Assessing the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in war-exposed youths with and without Criterion A2 endorsement

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 80-87

  Armour, Cherie ^a   Layne, Christopher M ^b   Naifeh, James A ^c   Shevlin, Mark ^a   Duraković Belko, Elvira ^d   Djapo, Nermin ^d   Pynoos, Robert S ^d   Elhai, Jon D ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO   (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

Author keywords

Criterion A2; DSM V; Factorial invariance; PTSD

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EMOTION; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT; HUMAN; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; WAR;

ADOLESCENT; BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 78650229306     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 4th ed.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2010). DSM-5 development. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=165.
3. Armour C., Shevlin M. Testing the dimensionality of PTSD and the specificity of the dysphoria factor. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2010, 15:11-27.
4. Asmundson G.J.G., Frombach I., McQuaid J., Pedrelli P., Lenox R., Stein M.B. Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2000, 38:203-214.
5. Asmundson G., Stapleton J.A., Taylor S. Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters?. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 7:467-475.
6. Bentler P.M. Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107:238-246.
7. Blake D., Weathers F., Nagy L., Kaloupek D., Klauminzer G., Charney D., et al. A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: the CAPS-1. Behavior Therapist 1990, 13:187-188.
8. Boelen P.A., van den Hout M.A., van den Bout J. The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among bereaved individuals: a confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:1377-1383.
9. Breslau N., Kessler R. The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical investigation. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 50:669-704.
10. Brewin C.R., Andrews B., Rose S. Fear, helplessness and horror in posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating DSM-IV Criterion A2 in victims of violent crime. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000, 13:400-509.
11. Creamer M., McFarlane A.C., Burgess P. Psychopathology following trauma: the role of subjective experience. Journal of Affective Disorders 2005, 86:175-182.
12. Coffey S.F., Dansky B.S., Falsetti S.A., Saladin M.E., Brady K.T. Screening for PTSD in a substance abuse sample: psychometric properties of a modified version of the PTSD symptom scale self-report. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1998, 11:393-399.
13. Elhai J.D., Engdahl R.M., Palmieri P.A., Naifeh J.A., Schweinle A., Jacobs G.A. Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with or without reference to a single, worst traumatic event: examining differences in factor structure. Psychological Assessment 2009, 21:629-634.
14. Elhai J.D., Ford J.D., Ruggiero K.J., Frueh C.B. Diagnostic alterations for post-traumatic stress disorder: examining data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and National Survey of Adolescents. Psychological Medicine 2009, 39:1957-1966.
15. Elhai J.D., Kashdan T.B., Frueh B.C. What is a traumatic event?. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 187:189-190.
16. Elhai, J. D., Palmieri, P. A., Biehn, T. L., Frueh, B. C., & Magruder, K. M. (in press). Posttraumatic stress disorder's frequency and intensity ratings are associated with factor structure differences in military veterans. Psychological Assessment.
17. Elklit A., Armour C., Shevlin M. Testing alternative factor models of PTSD and the robustness of the dysphoria factor. Journal of Anxiety Disorder 2010, 24:147-154.
18. Elklit A., Shevlin M. The structure of PTSD symptoms: a test of alternative models using confirmatory factor analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2007, 46:299-313.
19. Foy D.W., Matvig B.T., Pynoos R.S., Camilleri A.J. Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology 1996, 2:133-145.
20. Gregorich S.E. Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework. Medical Care 2006, 44(11, Suppl 3):S78-S94.
21. Harrington T., Newman E. The psychometric utility of two self-report measures of PTSD among women substance users. Addictive Behaviours 2007, 32:2788-2798.
22. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55.
23. Joreskog K., Sorbom D. LISREL 8 user's reference guide 1993, Scientific Software International, Chicago.
24. Keane T.M., Marshall A.D., Taft C.T. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annual Reviews of Clinical Psychology 2006, 2:161-197.
25. Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Acierno R. Should PTSD Criterion A be retained?. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:347-383.
26. Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Freedy J.R., Pelcovitz D., Resick P., Roth S., et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: evaluation of the PTSD construct-criteria A through E. DSM-IV source book 1998, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. T.A. Widiger, A.J. Francis, H.A. Pincus, R. Ross, M.B. First, W. Davis (Eds.).
27. King D.W., Leskin G.A., King L.A., Weathers F.W. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment 1998, 10:90-96.
28. Kutlac M., Layne C.M., Wood J., Saltzman W.S., Stuvland R., Pynoos R.S. Psychological adjustment in war-exposed secondary school students two years after the war: results of a large-scale risk screening survey. Sarajevo 2000: the psychosocial consequences of war. Results of empirical research from the territory of former Yugoslavia 2002, UNICEF, Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. S. Powell, E. Durakovic-Belko (Eds.).
29. Layne C.M., Pynoos R.S., Saltzman W.R., Arslanagic B., Black M., Savjak N., et al. Trauma/Grief-Focused Group Psychotherapy: School-based post-war intervention with traumatized Bosnian adolescents. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 2001, 5:277-290.
30. Layne, C. M., Olsen, J. A., Baker, A. Legerski, J. P., Isakson, B., Pašalić, A., et al. (in press). Unpacking trauma exposure risk factors and differential pathways of influence: predicting post-war mental distress in Bosnian adolescents. Child Development.
31. Layne C.M., Saltzman W.R., Poppleton L., Burlingame G.M., Pasalic A., Durakovic E., et al. Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008, 47:1048-1062.
32. Layne, C. M., Stuvland, R., Saltzman, W. R., Djapo, N., Pynoos, R. S. (1999). War Trauma Screening Index. Unpublished psychological test. University of California, Los Angeles.
33. Layne C.M., Warren J.S., Hilton S., Lin D., Pasalic A., Fulton J., et al. Measuring adolescent perceived support amidst war and disaster: the multi-sector social support inventory. Adolescents and war: how youth deal with political violence 2009, 145-176. Oxford, New York. B.K. Baker (Ed.).
34. Lindblom K.M., Gray M.J. Memory. The encyclopedia of psychological trauma 2008, 423-424. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New Jersey. G. Reyes, J.D. Elhai, J.D. Ford (Eds.).
35. Long M.E., Elhai J.D. Posttraumatic stress disorder's traumatic stressor criterion: history, controversy, clinical and legal implications. Psychological Injury and Law 2009, 2:167-178.
36. Macksoud M.S., Aber J.L. The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development 1996, 67:70-88.
37. Marshall G.N. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom checklist: factor structure and English-Spanish measurement invariance. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:223-230.
38. McNally R.J. Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology 2003, 54:229-252.
39. McDonald S.D., Beckham J.C., Morey R., Marx C., Tupler L.A., Calhoun P.S. Factorial invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms across three veteran samples. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21:309-317.
40. Meredith W., Teresi J.A. An essay on measurement and factorial invariance. Medical Care 2006, 44(11 (Suppl. 3)):S69-S77.
41. Muthén B.O., Muthén L.K. Mplus (Version 5) 2007, Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, California.
42. Naifeh J.A., Elhai J.D., Kashdan T.B., Grubaugh A.L. The PTSD symptom scale's latent structure: an examination of trauma-exposed medical patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:1355-1368.
43. Norris F.H., Slone L.B. The epidimiology of trauma and PTSD. Handbook of PTSD: science and practice 2007, 78-98. Guilford Press, New York. M.J. Friedman, T.M. Keane, P.A. Resick (Eds.).
44. Palm K.M., Strong D.R., MacPherson L. Evaluating symptom expression as a function of posttraumatic stress disorder severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:27-37.
45. Palmieri P.A., Fitzgerald L.F. Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:657-666.
46. Palmieri P.A., Marshall G.N., Schell T.L. Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Cambodian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:207-216.
47. Palmieri P.A., Weathers F.W., Difede J., King D.W. Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD checklist and the clinician administered PTSD scale in disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Centre Ground Zero. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:329-341.
48. Raftery A.E. Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology 1995, 25:111-163.
49. Roemer L., Orsillo S.M., Borkovec T.D., Litz B.T. Emotional response at the time of a potentially traumatizing event and PTSD symptomotology: a preliminary retrospective analysis of the DSM-IV Criterion A2. Journal of Behavioural Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1998, 29:123-130.
50. Schafer J.L., Graham J.W. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:147-177.
51. Simms L.J., Watson D., Doebbeling B.N. Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and non-deployed veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:637-647.
52. Steiger J.H. Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1990, 25:173-180.
53. Steinberg A.M., Brymer M., Decker K., Pynoos R.S. The UCLA PTSD reaction index. Current Psychiatry Reports 2004, 6:96-100.
54. Tucker C., Lewis C. A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 1973, 38:1-10.
55. Weathers F.W., Litz B.T., Huska J.A., Keane T.M. The PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C) 1994, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA.