Functional Neurologic Symptoms: Assessment and Management

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-18

  Stone, Jon ^a   Carson, Alan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b ASTLEY AINSLIE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conversion disorder; Dissociative motor disorder; Functional weakness; Hysteria; Nonorganic; Pseudoneurological; Psychogenic

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ANXIETY; ASTHMA; BACKACHE; CONVERSION DISORDER; COUGHING; DEPRESSION; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; DYSMENORRHEA; DYSPHONIA; DYSTONIA; FACTITIOUS DISEASE; FIBROMYALGIA; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; GAIT DISORDER; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPOCHONDRIASIS; IRRITABLE COLON; LYME DISEASE; MALINGERING; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME; MYOCLONUS; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NOMENCLATURE; NONCARDIAC CHEST PAIN; PATIENT EDUCATION; PELVIS PAIN SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SOMATIZATION; SPEECH ARTICULATION; TREMOR; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; WEAKNESS;

ADULT; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 78650242434     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2010.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Stone J., LaFrance W.C., Levenson J.L., et al. Issues for DSM-5: conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:626-627.
2. Friedman J.H., LaFrance W.C. Psychogenic disorders: the need to speak plainly. Arch Neurol 2010, 67:753-755.
3. Espay A.J., Goldenhar L.M., Voon V., et al. Opinions and clinical practices related to diagnosing and managing patients with psychogenic movement disorders: an international survey of Movement Disorder Society members. Mov Disord 2009, 24:1366-1374.
4. Crimlisk H.L., Bhatia K., Cope H., et al. Slater revisited: 6 year follow up study of patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms. BMJ 1998, 316:582-586.
5. Stone J., Carson A., Duncan R., et al. Symptoms 'unexplained by organic disease' in 1144 new neurology out-patients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up?. Brain 2009, 132:2878-2888.
6. Carson A, Stone J, Hibberd C. et al. Disability, distress and unemployment in neurology outpatients with symptoms 'unexplained by disease'. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, in press.
7. Sharpe D., Faye C. Non-epileptic seizures and child sexual abuse: a critical review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2006, 26:1020-1040.
8. Binzer M., Andersen P.M., Kullgren G. Clinical characteristics of patients with motor disability due to conversion disorder: a prospective control group study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997, 63:83-88.
9. Roelofs K., Spinhoven P., Sandijck P., et al. The impact of early trauma and recent life-events on symptom severity in patients with conversion disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005, 193:508-514.
10. Cojan Y., Waber L., Carruzzo A., et al. Motor inhibition in hysterical conversion paralysis. Neuroimage 2009, 47:1026-1037.
11. Vuilleumier P., Chicherio C., Assal F., et al. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of hysterical sensorimotor loss. Brain 2001, 124:1077-1090.
12. Espay A.J., Morgante F., Purzner J., et al. Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia. Ann Neurol 2006, 59:825-834.
13. Sharpe M., Stone J., Hibberd C., et al. Neurology out-patients with symptoms unexplained by disease: illness beliefs and financial benefits predict 1-year outcome. Psychol Med 2010, 40:689-698.
14. Stone J., Warlow C., Sharpe M. The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients. Brain 2010, 133:1537-1551.
15. Hallett M., Fahn S., Jankovic J., et al. Psychogenic movement disorders 2006, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
16. Hallett M. Physiology of psychogenic movement disorders. J Clin Neurosci 2010, 17:959-965.
17. Schrag A., Trimble M., Quinn N., et al. The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain 2004, 127:2360-2372.
18. Lempert T., Brandt T., Dieterich M., et al. How to identify psychogenic disorders of stance and gait. A video study in 37 patients. J Neurol 1991, 238:140-146.
19. Baik J.S., Lang A.E. Gait abnormalities in psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord 2007, 22:395-399.
20. Keane J.R. Triplopia: thirteen patients from a neurology inpatient service. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:388-389.
21. Chen C.S., Lee A.W., Karagiannis A., et al. Practical clinical approaches to functional visual loss. J Clin Neurosci 2007, 14:1-7.
22. Ruotsalainen J.H., Sellman J., Lehto L., et al. Interventions for treating functional dysphonia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 3. CD006373.
23. Schmidtke K., Pohlmann S., Metternich B. The syndrome of functional memory disorder: definition, etiology, and natural course. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008, 16:981-988.
24. Kapur N. The coin-in-the-hand test: a new " bed-side" test for the detection of malingering in patients with suspected memory disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:385-386.
25. Kanaan R., Armstrong D., Barnes P., et al. In the psychiatrist's chair: how neurologists understand conversion disorder. Brain 2009, 132:2889-2896.
26. Sharpe M. Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders. Malingering and illness deception 2003, Oxford: OUP. P.W. Halligan, C. Bass, D.A. Oakley (Eds.).
27. Stone J., Hewett R., Carson A., et al. The 'disappearance' of hysteria: historical mystery or illusion?. J R Soc Med 2008, 101:12-18.
28. Stone J., Smyth R., Carson A., et al. Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and " hysteria" BMJ 2005, 331:989.
29. McKenzie P., Oto M., Russell A., et al. Early outcomes and predictors in 260 patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks. Neurology 2010, 74:64-69.
30. Stone J., Sharpe M., Rothwell P.M., et al. The 12 year prognosis of unilateral functional weakness and sensory disturbance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003, 74:591-596.
31. Jankovic J., Vuong K.D., Thomas M. Psychogenic tremor: long-term outcome. CNS Spectr 2006, 11:501-508.
32. Carton S., Thompson P.J., Duncan J.S. Non-epileptic seizures: patients' understanding and reaction to the diagnosis and impact on outcome. Seizure 2003, 12:287-294.
33. Goldstein L.H., Chalder T., Chigwedere C., et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a pilot RCT. Neurology 2010, 74(24):1986-1994.
34. Allen L.A., Woolfolk R.L., Escobar J.I., et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for somatization disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166(14):1512-1518.
35. Reuber M., Burness C., Howlett S., et al. Tailored psychotherapy for patients with functional neurological symptoms: a pilot study. J Psychosom Res 2007, 63:625-632.
36. Abbass A., Kisely S., Kroenke K. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for somatic disorders. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychother Psychosom 2009, 78:265-274.
37. Moene F.C., Spinhoven P., Hoogduin K.A., et al. A randomised controlled clinical trial on the additional effect of hypnosis in a comprehensive treatment programme for in-patients with conversion disorder of the motor type. Psychother Psychosom 2002, 71:66-76.
38. LaFrance W.C., Keitner G.I., Papandonatos G.D., et al. Pilot pharmacologic randomized controlled trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology 2010, 75:1166-1173.
39. O'Malley P.G., Jackson J.L., Santoro J., et al. Antidepressant therapy for unexplained symptoms and symptom syndromes. J Fam Pract 1999, 48:980-990.