Optimizing the design and deployment of stationary combined heat and power fuel cell systems for minimum costs and emissions - Part I: Model design

Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Colella, Whitney G ^a   Schneider, Stephen H ^b   Kammen, Daniel M ^c   Jhunjhunwala, Aditya ^d   Teo, Nigel ^d  

^a SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d Stanford University   (United States)

Author keywords

carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions; cogeneration; combined heat and power (CHP); cost; distributed energy systems; electricity load following (ELF); fixed heat to power ratio (FHP); fuel cell system (FCS); greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs); heat load following (HLF); heat recovery; low voltage electricity distribution networks; maximizing emission reduction and economic saving simulator (MERESS) optimization tool; networked (NW); networks; no load following (NLF); operating strategy; optimization; profitability; stand alone (SA); thermal distribution networks; variable heat to power ratio (VHP)

Indexed keywords

COGENERATION; COMBINED HEAT AND POWER; DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS; ELECTRICITY LOAD FOLLOWING (ELF); EMISSION REDUCTION; FIXED HEAT-TO-POWER RATIO (FHP); FUEL CELL SYSTEM (FCS); HEAT LOADS; HEAT RECOVERY; LOW-VOLTAGE; NETWORKED (NW); NETWORKS; NO LOAD; OPERATING STRATEGY; POWER RATIO; STAND -ALONE; THERMAL DISTRIBUTIONS;

BUILDINGS; CARBON DIOXIDE; COMPUTER SYSTEM RECOVERY; COST REDUCTION; DESIGN; DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER NETWORKS; ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION; ELECTRIC UTILITIES; EMISSION CONTROL; FUEL CELLS; FUEL SYSTEMS; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GASES; INSTALLATION; MANUFACTURE; OPTIMIZATION; PROFITABILITY; RATING; SIMULATORS; THERMAL LOAD; WASTE HEAT;

GAS EMISSIONS;

EID: 78650242371     PISSN: 1550624X     EISSN: 15516989     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1115/1.4001756     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Da Rosa, A.V. 2003, Lecture 3, Fundamentals of Energy Processes EE293A, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Oct. 1.
2. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 1997, Annual Energy Review 1996, U.S. Department of Energy, (EIA Data Series Showing 70% of Available Fuel Energy Going Into Electricity Is Wasted), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2002, National Emissions Inventory, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html
4. Kaiper, G. V., 2003, California Energy Flow 1999, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-ID-18991-99, p. 8.
5. Colella, W. G., Schneider, S. H., and Kammen, D. M., 2008, "Optimization of Novel Distributed Energy Networks to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in California," California Energy Commission (CEC)Public Interest Energy Research (PIER)Report No. CEC-500-200-030.
6. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2007, EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, Dynamometer Drive Schedule Quick View, Testing and Measuring Emissions, U.S. EPA Website, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/emisslab/ methods/quickdds.htm
7. 2007, Stanford Electricity Demand Data 2007, Real-Time Electricity Demand for a Stanford Campus Building, Tresidder Building, Facilities Operations- Utilities Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
8. Colella, W. G., 2002, "Implications of Electricity Liberalization for Combined Heat and Power (CHP] Fuel Cell Systems (FCSs] : A Case Study of the United Kingdom," J. Power Sources, 106, pp. 397-404.
9. Colella, W. G., 2002, "Design Options for Achieving a Rapidly Variable Heatto- Power Ratio in a Combined Heat and Power (CHP] FCS," J. Power Sources, 106, pp. 388-96.
10. FuelCell Energy, 2008, "DFC3000 (2.8 MW)Direct FuelCell Power Plant Applications Guide," Document No. 20610.
11. FuelCell Energy, 2008, DFC1500 (1.4 MW)Direct FuelCell Power Plant Applications Guide, Document No. 20793.
12. Ghezel-Ayagh, H., Leo, A. J., Maru, H., and Farooque, M., 2003, "Overview of Direct Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology and Products Development," ASME First International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Energy, and Technology, Rochester, NY, Apr. 21-23, p. 11.
13. UTC Fuel Cells, 2001, "PC 25TM Model C Fuel Cell Power Plant Design and Application Guide, Revision B," Document No. FCR-15389B.
14. UTC Fuel Cells, 2003, "200 kW On-Site Fuel Cell Power Plant PC25TM Model C Installation Manual," Document No. FCR-13258C.
15. 2005, Stanford Electricity and Heating Demand Data, Real-Time Electricity and Heating Demand Data for Stanford University Campus Buildings, Facilities Operations-Utilities Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
16. Plug Power Inc., 2000, "Plug Power Opens Manufacturing Facility," Press Release, Feb. 14, Latham, NY.
17. Little, A. D., 1995, "Fuel Cells for Building CHP Applications-Cost/ Performance Requirements and Markets," U.S. DOE Office of Building Technologies, Cambridge, MA, Reference No. 42526.
18. Behling, K.-J., 1999, "Perflourionomeric Membrane Materials For PEM Fuel Cells: Commercial Manufacturing Perspectives From One Supplier of One Critical Raw Material," PEM Fuel Cell Technology Conference.
19. Kreutz, T. G., and Ogden, J. M., 2000, "Assessment of Hydrogen-Fueled Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Distributed Generation and CHP," U.S. DOE Hydrogen R&D Program, Contract No. DE-FG01-99EE351000.
20. Seymour, C., 1998, Commercial Acceptability of Solid Polymer Fuel Cell Systems in the Role of Combined Heat and Power Packages, Department of Trade and Industry, London, UK, p. 141.
21. Thomas, C. E., Barbour, J. P., James, B. D., and Lomax, F. D. 1999, "Cost Analysis of Stationary Fuel Cell Systems Including Hydrogen CHP," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Subcontract No. ACG-8-18012-01.
22. Gray, P., 1999, Solid Polymer Fuel Cell Prototype System for Micro-CHP Phase 1: Market, Technical and Economic Study, Department of Trade and Industry, London, UK.
23. Thomas, C. E., Barbour, J. P., James, B. D., and Lomax, F. D., 2000. "Analysis of Utility Hydrogen Systems and Hydrogen Airport Ground Support Equipment," Proceedings of the 1999 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Report No. NREL/CP-570-26938.
24. Lamont, A., 1997, User's Guide to the META.Net Economic Modeling System Version 1.6.8, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
25. Lamont, A., 2001, "Modeling Renewable Penetration Using a Network Economic Model," Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRLID- 142082.
26. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2004, "HOMER: The Micropower Optimization Model," Report No. NREL/FS-710-35406.
27. Stone, C., 2004, private communication.
28. Sexsmith, M., 2004, private communication.
29. Murray, D., 2006, private communication.
30. O'Hare, R., Cha, S. W., Colella, W. G., and Prinz, F. B., 2006, Fuel Cell Fundamentals, 1st ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, p. 280.
31. O'Hare, R., Cha, S. W., Colella, W. G., and Prinz, F. B., 2009, Fuel Cell Fundamentals, 2nd ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
32. MTU, 2004, MTU Presentation, Grove Fuel Cells Science and Technology Conference, Munich, Germany.
33. Colella, W. G., 2003, "Design Considerations for Effective Control of an Afterburner Sub-System in a Combined Heat and Power (CHP] Fuel Cell System (CS), " J. Power Sources, 118, pp. 118-28.
34. Colella W. G., Schneider, S. H., Kammen, D. M., Jhunjhunwala, A., and Teo, N., 2011, "Optimizing the Design and Deployment of Stationary Combined Heat and Power Fuel Cell Systems for Minimum Costs and Emissions-Part II: Model Results," ASME J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol., 8] 2), p. 021002.
35. Devore, J. L., 1995, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 4th ed., International Thomson, New York.
36. Colella, W. G., 2003, "Modeling Results for the Thermal Management Sub- System of a Combined Heat and Power (CHP] Fuel Cell System (FCS), " J. Power Sources, 118, pp. 129-49.
37. Menar, R., 2003, private communication.
38. Coletto, V. J., 2007, private communication.
39. Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., and Jaffe, J., 2007, Corporate Finance, McGraw-Hill, New York/Irwin, New York.
40. Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C., and Allen, F., 2007, Principles of Corporate Finance, McGraw Hill, New York.
41. Canellos, J., 2003, private communication.
42. U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2007, Daily Treasury Yield Curve Rates.
43. Peszko, M., 2007, private communication.
44. Colella, W.G., Niemoth, C., Lim, C., Hein, A. 2005, "Evaluation of the Financial and Environmental Feasibility of a Network of Distributed 200 kWe Cogenerative Fuel Cell Systems on the Stanford University Campus," Fuel Cells, 5, pp. 148-166.
45. Tomashefsky, S., and Marks, M., 2002, "Distributed Generation Strategic Plan," California Energy Commission (CEC), Report No. P700-02-002.
46. Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) Company, 2008, Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP), PSan Francisco, CA, http://www.pge.com/selfgen/
47. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2006, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ dnav/ ng/ng] pri] sum] dcu] SCA] a.htm
48. Working Group III Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. Working Group III Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policy Makers, Bangkok, Thailand, Apr. 20-May 4, Table SPM1, Table SPM2, p. 12; Fig. SPM 5B, p. 13; website: http://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/docs/ FAR/ApprovedSPM0405rev4b.pdf
49. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
50. Atkinson, A. A., Kaplan, R. S., Matsumura, E. M., and Young, S. M., 2006, Management Accounting, Prentice-Hall, New York.
51. Axelrod, R., 1997, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.