Systematic Review: Estimation of global burden of non-suppurative sequelae of upper respiratory tract infection: Rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 2-11

  Jackson, Stewart J ^a   Steer, Andrew C ^b,c   Campbell, Harry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Glomerulonephritis; Infection; Rheumatic fever; Rheumatic heart disease; Streptococcal infection; Upper respiratory tract

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DATA SET; DEVELOPING WORLD; DISEASE INCIDENCE; DISEASE PREVALENCE; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; RESPIRATORY DISEASE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

AFRICA; ALLERGIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; AUSTRALIA; DEATH; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; FATALITY; HEMATURIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTENSION ENCEPHALOPATHY; INCIDENCE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLE; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NORTH AMERICA; PREVALENCE; PROTEINURIA; RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; REGISTRATION; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; WORLD HEALTH;

NORTH AMERICA; SAHARA;

EID: 78650190051     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02670.x     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Agarwal AK, Yunus M, Ahmad J & Khan A (1995) Rheumatic heart disease in India. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 115, 303-304.
2. Bahadur KC, Sharma D, Shrestha MP et al. (2003) Prevalence of rheumatic and congenital heart disease in schoolchildren of Kathmandu valley in Nepal. Indian Heart Journal 55, 615-618.
3. Baker M, Naing T, Martin D, et al. (2000) The Comparative Epidemiology of Post Streptococcal Diseases in New Zealand: Acute Rheumatic Fever and Acute Glomerulonephritis, in Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases: Entering the New Millenium. ESR, Porirua, pp. 545-547.
4. Berrios X, Quesney F, Morales A, et al. (1986) Acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in an open population: comparative studies of epidemiology and bacteriology. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 108, 535-542.
5. Berrios X, Lagomarsino E, Solar E et al. (2004) Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Chile: 20 years of experience. Pediatric Nephrology 19, 306-312.
6. Bohle A, Wehrmann M, Bogenschutz O et al. (1992) The long-term prognosis of the primary glomerulonephritides. A morphological and clinical analysis of 1747 cases. Pathology, Research and Practice 188, 908-924.
7. Boon NA, Colledge NR & Walker BR (2006) Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine, 20th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
8. Carapetis JR (1998) Ending the heartache: the epidemiology and control of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the Top End of the Northern Territory. PhD Thesis, University of Sydney.
9. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ & Mathews JD (2000) Cumulative incidence of rheumatic fever in an endemic region: a guide to the susceptibility of the population? Epidemiology and Infection 124, 239-244.
10. Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK & Weber M (2005) The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5, 685-694.
11. Carapetis JR, Hardy M, Fakakovikaetau T et al. (2008) Evaluation of a screening protocol using auscultation and portable echocardiography to detect asymptomatic rheumatic heart disease in Tongan schoolchildren. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5, 411-417.
12. Carton J, Daly R & Ramani P (2006) Cardiovascular disease. In: Clinical Pathology, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 65-104.
13. Central Australian RHD Steering Committee (2002) Central Australian Rheumatic Heart Disease Control Program, Commonwealth Report, November 2002. Alice Springs, Dept of Health and Community Services, NT Government, pp. 1-14.
14. Chugh KS, Malhotra HS, Sakhuja V et al. (1987) Progression to end stage renal disease in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)-Chandigarh Study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 10, 189-194.
15. Coppo R, Gianoglio B, Porcellini MG, et al. (1998) Frequency of renal diseases and clinical indications for renal biopsy in children (report of the Italian National Registry of Renal Biopsies in Children). Group of Renal Immunopathology of the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology and Group of Renal Immunopathology of the Italian Society of Nephrology. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 13, 293-297.
16. Currie B & Brewster DR (2001) Childhood infections in the tropical north of Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 37, 326-330.
17. Davidson M, Bulkow LR & Gellin BG (1993) Cardiac mortality in Alaska's indigenous and non-Native residents. International Journal of Epidemiology 22, 62-71.
18. D'Cruz F, Samsudin AT, Hamid MS & Abraham T (1990) Acute glomerulonephritis in Kelantan-a prospective study. Medical Journal of Malaysia 45, 123-130.
19. Denny FW (1987) Acute respiratory infections in children: etiology and epidemiology. Pediatrics in Review 9, 135-146.
20. Eke FU & Eke NN (1994) Renal disorders in children: a Nigerian study. Pediatric Nephrology 8, 383-386.
21. Folger GM, Hajar K, Robida A & Hajar HA (1992) Occurrence of valvular heart disease in acute rheumatic carditis: colour-flow Doppler identification. British Heart Journal 67, 434-438.
22. Gordis L (1985) The virtual disappearance of rheumatic fever in the United States: lessons in the rise and fall of disease. Circulation 72, 1155-1162.
23. Haque KM, Hossain M, Mahmud RS et al. (1992) Epidemiology of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: observations in 15798 children of rural and urban areas, in First national scientific conference on rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. May 4-5, 1992; Dhaka, Bangladesh.
24. Herrera J & Rodríguez-Iturbe B (2003) End-stage renal disease and acute glomerulonephritis in Goajiro Indians. Kidney International Supplement 83, 22-26.
25. Hoy WE, Mathews JD, McCredie DA et al. (1998) The multidimensional nature of renal disease: rates and associations of albuminuria in an Australian Aboriginal community. Kidney International 54, 1296-1304.
26. Ilyas M & Tolaymat A (2008) Changing epidemiology of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in Northeast Florida: a comparative study. Pediatric nephrology 23, 1101-1106.
27. Jaffe WM, Roche Antony HG, Coverdale HA, McAlister HF, Ormiston JA & Greene ER (1988) Clinical evaluation versus Doppler echocardiography in the quantitative assessment of valvular heart disease. Circulation 78, 267-275.
28. Jeng JS, Tang SC & Tip PK (2004) Incidence and etiologies of stroke during pregnancy and puerperium as evidenced in Taiwanese women. Cerebrovasc Disease 18, 290-295.
29. Jose VJ & Gomathi M (2003) Declining prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in rural schoolchildren in India: 2001-2002. Indian Heart Journal 55, 158-160.
30. Khuffash FA, Sharda DC & Majeed HA (1986) Sporadic pharyngitis-associated acute poststreptococcal nephritis. A four-year prospective clinical study of the acute episode. Clinical Pediatrics 25, 181-184.
31. Land MA & Bisno AL (1983) Acute rheumatic fever: a vanishing disease in suburbia. Journal of the American Medical Association 249, 895-898.
32. Lawrence G, Leafasia J, Sheridan J et al. (2005) Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 83, 34-42.
33. Lennon D, Martin D, Wong E, et al. (1988) Longitudinal study of poststreptococcal disease in Auckland; rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, epidemiology and M typing 1981-86. New Zealand Medical Journal 101, 396-398.
34. Lennon D (2004) Acute rheumatic fever in children: recognition and treatment. Paediatric drugs 6, 363-373.
35. Longo-Mbenza B, Bayekula M, Ngiyulu R et al. (1998) Survey of rheumatic heart disease in school children of Kinshasa town. International Journal of Cardiology 63, 287-294.
36. Majeed HA, Yousof AM, Rotta J, et al. (1992) Group A streptococcal strains in Kuwait: a nine-year prospective study of prevalence and associations. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 11, 295-300.
37. Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS et al. (2007) Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. New England Journal of Medicine 357, 470-476.
38. Marijon E, Celermajor DS, Tafflet M et al. (2009) Rheumatic heart disease screening by echocardiography: the inadequacy of world health organisation criteria for optimizing the diagnosis of subclinical disease. Circulation 120, 663-668.
39. Markowitz M (1981) Observations on the epidemiology and preventability of rheumatic fever in developing countries. Clinical Therapeutics 4, 240-251.
40. Miyake CY, Gauvreau K, Tani LY, Sundel RP & Newburger JW (2007) Characteristics of children discharged from hospitals in the United States in 2000 with the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatrics 120, 503-508.
41. Muscatello DJ, O'Grady KA, Neville K, et al. (2001) Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: public health implications of recent clusters in New South Wales and epidemiology of hospital admissions. Epidemiology and Infection 126, 365-372.
42. Myo TH, Thein N, Nyan T & May MK (1992) Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in rural area of Hmawbi and urban Yangon city. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 6, 188-194.
43. Naicker S, Fabian J, Naidoo S, Wadee S, Paget G & Goetsch S (2007) Infection and glomerulonephritis. Seminars in Immunopathology 29, 397-414.
44. Nkgudi B, Robertson KA, Volmink J & Mayosi BM (2006) Notification of rheumatic fever in South Africa-evidence for underreporting by health care professionals and administrators. South African Medical Journal 96, 206-208.
45. Nkomo VT (2007) Epidemiology and prevention of valvular heart disease and infective endocarditis in Africa. Heart 93, 1510-1519.
46. Oner A & Demircin G (1995) Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Turkey. Acta Paediatrica 84, 817-819.
47. Orta N & Moriyon JC (2001) Epidemiology of renal diseases in children in Venezuela. Archivos Venezolanos de Puericultura y Pediatría 64, 76-83.
48. Paar JA, Berrios NM, Rose JD et al. (2010) Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in children and young adults in Nicaragua. The American Journal of Cardiology 105, 1809-1814.
49. Padmavati S (2001) Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in India at the Turn of the Century. Indian Heart Journal 5, 35-37.
50. Pakash J, Saxena RK & Sharma OP (2001) Spectrum of renal diseases in the elderly: single center experience from a developing country. International Urology and Nephrology 33, 227-233.
51. Population Reference Bureau (2010) Data by Geography. Available at: [Accessed March 2010.]
52. Rajajee S (1990) Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis: a clinical, bacteriological and serological study. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 57, 775-780.
53. Rammelkamp CH, Wannamaker LW & Denny FW (1952) The epidemiology and prevention of Rheumatic Fever. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 28, 321-334.
54. Richmond DE & Doak PB (1990) The prognosis of acute post infectious glomerulonephritis in adults: a long-term prospective study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 20, 215-219.
55. Robertson KA, Volmink JA & Mayosi BM (2005) Lack of adherence to the national guidelines on the prevention of rheumatic fever. South African Medical Journal 95, 52-56.
56. Rodriguez-Irturbe B, Garcia R, Rubio L & Cuenca L (1985) Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in the Zulia region. Investigacion Clinica 26, 191-211.
57. Rodriguez-Noriega E, Garcia-Garcia A, Ponce de Leon A, Quintero-Perez NP, Plascencia-Hernandez A & Ortiz-Covarrubias A (1988) Streptococcal infections and their sequelae in the upper respiratory tract. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases Supplement 57, 12-19.
58. Roy S & Stapleton FB (1990) Changing perspectives in children hospitalized with post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. Pediatric Nephrology 4, 585-588.
59. Saksena P, Kapoor VK & Kumar N (1969) Rheumatic fever: clinical and epidemiological considerations. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 36, 1-4.
60. al Sekait MA, al Sweliem AA & Tahir M (1990) Rheumatic heart disease in schoolchildren in western district, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Royal Society of Health 110, 15-16.
61. Shiva F, Far RR & Behjati MR (1994) Acute glomerulonephritis in children. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 44, 116-118.
62. Simon P, Ramee MP, Autuly V et al. (1994) Epidemiology of primary glomerular diseases in a French region: variations according to period and age. Kidney International 46, 1192-1198.
63. Simon P, Ramée MP, Autuly V, et al. (1995) Epidemiology of primary glomerulopathies in a French region. Variations as a function of age in patients. Nephrologie 16, 191-201.
64. Smith TD, Wilkinson V & Kaplan EL (1989) Group A streptococcus-associated upper respiratory tract infections in a day-care center. Pediatrics 83, 380-384.
65. Steer AC & Carapetis JR (2009) Prevention and treatment of rheumatic heart disease in the developing world. Nature Reviews Cardiology 6, 689-698.
66. Streeton CL, Hanna JN, Messer RD & Merianos A (1995) An epidemic of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis among aboriginal children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 31, 245-248.
67. Thakur JS, Negi PC, Ahluwalia SK & Vaidya NK (1996) Epidemiological survey of rheumatic heart disease among school children in the Shimla Hills of northern India: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 50, 62-67.
68. Tibazarwa KB, Vomink JA & Mayosi BM (2008) Incidence of acute rheumatic fever in the world: a systematic review of population based studies. Heart 94, 1534-1540.
69. Vijayalakshmi IB, Mithravinda J & Deva ANP (2008) The efficacy of echocardiographic criterions for the diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the Young 18, 586-592.
70. White AV, Hoy WE & McCredie DA (2001) Childhood post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis as a risk factor for chronic renal disease in later life. Medical Journal of Australia 174, 492-496.
71. WHO Cardiovascular Diseases Unit and Principal Investigators (1992) WHO programme for the prevention of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease in 16 developing countries: report from Phase I (1986-90). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 70, 213-218.
72. World Health Organization (1988) Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease. Report of WHO Study Group. WHO, Geneva.
73. World Health Organization (2005) The Current Evidence for the Burden of Group A Streptococcal Diseases. Available from: [Accessed March 2010.]
74. World Health Organization (2010) WHO Mortality Tables. Available from: [Accessed March 2010.]
75. Yap HK, Chia KS, Murugasu B et al. (1990) Acute glomerulonephritis in Singapore children. Pediatric Nephrology 4, 482-484.
76. Yasaka M, Yokota C, Minematsu K & Yamaguchi T (1998) Pathophysiology and treatment of cardioembolic stroke. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 35, 735-740.
77. Zhang Y, Shen Y, Feld LG & Stapleton FB (1994) Changing pattern of glomerular disease in Beijing Children's Hospital. Clinical Pediatrics 33, 542-547.