Risks and criticisms of forestry-based climate change mitigation and carbon trading

Climate Change and Forests: Emerging Policy and Market Opportunities

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 43-58

  Ebeling, Johannes ^a  

^a EcoSecurities ^*  (United Kingdom)

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EID: 78650175779     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (38)

1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), CDM statistics, 2008 (http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/index.html).
2. This is despite the fact that approximately 40 percent of the historical emissions of CO2 over the last 200 years are from changes in land use and land management, most of which has been deforestation. See Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis (Washington: Island Press, 2005).
3. See press releases and statements of a number of NGOs: "Don't Sink the Climate Treaty (www.birminghamfoe.org.uk/press/Brummies-Build-Bonn-Boat- 2001-07-20.htm);
4. "Sinking the Planet" (www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/climate/news/ bonn-talks-july-2001/19-july.html);
5. www.sinkswatch.org/.
6. J. Sathaye and others, "GHG Mitigation Potential, Costs, and Benefits in Global Forests: A Dynamic Partial Equilibrium Approach", Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 2005;
7. M. Grieg-Gran, "The Cost of Avoiding Deforestation", International Institute for Environment and Development, London, 2006.
8. J. Ebeling and M. Yasue, "Generating Carbon Finance through Avoided Deforestation and Its Potential to Create Climatic, Conservation, and Human Development Benefits", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363 (1498) (2008):1917-24;
9. I. Noble, "Some Notes on Avoided Deforestation in the UNFCCC", World Bank, Washington, 2006.
10. T. Sugiyama and D. S. Liu, "Must Developing Countries Commit Quantified Targets? Time Flexibility and Equity in Climate Change Mitigation", Energy Policy 32(2004):697-704;
11. 2 Emissions; USA in Second Position", press release, June 19, 2007 (www.mnp. nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/index.html).
12. European Commission, "Greenhouse Gas Reduction Pathways in the UNFCCC Process up to 2025", study commissioned by DG Environment, 2003.
13. UNEP Risø Centre, "CDM Pipeline Overview", January 2008 (www.cdm pipeline.org/).
14. K. M. Chomitz, "Baseline, Leakage and Measurement Issues: How Do Forestry and Energy Projects Compare?" Climate Policy 2(2002):35-49.
15. T. K. Rudel and others, "Forest Transitions: Towards a Global Understanding of Land Use Change", Global Environmental Change 15(2005):23-31.
16. Ebeling and Yasue, "Generating Carbon Finance through Avoided Deforestation"
17. L. Aukland, P. Moura Costa, and S. Brown, "A Conceptual Framework and Its Application for Addressing Leakage: The Case of Avoided Deforestation", Climate Policy 3(2003):123-36;
18. E. Niesten and others, "Designing a Carbon Market that Protects Forests in Developing Countries", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A, 360(2002):1875-88.
19. Aukland, Moura Costa, and Brown, "A Conceptual Framework";
20. R. Schwarze, J. Niles, and J. Olander, "Understanding and Managing Leakage in Forest-Based Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Projects", Nature Conservancy, Washington, 2002.
21. K. M. Chomitz, "Baselines for Greenhouse Gas Reductions: Problems, Precedents, Solutions", World Bank, Washington, 1998.
22. Niesten and others, "Designing a Carbon Market"
23. D. Wheeler, "Beyond Pollution Havens", Global Environmental Politics 2(2002):1-10.
24. Greenpeace, "Sinks in the CDM: Do Not Change the 1990 Reference Year!" press release, COP 9, Milan, 2003 (www.greenpeace.org/international/ press/reports/sinks-inthe-cdm-do-not-change).
25. Chomitz, "Baselines for Greenhouse Gas Reductions";
26. J. Ellis and M. Bosi, "Options for Project Emission Baselines", Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Energy Agency, Paris, 1999.
27. S. V. Paltsev, "The Kyoto Protocol: 'Hot Air' for Russia?" Center for Economic Analysis, University of Colorado, 2000.
28. Rudel and others, "Forest Transitions"
29. J. Kill, "Sinks in the Kyoto Protocol: A Dirty Deal for Forests, Forest Peoples and the Climate", Forests and the European Union Resource Network (FERN), Brussels, 2001.
30. See S. Dessai and others, "Challenges and Outcomes at the Ninth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", International Environmental Agreements 5(2005):105-24;
31. P. M. Fearnside, "Saving Tropical Forests as a Global Warming Countermeasure: An Issue That Divides the Environmental Movement", Ecological Economics 39(2001):167-84.
32. J. McCarthy and S. Prudham, "Neoliberal Nature and the Nature of Neoliberalism", Geoforum 35(2004):275-83;
33. P. Bond and R. Dada, eds., Trouble in the Air: Global Warming and the Privatisation of the Atmosphere (Johannesburg: Center for Civil Society, 2005).
34. S. Scherr, A. White, and A. Khare, "For Services Rendered: The Current Status and Future Potential of Markets for the Ecosystem Services Provided by Tropical Forests", ITTO Technical Series (Yokohama: International Tropical Timber Organization, 2004).
35. E. Boyd and others, "The Politics of Afforestation and Reforestation Activities at COP-9", Briefing Note 12 (Norwich, U. K.: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2004).
36. K. Brown and others, "How Do CDM Projects Contribute to Sustainable Development?" Technical Report 16 (Norwich, U. K.: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2004);
37. N. Landell-Mills and I. T. Porras, "Silver Bullet or Fool's Gold? A Global Review of Markets for Forest Environmental Services and Their Impact on the Poor", International Institute for Environment and Development, London, 3y2002.
38. R. A. Houghton, "Tropical Deforestation as a Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions", in Tropical Deforestation and Climate Change, edited by P. Moutinho and S. Schwartzman (Belém and Washington: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia and Environmental Defense, 2005), pp. 13-22.