Nongovernmental organizations and the landmine ban

Landmines and Human Security: International Politics and War's Hidden Legacy

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 51-65

  Rutherford, Kenneth R ^a  

^a MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 78650149281     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (45)

1. According to the Union of International Associations, there are 38, 243 international NGOs working around the world and in a wide range of issue areas. See their Yearbook of International Organizations 1996-1997, which is available at http:/uwww.uia.org/uiastats/stybv196.htm.
2. Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security", in The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein, 33-75 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
3. Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboos", in Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security, 114-152.
4. U. S. Department of State, 1998 Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of State, 1998), 8-9, 11.
5. International Committee for the Red Cross, Landmines Must Be Stopped (Geneva: ICRC, 1998), 16.
6. U. S. Department of State, 1998 Hidden Killers, 9.
7. U. S. Department of State, 1993 Hidden Killers: The Global Problem with Uncleared Landmines (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of State, 1993), 2.
8. The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights, Deadly Legacy (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993), 263.
9. Judy Mayotte, "NGOs and Diplomacy", in Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today, ed. James P. Muldoon Jr., JoAnn Fagot Aviel, Richard Retiano, and Earl Sullivan (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), 167.
10. Susan Reed and Andrea Pawlyna, "A Marine's Reparation: Thanks to a Vietnam Vet, Cambodia Amputees Have New Legs and Jobs", People, December 11, 1995, 103.
11. Statement of Thomas Gebauer, director, Medico International, to the Oslo Landmines NGO-Forum, September 7-10, 1997
12. as quoted in the ICBL report "NGO Forum on Landmines" Oslo, Norway, September 7-10, 1997 (unnumbered pages).
13. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1984), 20-21.
14. Gino Strada, "The Horror of Land Mines", Scientific American (May 1996): 42. It is also argued that most of the landmine victims are women and children
15. (see Donovan Webster, "One Leg, One Life at a Time", New York Times Magazine, January 23, 1994, 33).
16. Patrick M. Blagden, United Nations demining expert, estimates that there may be more than 200 million in "Summary of United Nations Demining", Symposium on Anti-personnel Mines, Montreux, 21-23, April 1993 (Geneva: ICRC), 117. The U. S. Department of State estimates that there are 80-110 antipersonnel mines in sixty-four countries;
17. see their Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis, 1994 Report to the U. S. Congress on the Problem with Uncleared Landmines and the United States Strategy for Debiting and Control, Department of State Publication 10225, December 1994, v.
18. U. S. Department of State, 1993 Hidden Killers, 2.
19. Eric Stover and Dan Charles, "The Killing Minefields of Cambodia", New Scientist, October 19, 1991, 27.
20. International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Landmine Monitor Report 1999, May 1999, 405. Available at http://www.icbl.org/lm/1999/.
21. Patrick Blagden, "The Use of Mines and the Impact of Technology", in Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis, ed. Kevin M. Cahill, 112-123(New York: Basic Books, 1995), 114.
22. Webster, "One Leg, One Life at a Time", 29.
23. America's Defense Monitor, PBS TV, Spring 1994.
24. Laurie H. Boulden, "A Mine Field, Statistically Speaking: The Dangers of Inflating the Problem", Washington Post, February 8, 1998, C2.
25. Mike Croll, The History of Landmines (Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 1998), 131.
26. International Committee for the Red Cross, Anti-personnel Landmines Friend or Foe? A Study of the Military Use and Effectiveness of Anti-personnel mines (Geneva: ICRC, March 1996), 37.
27. ICBL, Landmine Monitor Report 1999, 15.
28. Bernard Shaw, CNN World News Tonight, September 6, 1999.
29. For further information on the role of information technologies in promoting the landmine ban and victim assistance, see Ken Rutherford, "Virtual Activism: Survivors and the Mine Ban Treaty", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (Summer/Fall 2000): 37-43.
30. Ernst B. Haas, "Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes", in International Organization: A Reader, ed. Friedrich Kratochwil and Edward D. Mansfield, 357-405(New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1994), 369.
31. NGO Conference on Antipersonnel Mines, Report of the Final Plenary Session, London, May 26, 1993, 1.
32. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
33. NGO, Report, 1.
34. E-mail interview with Tim Carstairs, Mines Advisory Group, January 31, 2000.
35. Statement by Liz Bernstein, ICBL cocoordinator, to the Panel Presentation and Discussion "Campaigning: Launching National Campaigns, Using the Media, Public Awareness Raising, Coalition Building, and Direct Action", Regional Conference on Landmines, Budapest, Hungary, March 27, 1998.
36. Report: Regional Conference on Landmines, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Budapest, Hungary, March 26-28, 1998, p. 58.
37. James Bandler, "Laureate in a Minefield", Boston Globe Magazine, June 7, 1998, 28.
38. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 115.
39. Statement of Dalma Foldes, ICBL resource coordinator, ICBL 2000 Landmine Monitor Researchers Meeting, Brussels, Belgium, January 30, 2000.
40. Keck and Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, vii-viii.
41. Kathryn Sikkink, "Transnational Politics, International Relations Theory, and Human Rights: A New Model of International Politics is needed to Explain the Politics of Human Rights", Political Science and Politics (September 1998), 519.
42. Every major multilateral arms control agreement in the twentieth century has entailed major power participation in its creation, development, and implementation. See Ken Rutherford, "The Hague and Ottawa Conventions: A Model for Future Weapon Ban Regimes", Nonproliferation Review (Spring-Summer 1999): 36-50.
43. See the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers Web site: www.childsoldiers.org.
44. See the Preparatory Committee for a Global Campaign on Small Arms and Light Weapons Web site: www.prepcom.org.
45. Liz Clegg, "NGOs Take Aim", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January/February 1999), 49.