Disease profile of children under 5 years attending primary health care clinics in a high HIV prevalence setting in South Africa

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 42-52

  Horwood, Christiane ^a   Butler, Lisa M ^b   Vermaak, Kerry ^a   Rollins, Nigel ^a,c   Haskins, Lyn ^a   Nkosi, Phumla ^a   Neilands, Torsten B ^d   Qazi, Shamim ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Child health services; HIV epidemiology; Integrated management of childhood illness; Primary health care; South Africa epidemiology

Indexed keywords

CHILD HEALTH; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; DISEASE PREVALENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GUIDELINE; HEALTH SERVICES; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PNEUMONIA; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; COUGHING; DIARRHEA; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EYE DISEASE; FEVER; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALNUTRITION; MOUTH ULCER; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PARENTAL CONSENT; PATIENT REFERRAL; PNEUMONIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RHINORRHEA; RURAL AREA; SCREENING; SEROPREVALENCE; SKIN DISEASE; SORE THROAT; SOUTH AFRICA; STRIDOR; URBAN AREA;

CHILD HEALTH SERVICES; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COUGH; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE, INTEGRATED; DIARRHEA; EMERGENCIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RESPIRATION DISORDERS; SOUTH AFRICA;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 78650212291     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02672.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Adam T, Mshinda H et al. (2004) Effectiveness and cost of facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Tanzania. Lancet 364, 1583-1594.
2. Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Black RE et al. (2008) What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 371, 417-440.
3. Bradshaw D, Bourne D & Nannan N (2003) What are the leading causes of death among South African Children? MRC Policy Brief No 3, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. (accessed 2 November 2010).
4. Bradshaw D, Chopra M, Kerber K et al. (2008) Every death counts: use of mortality audit data for decision making to save the lives of mothers, babies, and children in South Africa. Lancet 371, 1294-1304.
5. Bryce J, Victora CG, Habicht JP, Black RE & Scherpbier RW (2005) Programmatic pathways to child survival: results of a multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Health Policy and Planning 20 (Suppl. 1), i5-i17.
6. Chopra M, Daviaud E, Pattinson R, Fonn S & Lawn JE (2009a) Saving the lives of South Africa's mothers, babies, and children: can the health system deliver? Lancet 374, 835-846.
7. Chopra M, Lawn JE, Sanders D et al. (2009b) Achieving the health Millennium Development Goals for South Africa: challenges and priorities. Lancet 374, 1023-1031.
8. Department Of Health: South Africa (2004) State of the Province: Limpopo. National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa.
9. Department Of Health: South Africa (2007) HIV and AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South Africa 2007-2011. National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa.
10. Doherty TM, McCoy D & Donohue S (2005) Health system constraints to optimal coverage of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in South Africa: lessons from the implementation of the national pilot programme. African Health Sciences 5, 213-218.
11. Filteau S (2009) The HIV-exposed, uninfected African child. Tropical Medicine & International Health 14, 276-287.
12. Garrib A, Jaffar S, Knight S, Bradshaw D & Bennish ML (2006) Rates and causes of child mortality in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health 11, 1841-1848.
13. Grandin W, Westwood T, Lagerdien K & King MS (2006) Deaths at Red Cross Children's Hospital, Cape Town 1999-2003 - a study of death notification forms. South African Medical Journal 96, 964-968.
14. Horwood C, Vermaak K, Rollins N, Haskins L, Nkosi P & Qazi S (2009a) An evaluation of the quality of IMCI assessments among IMCI trained health workers in South Africa. PLoS ONE 4, e5937.
15. Horwood C, Vermaak K, Rollins N, Haskins L, Nkosi P & Qazi S (2009b) Paediatric HIV management at primary care level: an evaluation of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines for HIV. BMC Pediatrics 9, 59.
16. Horwood C, Voce A, Vermaak K, Rollins N & Qazi S (2009c) Routine checks for HIV in children attending primary health care facilities in South Africa: attitudes of nurses and child caregivers. Social Science and Medicine 65, 1249-1259.
17. Jones SA, Sherman GG & Varga CA (2005) Exploring socio-economic conditions and poor follow-up rates of HIV-exposed infants in Johannesburg, South Africa. AIDS Care 17, 466-470.
18. Liang KY & Zeger SL (1986) Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73, 13-22.
19. Marinda E, Humphrey JH, Iliff PJ et al. (2007) Child mortality according to maternal and infant HIV status in Zimbabwe. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26, 519-526.
20. Mulholland K (2007) Childhood pneumonia mortality - a permanent global emergency. Lancet 370, 285-289.
21. Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P & Dabis F (2004) Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet 364, 1236-1243.
22. Pariyo GW, Gouws E, Bryce J & Burnham G (2005) Improving facility-based care for sick children in Uganda: training is not enough. Health Policy and Planning 20 (Suppl. 1), i58-i68.
23. Rollins N, Little K, Mzolo S, Horwood C & Newell ML (2007) Surveillance of mother-to-child transmission prevention programmes at immunization clinics: the case for universal screening. AIDS 21, 1341-1347.
24. Rowe AK, Onikpo F, Lama M, Osterholt DM, Rowe SY & Deming MS (2009) A multifaceted intervention to improve health worker adherence to integrated management of childhood illness guidelines in Benin. American Journal of Public Health 99, 837-846.
25. Sherman GG, Jones SA, Coovadia AH, Urban MF & Bolton KD (2004) PMTCT from research to reality - results from a routine service. South African Medical Journal 94, 289-292.
26. South African Department Of Health (2002) The Road to Health Chart: guidelines for health workers. Available at: (accessed 20 April 2010).
27. South African Department Of Health (2008) The National HIV and Syphillis Seroprevalence Survey 2007. National Department of Health, Pretoria. Available at: (accessed 20 April 2010).
28. South African Department Of Health & Medical Research Council (2007) South African Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. Pretoria. Available at: (accessed 20 April 2010).
29. Statistics South Africa (2009) Mid-year Population Estimates 2009. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.. (accessed 2 November 2010).
30. Tulloch J (1999) Integrated approach to child health in developing countries. Lancet 354 (Suppl. 2), SII16-SII20.
31. United Nations(2000) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2, Session 55. United Nations Millennium Declaration on 8 September 2000.
32. Van Aardt CJ & Schacht A (2004) Demographic and Statistical Overview: 1994-2004. Department of Social Development, Pretoria, South Africa.
33. Victora CG, Hanson K, Bryce J & Vaughan JP (2004) Achieving universal coverage with health interventions. Lancet 364, 1541-1548.
34. Victora CG, Huicho L, Amaral JJ et al. (2006) Are health interventions implemented where they are most needed? district uptake of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy in Brazil, Peru and the United Republic of Tanzania. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84, 792-801.
35. Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM et al. (2008) Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. New England Journal of Medicine 359, 2233-2244.
36. World Health Organization (2002) IMCI Adaptation Guide, WHO, Geneva. World Health Organization. Available at: (accessed 20 April 2010).
37. World Health Organization (2008) IMCI Chart Booklet for High HIV Settings. WHO, Geneva. Available at: (accessed 20 April 2010).
38. World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, UNAIDS(2009) Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. Progress report 2009. World Health Organization, Geneva.
39. Yeung S, Wilkinson D, Escott S & Gilks CF (2000) Paediatric HIV infection in a rural South African district hospital. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 46, 107-110.
40. Zeger SL & Liang KY (1986) Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 42, 121-130.
41. Zwi KJ, Pettifor JM & Soderlund N (1999) Paediatric hospital admissions at a South African urban regional hospital: the impact of HIV, 1992-1997. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 19, 135-142.