of Neurology 2002;52:407-415.
17. Jirsch JD, Urrestarazu E, LeVan P et al. High-frequency oscillations during human focal seizures. Brain 2006;129:1593-1608.
18. Shah AS, Bressler SL, Knuth KH et al. Neural dynamics and the fundamental mechanisms of event-related brain potentials. Cerebral Cortex 2004;14:476-483.
19. Murakami S, Okada Y. Contributions of principal neocortical neurons to magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography signals. Journal of Physiology 2006;575:925-936.
20. Mitzdorf U. Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena. Physiological Reviews 1985;65:37-100.
21. Schroeder C, Mehta A, Givre S. A spatiotemporal profile of visual system activation revealed by current source density analysis in the awake macaque. Cerebral Cortex 1998;8:575-592.
22. Ulbert I, Heit G, Madsen J, Karmos G, Halgren E. Laminar analysis of human neocortical interictal spike generation and propagation: current source density and multiunit analysis in vivo. Epilepsia 2004; 45 Suppl. 4:48-56.
23. Tenke CE, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC, Vaughan HG, Jr. Interpretation of high-resolution current source density profiles: a simulation of sublaminar contributions to the visual evoked potential. Experimental Brain Research 1993;94:183-192.
24. Steinschneider M, Tenke CE, Schroeder CE et al. Cellular generators of the cortical auditory evoked potential initial component. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1992;84: 196-200.
25. Megevand P, Quairiaux C, Lascano AM, Kiss JZ, Michel CM. A mouse model for studying large-scale neuronal networks using EEG mapping techniques. Neuroimage 2008;42:591-602.
26. Scherg M, Vajsar J, Picton TW. A source analysis of the late human auditory evoked potential. J Cogn Neurosci 1989;1:336-355.
27. Hämäläinen MS, Hari R, Ilmoniemi RJ, Knuutila JE, Lounasmaa OV. Magnetoencephalography-theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain. Review of Modern Physics 1993;65: 413-497.
28. Ioannides AA, Fenwick PBC. Imaging cerebellum activity in real time with magnetoencephalographic data. Progress in Brain Research 2004;148:139-150.
29. Martin T, Houck JM, Pearson Bish J et al. MEG reveals different contributions of somatomotor cortex and cerebellum to simple reaction time after temporally structured cues. Human Brain Mapping 2006;27:552-561.
30. Timmermann L, Gross J, Dirks M et al. The cerebral oscillatory network of parkinsonian resting tremor. Brain 2002; 126:199-212.
31. Attal Y, Bhattacharjee M, Yelnik J et al. Modeling and detecting deep brain activity with MEG & EEG. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2007;2007:4937-4940.
32. Lantz G, Grave de Peralta R, Gonzalez S, Michel CM. Noninvasive localization of electromagnetic epileptic activity. II. Demonstration of sublobar accuracy in patients with simultaneous surface and depth recordings. Brain Topography 2001;14:139-147.
33. Michel CM, Lantz G, Spinelli L et al. 128-channel EEG source imaging in epilepsy: clinical yield and localization precision. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 2004;21:71-83.
34. Smith DB, Sidman RD, Henke JS et al. Scalp and depth recordings of induced deep cerebral potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1983;55:145-150.
35. Lai Y, van Drongelen W, Ding L et al. Estimation of in vivo human brain-toskull conductivity ratio from simultaneous extra-and intra-cranial electrical potential recordings. Clinical Neurophysiology 2005; 116:456-465.
36. Grieve PG, Emerson RG, Fifer WP, Isler JR, Stark RI. Spatial correlation of the infant and adult electroencephalogram. Clinical Neurophysiology 2003;114:1594-1608.
37. Lantz G, HolubM, Ryding E, Rosen I. Simultaneous intracranial and extracranial recording of interictal epileptiform activity in patients with drug resistant partial epilepsy: patterns of conduction and results from dipole reconstructions. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1996;99:69-78.
38. Nayak D, Valentin A, Alarcon G et al. Characteristics of scalp electrical fields associated with deep medial temporal epileptiform discharges. Clinical Neurophysiology 2004;115:1423-1435.
39. Tao JX, Ray A, Hawes-Ebersole S, Ebersole JS. Intracranial EEG substrates of scalp EEG interictal spikes. Epilepsia 2005;46: 669-676.
40. Zumsteg D, Friedman A, Wennberg RA, Wieser HG. Source localization of mesial temporal interictal epileptiform discharges: Correlation with intracranial foramen ovale electrode recordings. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006;117:562-571.
41. Schevon CA, Cappell J, Emerson R et al. Cortical abnormalities in epilepsy revealed by local EEG synchrony. NeuroImage 2007; 35:140-148.
42. Cooper R, Winter AL, Crow HJ, Walter WG. Comparison of subcortical, cortical and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1965;18:217-228.
43. Kobayashi K, Yoshinaga H, Ohtsuka Y, Gotman J. Dipole modeling of epileptic spikes can be accurate or misleading. Epilepsia 2005;46:397-408.
44. Zhang Y, Ding L, vanDrongelenWet al. A cortical potential imaging study from simultaneous extra-and intracranial electrical recordings by means of the finite element method. Neuroimage 2006; 31:1513-1524.
45. Perez-Borja C, Chatrian GE, Tyce FA, Rivers MH. Electrographic patterns of the occipital lobe in man: a topographic study based on use of implanted electrodes. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1962;14:171-182.
46. Amzica F, Steriade M. Integration of low-frequency sleep oscillations in corticothalamic networks. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Warszawa) 2000;60:229-245.
47. Steriade M, Contreras D. Relations between cortical and thalamic cellular events during transition from sleep patterns to paroxysmal activity. Journal of Neuroscience 1995;15:623-642.
48. Sarnthein J, Morel A, von Stein A, Jeanmonod D.Thalamocortical theta coherence in neurological patients at rest and during a working memory task. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2005;57:87-96.
49. Steriade M, Contreras D, Amzica F. Synchronized sleep oscillations and their paroxysmal developments. Trends in Neuroscience 1994;17:199-208.
50. McCormick DA, Contreras D. On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures. Annual Review of Physiology 2001;63:815-846.
51. Amzica F, Steriade M. Spontaneous and artificial activation of neocortical seizures. Journal of Neurophysiology 1999;82:3123-3138.
52. Walter G.The location of cerebral tumors by electro-encephalography. Lancet 1936; 8:305-308.
53. IFSECN. A glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1974;37:538-548.
54. Kellaway P, Gol A, Proler M. Electrical activity of the isolated cerebral hemisphere and isolated thalamus. Experimental Neurology 1966;14:281-304.
55. Rappelsberger P, Pockberger H, Petsche H.The contribution of the cortical layers to the generation of the EEG: field potential and current source density analyses in the rabbit's visual cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1982;53:254-269.
56. McCormick DA, PapeHC. Properties of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current and its role in rhythmic oscillation in thalamic relay neurones. Journal of Physiology 1990;431:291-318.
57. Leresche N, Jassik-Gerschenfeld D, Haby M, Soltesz I, Crunelli V. Pacemaker-like and other types of spontaneous membrane potential oscillations of thalamocortical cells. Neuroscience Letters 1990;113:72-77.
58. Steriade M, Dossi RC, Nunez A. Network modulation of a slow intrinsic oscillation of cat thalamocortical neurons implicated in sleep delta waves: cortically induced synchronization and brainstem cholinergic suppression. Journal of Neuroscience 1991;11:3200-3217.
59. Nita DA, Steriade M, Amzica F. Hyperpolarisation rectification in cat lateral geniculate neurons modulated by intact corticothalamic projections. Journal of Physiology 2003;552:325-332.
60. Villablanca J. Role of the thalamus in sleep control: sleep-wakefulness studies in chronic diencephalic and athalamic cats. In Petre-Quadens O, Schlag J, eds. Basic Sleep Mechanisms. NewYork: Academic Press; 1974, pp. 51-81.
61. Ball GJ, Gloor P, Schaul N. The cortical electromicrophysiology of pathological delta waves in the electroencephalogram of cats. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1977;43:346-361.
62. Steriade M, Gloor P, Llinas RR, Lopes de Silva FH, Mesulam MM. Report of IFCN Committee on Basic Mechanisms. Basic mechanisms of cerebral rhythmic activities. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1990;76:481-508.
63. Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D. Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous cortical rhythms during brain activation. Journal of Neuroscience 1996;16:392-417.
64. Amzica F, Steriade M. The K-complex: its slow (<1-Hz) rhythmicity and relation to delta waves. Neurology 1997;49:952-959.
65. Achermann P, Borbely AA. Lowfrequency (< 1 Hz) oscillations in the human sleep electroencephalogram. Neuroscience 1997;81:213-222.
66. Molle M, Marshall L, Gais S, Born J. Grouping of spindle activity during slow oscillations in human non-rapid eye movement sleep. Journal of Neuroscience 2002;22:10941-10947.
67. Simon NR, Manshanden I, Lopes da Silva FH. A MEG study of sleep. Brain Research 2000;860:64-76.
68. Massimini M, Rosanova M, Mariotti M. EEG slow (approximately 1 Hz) waves are associated with nonstationarity of thalamo-cortical sensory processing in the sleeping human. Journal of Neurophysiology 2003;89:1205-1213.
69. Steriade M, Nunez A, Amzica F. Intracellular analysis of relations between the slow (< 1 Hz) neocortical oscillation and other sleep rhythms of the electroencephalogram. Journal of Neuroscience 1993;13:3266-3283.
70. Timofeev I, Contreras D, Steriade M. Synaptic responsiveness of cortical and thalamic neurones during various phases of slow sleep oscillation in cat. Journal of Physiology 1996;494 (Pt 1):265-278.
71. Sanchez-Vives MV, McCormick DA. Cellular and network mechanisms of rhythmic recurrent activity in neocortex. Nature Neuroscience 2000;3:1027-1034.
72. Steriade M, Nunez A, Amzica F. A novel slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components. Journal of Neuroscience 1993;13:3252-3265.
73. Contreras D, Timofeev I, Steriade M. Mechanisms of long-lasting hyperpolarizations underlying slow sleep oscillations in cat corticothalamic networks. Journal of Physiology 1996;494 (Pt 1):251-264.
74. Massimini M, Amzica F. Extracellular calcium fluctuations and intracellular potentials in the cortex during the slow sleep oscillation. Journal of Neurophysiology 2001;85:1346-1350.
75. Contreras D, Steriade M. Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships. Journal of Neuroscience 1995;15:604-622.
76. Amzica F, Neckelmann D. Membrane capacitance of cortical neurons and glia during sleep oscillations and spike-wave seizures. Journal of Neurophysiology 1999; 82:2731-2746.
77. Amzica F, Steriade M. Short-and long-range neuronal synchronization of the slow (< 1 Hz) cortical oscillation. Journal of Neurophysiology 1995;73:20-38.
78. Amzica F, Massimini M, Manfridi A. Spatial buffering during slow and paroxysmal sleep oscillations in cortical networks of glial cells in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience 2002;22:1042-1053.
79. Amzica F, Massimini M. Glial and neuronal interactions during slow wave and paroxysmal activities in the neocortex. Cerebral Cortex 2002;12:1101-1113.
80. Orkand RK, Nicholls JG, Kuffler SW. Effect of nerve impulses on the membrane potential of glial cells in the central nervous system of amphibia. Journal of Neurophysiology 1966;29:788-806.
81. Kettenmann H, Ransom BR. Electrical coupling between astrocytes and between oligodendrocytes studied in mammalian cell cultures. Glia 1988;1:64-73.
82. Steriade M, Amzica F. Coalescence of sleep rhythms and their chronology in corticothalamic networks. Sleep Research Online 1998;1:1-10.
83. Sarnthein J, Morel A, von Stein A, Jeanmonod D.Thalamocortical theta coherence in neurological patients at rest and during a working memory task. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2005;57:87-96.
84. Ingvar DH, Sjolund B, Ardo A. Correlation between dominant EEG frequency, cerebral oxygen uptake and blood flow. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1976;41: 268-276.
85. Saunders MG, Westmoreland BF. The EEG in evaluation of disorders affecting the brain diffusely. In Klass DW, Daly DD, eds. Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography. NewYork: Raven Press; 1979; pp. 343-379.
86. Tsujimoto T, Shimazu H, Isomura Y. Direct recording of theta oscillations in primate prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Journal of Neurophysiology 2006;95:2987-3000.
87. Raghavachari S, Lisman JE, Tully M et al. Theta oscillations in human cortex during a working-memory task: evidence for local generators. Journal of Neurophysiology 2006;95:1630-1638.
88. Meltzer JA, Zaveri HP, Goncharova, II et al. Effects of working memory load on oscillatory power in human intracranial EEG. Cerebral Cortex 2008;18:1843-1855.
89. Lakatos P, Shah AS, Knuth KH et al. An oscillatory hierarchy controlling neuronal excitability and stimulus processing in the auditory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 2005;94:1904-1911.
90. Green JD, Arduini AA. Hippocampal electrical activity in arousal. Journal of Neurophysiology 1954;17:533-557.
91. Buzsaki G.The hippocampo-neocortical dialogue. Cerebral Cortex 1996;6:81-92.
92. Jouvet M. Paradoxical sleep-a study of its nature and mechanisms. In Akert K, Bally C, Schad'e JP, eds. Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 18, Sleep Mechanisms. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1965, pp. 20-57.
93. Petsche H, Gogolak G, Vanzwieten PA. Rhythmicity of septal cell discharges at various levels of reticular excitation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1965;19:25-33.
94. Petsche H, Stumpf C, GogolakG.The significance of the rabbit's septum as a relay station between the midbrain and the hippocampus.The control of hippocampus arousal activity by septum cells. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1962;14:202-211.
95. Alonso A, Garcia-Austt E. Neuronal sources of theta rhythm in the entorhinal cortex of the rat. I. Laminar distribution of theta field potentials. Experimental Brain Research 1987;67:493-501.
96. Mitchell SJ, Ranck JB, Jr. Generation of theta rhythm in medial entorhinal cortex of freely moving rats. Brain Research 1980; 189:49-66.
97. Boeijinga PH, Lopes da Silva FH. Differential distribution of beta and theta EEG activity in the entorhinal cortex of the cat. Brain Research 1988;448:272-286.
98. Buzsaki G, Czopf J, Kondakor I, Kellenyi L. Laminar distribution of hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) in the behaving rat: current-source density analysis, effects of urethane and atropine. Brain Research 1986;365:125-137.
99. Soltesz I, Deschenes M. Low-and high-frequency membrane potential oscillations during theta activity in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Journal of Neurophysiology 1993;70:97-116.
100. Bland BH, Anderson P, Ganes T. Two generators of hippocampal theta activity in rabbits. Brain Research 1975;94:199-218.
101. Green JD, Maxwell DS, Schindler WJ, Stumpf C. Rabbit EEG "theta" rhythm: its anatomical source and relation to activity in single neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 1960;23:403-420.
102. Winson J. Patterns of hippocampal theta rhythm in the freely moving rat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1974;36:291-301.
103. Fujita Y, Sato T. Intracellular records from hippocampal pyramidal cells in rabbit during theta rhythm activity. Journal of Neurophysiology 1964;27:1012-1025.
104. Nunez A, Garcia-Austt E, Buno W, Jr. Intracellular theta-rhythm generation in identified hippocampal pyramids. Brain Research 1987;416:289-300.
105. Niedermeyer E.The normal EEG of the waking adult. In Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva FH, eds. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins; 2005, pp. 167-192.
106. Andersen P, Andersson SA. Physiological Basis of the Alpha Rhythm. NewYork: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1968.
107. Creutzfeld O, Grünvald G, Simonova O, Schmitz H. Changes of the basic rhythms of the EEG during the performance of mental and visuomotor tasks. In Evans CR, Mulholland TB, eds. Attention in Neurophysiology. London: Butterworth; 1969, pp. 148-168.
108. RayWJ, Cole HW. EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes. Science 1985;228:750-752.
109. Lopes da Silva FH, Van Lierop THMT, Schrijer CFM, Storm Van LeeuwenW. Organization of thalamic and cortical alpha rhythm: spectra and coherences. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1973;35:627-639.
110. Lopes da Silva FH, Storm Van LeeuwenW. The cortical alpha rhythm in dog: depth and surface profile of phase. In Brazier MAB, Petsche H, eds. Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex, IBRO Monograph Series, Vol. 3. New York: New York; 1978, pp. 319-333.
111. Lopes da Silva FH, Vos JE, Mooibroek J, Van Rotterdam A. Relative contributions of intracortical and thalamo-cortical processes in the generation of alpha rhythms, revealed by partial coherence analysis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1980;50:449-456.
112. Morison RS, Bassett DL. Electrical activity of the thalamus and basal ganglia in decorticate cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 1945;8:309-314.
113. Steriade M, Llinas RR. The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay. Physiological Review 1988;68:649-742.
114. Steriade M. Cellular substrates of brain rhythms. In Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva FH, eds. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Related Fields, 5th edn. Baltimore: LippincottWilliams &Wilkins; 2005, pp. 31-84.
115. Jones EG. The Thalamus. New York: Plenum; 1985.
116. Domich L, Oakson G, Deschenes M, Steriade M. Thalamic and cortical spindles during early ontogenesis in kittens. Brain Research 1987;428:140-142.
117. Steriade M, Deschenes M, Domich L, Mulle C. Abolition of spindle oscillations in thalamic neurons disconnected from nucleus reticularis thalami. Journal of Neurophysiology 1985;54:1473-1497.
118. Leung LW, Borst JG. Electrical activity of the cingulate cortex. I. Generating mechanisms and relations to behavior. Brain Research 1987;407:68-80.
119. Steriade M, Domich L, Oakson G, Deschenes M.The deafferented reticular thalamic nucleus generates spindle rhythmicity. Journal of Neurophysiology 1987;57:260-273.
120. Contreras D, Steriade M. Spindle oscillation in cats: the role of corticothalamic feedback in a thalamically generated rhythm. Journal of Physiology 1996;490 (Pt 1):159-179.
121. Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M. Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science 1996; 274:771-774.
122. Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M. Spatiotemporal patterns of spindle oscillations in cortex and thalamus. Journal of Neuroscience 1997; 17:1179-1196.
123. Finelli LA, Borbely AA, Achermann P. Functional topography of the human non REM sleep electroencephalogram. European Journal of Neuroscience 2001;13: 2282-2290.
124. Sanford AJ. A periodic basis for perception and action. In Colquhoun WP, ed. Biological Rhythms and Human Perception. New York: Academic Press; 1971, pp. 179-209.
125. Moruzzi G, Magoun HW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1949;1:455-473.
126. Hu B, Steriade M, Deschenes M.The cellular mechanism of thalamic ponto-geniculo-occipital waves. Neuroscience 1989;31:25-35.
127. McCormick DA, Prince DA. Acetylcholine induces burst firing in thalamic reticular neurones by activating a potassium conductance. Nature 1986;319:402-405.
128. McCormick DA, Wang Z. Serotonin and noradrenaline excite GABAergic neurones of the guinea-pig and cat nucleus reticularis thalami. Journal of Physiology 1991;442:235-255.
129. McCormick DA, Pape HC. Noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current in thalamic relay neurones. Journal of Physiology 1990;431:319-342.
130. Steriade M, Amzica F, Nunez A. Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of the slow (approximately 0.3 Hz) oscillation in neocortical cells. Journal of Neurophysiology 1993;70:1385-1400.
131. Buzsaki G, Bickford RG, Ponomareff G et al. Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. Journal of Neuroscience 1988;8:4007-4026.
132. Bremer F, Stoupel N, Van Reeth PC. Nouvelles recherches sur la facilitation et l'inhibition des potentiels 'evoqu'es corticaux dans l''eveil r'eticulaire. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 1960;98:229-247.
133. Lopes da Silva FH, van Rotterdam A, Storm van LeeuwenW, Tielen AM. Dynamic characteristics of visual evoked potentials in the dog. II. Beta frequency selectivity in evoked potentials and background activity. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1970;29:260-268.
134. FreemanWJ, van Dijk BW. Spatial patterns of visual cortical fast EEG during conditioned reflex in a rhesus monkey. Brain Research 1987;422:267-276.
135. Murthy VN, Fetz EE. Coherent 25-to 35-Hz oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1992;89:5670-5674.
136. Bouyer JJ, Montaron MF, Vahnee JM, Albert MP, Rougeul A. Anatomical localization of cortical beta rhythms in cat. Neuroscience 1987;22:863-869.
137. Freeman WJ. Mass Action in the Nervous System. New York: Academic Press; 1975.
138. Eckhorn R, Bauer R, JordanWet al. Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analyses in the cat. Biological Cybernetics 1988;60:121-130.
139. Engel AK, Konig P, Gray CM, SingerW. Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations in cat visual cortex: inter-columnar interaction as determined by crosscorrelation analysis. European Journal of Neuroscience 1990;2:588-606.
140. Gray CM, Konig P, Engel AK, SingerW. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 1989;338:334-337.
141. Gray CM, Engel AK, Konig P, SingerW. Stimulus-dependent neuronal oscillations in cat visual cortex: receptive field properties and feature dependence. European Journal of Neuroscience 1990; 2:607-619.
142. Gray CM, SingerW. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1989;86:1698-1702.
143. von der Malsburg C, SchneiderW. A neural cocktail-party processor. Biological Cybernetics 1986;54:29-40.
144. Steriade M, Contreras D, Amzica F, Timofeev I. Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous oscillations in intrathalamic and thalamocortical networks. Journal of Neuroscience 1996; 16:2788-2808.
145. Yuval-Greenberg S, Tomer O, Keren AS, Nelken I, Deouell LY. Transient induced gamma-band response in EEG as a manifestation of miniature saccades. Neuron 2008;58:429-441.
146. Llinas RR, Grace AA, Yarom Y. In vitro neurons in mammalian cortical layer 4 exhibit intrinsic oscillatory activity in the 10-to 50-Hz frequency range. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1991;88:897-901.
147. Nunez A, Amzica F, Steriade M. Voltage-dependent fast (20-40 Hz) oscillations in long-axoned neocortical neurons. Neuroscience 1992;51:7-10.
148. Steriade M, Dossi RC, Pare D, Oakson G. Fast oscillations (20-40 Hz) in thalamocortical systems and their potentiation by mesopontine cholinergic nuclei in the cat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1991; 88:4396-4400.
149. Cunningham ET, Jr., Levay S. Laminar and synaptic organization of the projection from the thalamic nucleus centralis to primary visual cortex in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1986;254:66-77.
150. Chagnac-Amitai Y, Connors BW. Synchronized excitation and inhibition driven by intrinsically bursting neurons in neocortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 1989;62:1149-1162.
151. Steriade M, Amzica F. Intracortical and corticothalamic coherency of fast spontaneous oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1996;93:2533-2538.
152. Llin'as RR. Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function. Fidia Research Foundation Neuroscience Award Lectures. New York: Raven Press; 1990, pp. 175-194.
153. Seigneur J, Kroeger D, Nita DA, Amzica F. Cholinergic action on cortical glial cells in vivo. Cerebral Cortex 2006;16:655-668.