Confusion and Incoherence in the Classification of Personality Disorder: Commentary on the Preliminary Proposals for DSM-5

Psychological Injury and Law

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 304-313

  Livesley, W John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Critique; DSM 5; Personality disorder

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650273317     PISSN: 1938971X     EISSN: 19389728     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12207-010-9094-8     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition [DSM-IV]). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th text revision [IV-TR]). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2010). Proposed draft revisions to DSM disorders and criteria. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Available from: http://www. dsm5. org/Pages/Default. aspx. Accessed 12 November 2010.
4. Andrews, G., Slade, T., & Peters, L. (1999). Classification in psychiatry: ICD-10 versus DSM-IV. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 3-5.
5. Austin, E. J., & Deary, I. J. (2000). The "four As:" A common framework for normal and abnormal personality? Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 977-995.
6. Bernstein, D. P., Iscan, C., & Maser, J. (2007). Opinions of personality disorder experts regarding the DSM-IV personality disorders classification system. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 536-551.
7. Blashfield, R. K., & Livesley, W. J. (1991). A metaphorical analysis of psychiatric classification as a psychological test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 262-270.
8. Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 227-257.
9. Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P., Roberts, A., & Ullrich, S. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423-431.
10. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993).
11. Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., South, S. C., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. Contrasting prototypes and dimension in the classification of personality pathology: Evidence that dimensions, but not prototypes, are robust. Psychological Medicine (in press).
12. Ekselius, L., Lindstrom, E., von Knorring, L., Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1994). A principal component analysis of the DSM-III-R axis II personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8, 140-148.
13. Goldberg, D. (2010). Should our major classifications of mental disorders be revised? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 255-256.
14. Haslam, N. The latent structure of personality and psychopathology: A review of trends in taxometric research. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice (in press).
15. Helzer, J. E., Kraemer, H. C., Krueger, R. F., Wittchen, H., Sirovatka, P. J., & Regier, D. A. (2008). Dimensional approaches to diagnostic classification. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
16. Hyman, S. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: The problem of reification. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 155-179.
17. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Kendell, R. E. (1975). The role of diagnosis in psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell.
19. Kraemer, H. C. (2010). Concepts and methods for researching categories and dimensions in psychiatric diagnosis. In T. Millon, R. F. Krueger, & E. Simonsen (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology (pp. 337-349). New York: Guilford Press.
20. Krueger, R. F., & Eaton, N. R. (2010). Personality traits and the classification of mental disorders: Toward a more complete integration in DSM-5 and an empirical model of psychopathology. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 97-118.
21. Livesley, W. J. (2003). Diagnostic dilemmas in the classification of personality disorder. In K. Phillips, M. First, & H. A. Pincus (Eds.), Advancing DSM: Dilemmas in psychiatric diagnosis (pp. 153-189). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
22. Livesley, W. J. The current state of personality disorder classification: Introduction to the special feature. Journal of Personality Disorders (in press a).
23. Livesley, W. J. An empirically-based classification of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders (in press b).
24. Livesley, W. J., & Jackson, D. N. (1992). Guidelines for developing, evaluating, and revising the classification of personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 609-618.
25. Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., Jackson, D. N., & Jang, K. L. (1994). Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: implication for classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 6-17.
26. Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., & Vernon, P. A. (1998). The phenotypic and genetic architecture of traits delineating personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 941-948.
27. Mulder, R. T., & Joyce, P. R. (1997). Temperament and the structure of personality disorder symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1315-1325.
28. Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
29. Schneider, K. (1959). Clinical psychopathology (Transl. M. W. Hamilton). New York: Grune & Stratton.
30. Schwartz, M. A., Wiggins, O. P., & Notko, M. (1989). Prototypes, ideal types, and the return to classical psychiatry. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3, 1-9.
31. Shedler, J., Beck, A., Fonagy, P., Gabbard, G. O., Gunderson, J., Kernberg, O., et al. (2010). Personality disorders in DSM-5. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1026-1028.
32. Skinner, H. A. (1981). Toward the integration of classification theory and methods. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 68-87.
33. Skinner, H. A. (1986). Construct validity approach to psychiatric classification. In T. Millon & G. L. Klerman (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Towards DSM-IV. New York: Guilford Press.
34. Skodol, A. S., Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., Clark, L. A., Oldham, J. M., Alarcon, R. D., et al. Personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders (in press).
35. Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (2001). Generalized anxiety disorder: Discrepant diagnoses and associated disability. Social Psychiatry and Epidemiology, 36, 45-51.
36. nd ed.). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
37. Trull, T., & Durrett, C. (2005). Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 355-380.
38. Tyrer, P. (1988). What's wrong with DSM-III personality disorders? Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 281-291.
39. Verheul, R., & Widiger, T. A. (2004). A meta-analysis of the prevalence and usage of personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS). Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 309-319.
40. Westen, D., & Arkowitz-Westen, L. (1998). Limitations of Axis II in diagnosing personality pathology in clinical practice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1767-1771.
41. Widiger, T. A. (1993). The DSM-III-R categorical personality disorder diagnoses: A critique and an alternative. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 75-90.
42. Widiger, T. A. The DSM-5 dimensional model of personality disorder: Rationale and empirical support. Journal of Personality Disorders (in press).
43. Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 110-130.
44. Widiger, T. A., Simonsen, E., Sirovatka, P. J., & Regier, D. A. (2006). Dimensional models of personality disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
45. Wiggins, O. P., & Schwartz, M. A. (1991). Research into personality disorders: The alternatives of dimensions and ideal types. Journal of Personality Disorders, 5, 69-81.
46. Zimmerman, M. A critique of the proposed prototype rating system for personality disorders in DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders (in press).
47. Zimmerman, M., Rothchild, L., & Chelminski, I. (2005). The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911-1918.