Pros and cons of medical management of ulcerative colitis

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 227-238

  Navaneethan, Udayakumar ^a   Shen, Bo ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Inflammatory bowel disease; medical treatment; risks and benefits; ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650120480     PISSN: 15310043     EISSN: 15309681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1268249     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Meyers S, Janowitz H D. The natural history of ulcerative colitis: an analysis of the placebo response. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989 11 (1) 33-37
2. Loftus E V. Jr, Silverstein M D., Sandborn W J., Tremaine W J., Harmsen W S., Zinsmeister A R. Ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-1993: incidence, prevalence, and survival. Gut 2000 46 (3) 336-343
3. Kappelman M D., Rifas-Shiman S L., Kleinman K et al. The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 5 (12) 1424-1429
4. Loftus C G., Loftus E V. Jr, Harmsen W S. et al. Update on the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2000. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 (3) 254-261
5. Herrinton L J., Liu L, Lewis J D., Griffin P M., Allison J. Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a Northern California managed care organization, 1996-2002. Am J Gastroenterol 2008 103 (8) 1998-2006
6. Herrinton L J., Liu L, Lafata J E. et al. Estimation of the period prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among nine health plans using computerized diagnoses and outpatient pharmacy dispensings. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 (4) 451-461
7. Sonnenberg A, Chang J. Time trends of physician visits for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States, 1960-2006. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008 14 (2) 249-252
8. Nguyen G C., Tuskey A, Dassopoulos T, Harris M L., Brant S R. Rising hospitalization rates for inflammatory bowel disease in the United States between 1998 and 2004. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 (12) 1529-1535
9. Kappelman M D., Rifas-Shiman S L., Porter C Q. et al. Direct health care costs of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in US children and adults. Gastroenterology 2008 135 (6) 1907-1913
10. Edwards F C., Truelove S C. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1963 4 299-315
11. Moum B, Vatn M H., Ekbom A et al, Southeastern Norway IBD Study Group of Gastroenterologists. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in southeastern Norway: evaluation of methods after 1 year of registration. Digestion 1995 56 (5) 377-381
12. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology 1994 107 (1) 3-11
13. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Nielsen O H., Binder V. Changes in extent of ulcerative colitis: a study on the course and prognostic factors. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996 31 (3) 260-266
14. Sandborn W J., Rutgeerts P, Feagan B G. et al. Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab. Gastroenterology 2009 137 (4) 1250-1260 quiz 1520
15. Sutherland L, Macdonald J K. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 (2) CD000543
16. Carter M J., Lobo A J., Travis S P., IBD Section, British Society of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2004 53 (Suppl 5) V1-V16
17. Lichtenstein G R., Kamm M A. Review article: 5-aminosalicylate formulations for the treatment of ulcerative colitismethods of comparing release rates and delivery of 5-aminosalicylate to the colonic mucosa. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008 28 (6) 663-673
18. Lichtenstein G R., Kamm M A., Sandborn W J., Lyne A, Joseph R E. MMX mesalazine for the induction of remission of mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis: efficacy and tolerability in specific patient subpopulations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008 27 (11) 1094-1102
19. Rao S S., Dundas S A., Holdsworth C D., Cann P A., Palmer K R., Corbett C L. Olsalazine or sulphasalazine in first attacks of ulcerative colitis? A double blind study. Gut 1989 30 (5) 675-679
20. Dick A P., Grayson M J., Carpenter R G., Petrie A. Controlled trial of sulphasalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1964 5 437-442
21. Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Rezaie A, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of sulfasalazine in comparison with 5-aminosalicylates in the induction of improvement and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009 54 (6) 1157-1170
22. Marshall J K., Irvine E J. Putting rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid in its place: the role in distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 95 (7) 1628-1636
23. Lee F I., Jewell D P., Mani V et al. A randomised trial comparing mesalazine and prednisolone foam enemas in patients with acute distal ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996 38 (2) 229-233
24. Regueiro M, Loftus E V. Jr, Steinhart A H., Cohen R D. Medical management of left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: critical evaluation of therapeutic trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 12 (10) 979-994
25. Safdi M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C et al. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 92 (10) 1867-1871
26. Moss A C., Peppercorn M A. The risks and the benefits of mesalazine as a treatment for ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007 6 (2) 99-107
27. Hanauer S B., Sandborn W J., Dallaire C et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine 4.8 g/day (800 mg tablets) compared to 2.4 g/day (400 mg tablets) for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: The ASCEND I trial. Can J Gastroenterol 2007 21 (12) 827-834
28. Kamm M A., Sandborn W J., Gassull M et al. Once-daily, high-concentration MMX mesalamine in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007 132 (1) 66-75 quiz 432-433
29. Lichtenstein G R., Kamm M A., Boddu P et al. Effect of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalamine (SPD476) for the induction of remission of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 5 (1) 95-102
30. Sandborn W J., Kamm M A., Lichtenstein G R., Lyne A, Butler T, Joseph R E. MMX Multi Matrix System mesalazine for the induction of remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: a combined analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007 26 (2) 205-215
31. Marteau P, Probert C S., Lindgren S et al. Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut 2005 54 (7) 960-965
32. Kamm M A., Lichtenstein G R., Sandborn W J. et al. Randomised trial of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalazine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Gut 2008 57 (7) 893-902
33. Kruis W, Kiudelis G, Rácz I et al, International Salofalk OD Study Group. Once daily versus three times daily mesalazine granules in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Gut 2009 58 (2) 233-240
34. Kruis W, Jonaitis L, Pokrotnieks J et al. Once daily 3 g mesalamine is the optimal dose for maintaining clinical remission in ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, controlled, dose ranging study. Gastroenterology 2008 134 (Suppl 1) A489
35. Prescribing information for Apriso (extended release mesalamine). Morrisville, NC Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc 2009
36. Velayos F S., Terdiman J P., Walsh J M. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2005 100 (6) 1345-1353
37. Levine J S., Burakoff R. Chemoprophylaxis of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 (10) 1293-1298
38. James S L., Irving P M., Gearry R B., Gibson P R. Management of distal ulcerative colitis: frequently asked questions analysis. Intern Med J 2008 38 (2) 114-119
39. Lémann M, Galian A, Rutgeerts P et al. Comparison of budesonide and 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995 9 (5) 557-562
40. Faubion W A. Jr, Loftus E V. Jr, Harmsen W S., Zinsmeister A R., Sandborn W J. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2001 121 (2) 255-260
41. Truelove S C., Willoughby C P., Lee E G., Kettlewell M G. Further experience in the treatment of severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1978 2 (8099) 1086-1088
42. Ng S C., Kamm M A. Therapeutic strategies for the management of ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009 15 (6) 935-950
43. Löfberg R, Danielsson A, Suhr O et al. Oral budesonide versus prednisolone in patients with active extensive and left-sided ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1996 110 (6) 1713-1718
44. Pearson D C., May G R., Fick G H., Sutherland L R. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995 123 (2) 132-142
45. Black A J., McLeod H L., Capell H A. et al. Thiopurine methyltransferase genotype predicts therapy-limiting severe toxicity from azathioprine. Ann Intern Med 1998 129 (9) 716-718
46. Snow J L., Gibson L E. A pharmacogenetic basis for the safe and effective use of azathioprine and other thiopurine drugs in dermatologic patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995 32 (1) 114-116
47. Hawthorne A B., Logan R F., Hawkey C J. et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 1992 305 (6844) 20-22
48. Adler D J., Korelitz B I. The therapeutic efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine in refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990 85 (6) 717-722
49. George J, Present D H., Pou R, Bodian C, Rubin P H. The long-term outcome of ulcerative colitis treated with 6-mercaptopurine. Am J Gastroenterol 1996 91 (9) 1711-1714
50. Ardizzone S, Molteni P, Imbesi V, Bollani S, Bianchi Porro G, Molteni F. Azathioprine in steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997 25 (1) 330-333
51. Lobo A J., Foster P N., Burke D A., Johnston D, Axon A T. The role of azathioprine in the management of ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1990 33 (5) 374-377
52. Karoui S, Djebbi S, Belkhodja A, Boubaker J, Filali A. [Maintenance therapy by azathioprine after successful treatment by intravenous corticosteroid in acute severe colitis. An open prospective study]. Tunis Med 2008 86 (4) 322-327
53. Timmer A, McDonald J W., Macdonald J K. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 (1) CD000478
54. Mantzaris G J., Sfakianakis M, Archavlis E et al. A prospective randomized observer-blind 2-year trial of azathioprine monotherapy versus azathioprine and olsalazine for the maintenance of remission of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 99 (6) 1122-1128
55. Gisbert J P., Linares P M., McNicholl A G., Maté J, Gomollón F. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of azathioprine and mercaptopurine in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009 30 (2) 126-137
56. Lichtenstein G R., Abreu M T., Cohen R, Tremaine W, American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2006 130 (3) 940-987 (Pubitemid 43374543)
57. Lichtiger S, Present D H., Kornbluth A et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994 330 (26) 1841-1845
58. D'Haens G, Lemmens L, Geboes K et al. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2001 120 (6) 1323-1329
59. Svavoni F, Bonassi U, Bagnolo F et al. Effectiveness of cyclosporine (CsA) in the treatment of refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Gastroenterology 1998 114 A1096
60. Van Assche G, D'Haens G, Noman M et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003 125 (4) 1025-1031
61. Moskovitz D N., Van Assche G, Maenhout B et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 4 (6) 760-765
62. Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M, Soares-Weiser K. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 (1) CD004277
63. Shah S B., Parekh N K., Hanauer S B. et al. Intravenous cyclosporine in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: long term follow-up. Gastroenterology 2008 134 (Suppl 1) 133
64. Cohen R D., Brodsky A L., Hanauer S B. A comparison of the quality of life in patients with severe ulcerative colitis after total colectomy versus medical treatment with intravenous cyclosporin. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1999 5 (1) 1-10
65. Arts J, D'Haens G, Zeegers M et al. Long-term outcome of treatment with intravenous cyclosporin in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004 10 (2) 73-78
66. Rayner C K., McCormack G, Emmanuel A V., Kamm M A. Long-term results of low-dose intravenous cyclosporin for acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003 18 (3) 303-308
67. Chey W Y. Infliximab for patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001 7 (Suppl 1) S30-S33
68. Chey W Y., Hussain A, Ryan C, Potter G D., Shah A. Infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001 96 (8) 2373-2381
69. Kaser A, Mairinger T, Vogel W, Tilg H. Infliximab in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2001 113 (23-24) 930-933
70. Su C, Salzberg B A., Lewis J D. et al. Efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 97 (10) 2577-2584
71. Gornet J M., Couve S, Hassani Z et al. Infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis: an open-label multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003 18 (2) 175-181
72. Sands B E., Tremaine W J., Sandborn W J. et al. Infliximab in the treatment of severe, steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001 7 (2) 83-88
73. Järnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2005 128 (7) 1805-1811
74. Probert C S., Hearing S D., Schreiber S et al. Infliximab in moderately severe glucocorticoid resistant ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2003 52 (7) 998-1002
75. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn W J., Feagan B G. et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2005 353 (23) 2462-2476 (Pubitemid 41770166)
76. Feagan B G., Reinisch W, Rutgeerts P et al. The effects of infliximab therapy on health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2007 102 (4) 794-802
77. Aratari A, Papi C, Clemente V et al. Colectomy rate in acute severe ulcerative colitis in the infliximab era. Dig Liver Dis 2008 40 (10) 821-826
78. Kariv R, Remzi F H., Lian L et al. Preoperative colorectal neoplasia increases risk for pouch neoplasia in patients with restorative proctocolectomy. Gastroenterology 2010 139 (3) 806-812
79. D'Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G et al, Belgian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group North-Holland Gut Club. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet 2008 371 (9613) 660-667
80. Kane S V., Cohen R D., Aikens J E., Hanauer S B. Prevalence of nonadherence with maintenance mesalamine in quiescent ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001 96 (10) 2929-2933
81. Cervený P, Bortlík M, Kubena A, Vlcek J, Lakatos P L., Lukás M. Nonadherence in inflammatory bowel disease: results of factor analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 (10) 1244-1249
82. Sewitch M J., Abrahamowicz M, Barkun A et al. Patient nonadherence to medication in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2003 98 (7) 1535-1544
83. Bernal I, Domènech E, Garcia-Planella E et al. Medication-taking behavior in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2006 51 (12) 2165-2169
84. Mackner L M., Crandall W V. Oral medication adherence in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005 11 (11) 1006-1012
85. Oliva-Hemker M M., Abadom V, Cuffari C, Thompson R E. Nonadherence with thiopurine immunomodulator and mesalamine medications in children with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007 44 (2) 180-184
86. Wright S, Sanders D S., Lobo A J., Lennard L. Clinical significance of azathioprine active metabolite concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2004 53 (8) 1123-1128
87. Mantzaris G J., Sfakianakis M, Archavlis E et al. A prospective randomized observer-blind 2-year trial of azathioprine monotherapy versus azathioprine and olsalazine for the maintenance of remission of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 99 (6) 1122-1128
88. Kane S V., Aikens J E., Huo D, Hanauer S B. Medication adherence is associated with improved outcomes in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Am J Med 2003 114 39-43
89. Mahadevan U. Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2004 17 (1) 7-19
90. Navaneethan U, Shen B. Hepatopancreatobiliary manifestations and complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010 16 (9) 1598-1619 [Epub ahead of print]
91. Farrell G C. Drug-Induced Liver Disease. 1st ed. Singapore Churchill Livingstone 1994
92. Mardini H E. Azathioprine-induced pancreatitis in Crohn's disease: a smoking gun or guilt by association. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005 21 (2) 195
93. Shale M, Kanfer E, Panaccione R, Ghosh S. Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2008 57 (12) 1639-1641
94. Lichtenstein G R., Feagan B, Cohen R D. et al. Risk factors for serious infections in patients receiving infliximab and other Crohn's disease therapies: TREAT registry data. Gastroenterology 2010 38 (Suppl 1) 475
95. Selvasekar C R., Cima R R., Larson D W. et al. Effect of infliximab on short-term complications in patients undergoing operation for chronic ulcerative colitis. J Am Coll Surg 2007 204 (5) 956-962 discussion 962-963
96. Mor I J., Vogel J D., da Luz Moreira A, Shen B, Hammel J, Remzi F H. Infliximab in ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications after restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2008 51 (8) 1202-1207 discussion 1207-1210
97. Chaparro M, Burgueno P, Flores E et al. Efficacy and safety of infliximab rescue therapy after cyclosporine failure in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a multicenter study. Gastroenterology 2010 38 (Suppl) 688
98. Järnerot G. Fertility, sterility, and pregnancy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982 17 (1) 1-4
99. Narendranathan M, Sandler R S., Suchindran C M., Savitz D A. Male infertility in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989 11 (4) 403-406
100. Toovey S, Hudson E, Hendry W F., Levi A J. Sulphasalazine and male infertility: reversibility and possible mechanism. Gut 1981 22 (6) 445-451
101. Moody G A., Probert C, Jayanthi V, Mayberry J F. The effects of chronic ill health and treatment with sulphasalazine on fertility amongst men and women with inflammatory bowel disease in Leicestershire. Int J Colorectal Dis 1997 12 (4) 220-224
102. Dejaco C MC, Mittermaier C, Reinisch W et al. Azathioprine treatment and male fertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2001 121 (5) 1048-1053
103. Mahadevan U, Terdiman J P., Aron J, Jacobsohn S, Turek P. Infliximab and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005 11 (4) 395-399
104. Dominitz J A., Young J C., Boyko E J. Outcomes of infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 97 (3) 641-648
105. Nørgård B, Fonager K, Pedersen L, Jacobsen B A., Sørensen H T. Birth outcome in women exposed to 5-aminosalicylic acid during pregnancy: a Danish cohort study. Gut 2003 52 (2) 243-247
106. Nørgård B, Pedersen L, Fonager K, Rasmussen S N., Sørensen H T. Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003 17 (6) 827-834
107. Eaden J A., Abrams K R., Mayberry J F. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001 48 (4) 526-535
108. Choi P M., Nugent F W., Schoetz D J. Jr, Silverman M L., Haggitt R C. Colonoscopic surveillance reduces mortality from colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1993 105 (2) 418-424
109. Lynch D A., Lobo A J., Sobala G M., Dixon M F., Axon A T. Failure of colonoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1993 34 (8) 1075-1080
110. Sonnenberg A, El-Serag H B. Economic aspects of endoscopic screening for intestinal precancerous conditions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1997 7 (1) 165-184
111. Collins R H. Jr, Feldman M, Fordtran J S. Colon cancer, dysplasia, and surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis. A critical review. N Engl J Med 1987 316 (26) 1654-1658
112. Provenzale D, Onken J. Surveillance issues in inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001 32 (2) 99-105
113. Pinczowski D, Ekbom A, Baron J, Yuen J, Adami H O. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 1994 107 (1) 117-120
114. Eaden J, Abrams K, Ekbom A, Jackson E, Mayberry J. Colorectal cancer prevention in ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 14 (2) 145-153
115. Velayos F S., Terdiman J P., Walsh J M. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2005 100 (6) 1345-1353
116. Kornbluth A, Sachar D B., Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 2010 105 (3) 501-523, quiz 524
117. Woolrich A J., DaSilva M D., Korelitz B I. Surveillance in the routine management of ulcerative colitis: the predictive value of low-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 1992 103 (2) 431-438
118. Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D et al, Gastrointestinal Consortium Panel. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology 2003 124 (2) 544-560
119. Camilleri-Brennan J, Steele R J. Objective assessment of quality of life following panproctocolectomy and ileostomy for ulcerative colitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2001 83 (5) 321-324
120. Carmon E, Keidar A, Ravid A, Goldman G, Rabau M. The correlation between quality of life and functional outcome in ulcerative colitis patients after proctocolectomy ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Colorectal Dis 2003 5 (3) 228-232
121. Fazio V W., O'Riordain M G., Lavery I C. et al. Long-term functional outcome and quality of life after stapled restorative proctocolectomy. Ann Surg 1999 230 (4) 575-584 discussion 584-586
122. Thirlby R C., Sobrino M A., Randall J B. The long-term benefit of surgery on health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Surg 2001 136 (5) 521-527
123. Berndtsson I, Oresland T. Quality of life before and after proctocolectomy and IPAA in patients with ulcerative proctocolitisa prospective study. Colorectal Dis 2003 5 (2) 173-179
124. Martin A, Dinca M, Leone L et al. Quality of life after proctocolectomy and ileo-anal anastomosis for severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998 93 (2) 166-169
125. Parks A G., Nicholls R J. Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis. BMJ 1978 2 (6130) 85-88
126. McLeod R S., Baxter N N. Quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease after surgery. World J Surg 1998 22 (4) 375-381