Why calcite can be stronger than quartz \

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 115, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Mancktelow, Neil S ^a   Pennacchioni, Giorgio ^b  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBOLITE FACIES; CALCITE; METAMORPHISM; MYLONITE; QUARTZ; RHEOLOGY; STRAIN RATE; VISCOSITY;

ALPS; EASTERN ALPS;

EID: 78650065297     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. 3, J. Petrol., 28(2), 389-414.
2. Bestmann, M., D. Prior, and K. T. A. Veltkamp (2004), Development of single-crystal σ-shaped quartz porphyroclasts by dissolution-precipitation creep in a calcite marble shear zone, J. Struct. Geol., 26(5), 869-883, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.10.003. (Pubitemid 38371118)
3. Bhattacharya, A., L. Mohanty, A. Maji, S. K. Sen, and M. Raith (1992), Non-ideal mixing in the phlogopite-annite boundary: Constraints from experimental data on Mg-Fe partitioning and a reformulation of the biotite-garnet geothermometer, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 111(1), 87-93, doi:10.1007/BF00296580.
4. Brodie, K. H., and E. H. Rutter (2000), Deformation mechanisms and rheology: Why marble is weaker than quartzite, J. Geol. Soc., 157(6), 1093-1096.
5. Burkhard, M. (1993), Calcite twins, their geometry, appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 15(3-5), 351-368, doi:10.1016/01918141(93)90132-T.
6. Cesare, B., E. Poletti, M. C. Boiron, and M. Cathelineau (2001), Alpine metamorphism and veining in the Zentralgneis Complex of the SW Tauern Window: A model of fluid-rock interactions based on fluid inclusions, Tectonophysics, 336(1-4), 121-136, doi:10.1016/S00401951(01)00097-X. (Pubitemid 32752810)
7. Chernak, L. J., G. Hirth, J. Selverstone, and J. Tullis (2009), Effect of aqueous and carbonic fluids on the dislocation creep strength of quartz, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B04201, doi:10.1029/2008JB005884.
8. Dasgupta, S., P. Sengupta, D. Guha, and M. Fukuda (1991), A refined garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange geothermometer and its application in amphibolites and granulites, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol, 109(1), 130-137, doi:10.1007/ BF00687206.
9. de Bresser, J. H. P. (2002), On the mechanism of dislocation creep of calcite at high temperature: Inferences from experimentally measured pressure sensitivity and strain rate sensitivity of flow stress, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2337, doi:10.1029/2002JB001812.
10. + slip, in Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics, edited by R. J. Knipe and E. H. Rutter, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 54, 285-298.
11. de Bresser, J. H. P., and C. J. Spiers (1997), Strength characteristics of the r, f, and c slip systems in calcite, Tectonophysics, 272(1), 1-23, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00273-9.
12. de Bresser, J. H. P., J. L. Urai, and D. L. Olgaard (2005), Effect of water on the strength and micro structure of Carrara marble axially compressed at high temperature, J. Struct. Geol., 27(2), 265-281, doi:10.1016/ j.jsg.2004.10.002.
13. Delle Piane, C., L. Burlini, K. Kunze, P. Brack, and J. P. Burg (2008), Rheology of dolomite: Large strain torsion experiments and natural examples, J. Struct. Geol., 30(6), 767-776, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.018.
14. Eshelby, J. D. (1957), The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 241, 376396, doi:10.1098/rspa.l957.0133.
15. Evans, B., and D. L. Kohlstedt (1995), Rheology of rocks, in Rock Physics and Phase Relations: A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Ref. Shelf, vol. 3, edited by T. Ahrens, pp. 148-165, AGU, Washington, D. C.
16. Farver, J. R., and R. A. Yund (1991), Oxygen fugacity in quartz: Dependence on temperature and water fugacity, Chem. Geol., 90(1-2), 55-70, doi:10.1016/0009-2541(91)90033-N.
17. Farver, J., and R. Yund (2000), Silicon diffusion in a natural quartz aggregate: Constraints on solution-transfer diffusion creep, Tectonophysics, 325(3-4), 193-205, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00121-9. (Pubitemid 32003853)
18. Ferrill, D. A. (1991), Calcite twin widths and intensities as metamorphic indicators in natural low-temperature deformation of limestone, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 667-675, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90029-I.
19. Ferrill, D. A. (1998), Critical re-evaluation of differential stress estimates from calcite twins in coarse-grained limestone, Tectonophysics, 285(1 -2), 77-86, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00190-X.
20. Ferrill, D. A., A. P. Morris, M. A. Evans, M. Burkhard, R. H. J. Groshong, and C. A. Onasch (2004), Calcite twin morphology: A low-temperature deformation geothermometer, J. Struct. Geol., 2(5(8), 1521-1529, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.028.
21. Ferry, J. M., and F. S. Spear (1978), Experimental calibration of the partitioning of Fe and Mg between biotite and garnet, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 66(2), 113-117, doi:10.1007/BF00372150.
22. Fitz Gerald, J. D., N. S. Mancktelow, G. Pennacchioni, and K. Kunze (2006), Ultrafine-grained quartz mylonites from high-grade shear zones: Evidence for strong dry middle to lower crust, Geology, 34(5), 369-372, doi:10.1130/G22099.1.
23. Freund, D., E. Rybacki, and G. Dresen (2001), Effect of impurities on grain growth in synthetic calcite aggregates, Phys. Chem. Miner., 28(10), 737745, doi:10.1007/s002690100196.
24. Ganguly, J., and S. K. Saxena (1984), Mixing properties of alumino silicate garnets: Constraints from natural and experimental data, and applications to geothermo-barometry, Am. Mineral., 69(1-2), 88-97.
25. Gleason, G. C., and J. Tullis (1995), A flow law for dislocation creep of quartz aggregates determined with the molten-salt cell, Tectonophysics, 247(1-4), 1-23, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00011-B. (Pubitemid 26455660)
26. 16 O partitioning between quartz and magnetite, Am. J. Sci., 277(6), 750-767.
27. Griggs, D. T. (1967), Hydrolytic weakening of quartz and other silicates, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 14(1-4), 19-31.
28. Griggs, D. T., and J. D. Blacic (1965), Quartz: Anomalous weakness of synthetic crystals, Science, 147(3655), 292-295, doi:10.1126/ science. 147.3655.292.
29. Hansen, F. D., and N. L. Carter (1982), Creep of selected crustal rocks at 1000 MPa, Eos Trans. AGU, 63, 437.
30. Heard, H. C., and C. B. Raleigh (1972), Steady-state flow in marble at 500° to 800°C, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 83(4), 935-956, doi:10.1130/00167606(1972)83(935:SFIMAT)2.0.CO;2.
31. Herwegh, M., X. H. Xiao, and B. Evans (2003), The effect of dissolved magnesium on diffusion creep in calcite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 212, 457-470, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00284-X.
32. Herwegh, M., J. H. P. de Bresser, and J. H. ter Heege (2005), Combining natural micro structures with composite flow laws: An improved approach for the extrapolation of lab data to nature, J. Struct. Geol., 27(3), 503521, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.10.010.
33. S005310000152.
34. 5 triple point at Mt. Moosilauke, New Hampshire, Am. Mineral., 67(11), 1118-1134.
35. Hoernes, S., and H. Friedrichsen (1974), Oxygen isotope studies on metamorphic rocks of the western Hohe Tauern area (Austria), Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt, 54, 769-788.
36. Holdaway, M. J., and S. M. Lee (1977), Fe-Mg cordierite stability in high grade pelitic rocks based on experimental, theoretical and natural observations, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 63(2), 175-198, doi:10.1007/ BF00398778.
37. Indares, A., and J. Martignole (1985), Biotite-garnet thermometry in the granulite facies: The influence of Ti and Al in biotite, Am. Mineral., 70(3-4), 272-278.
38. Jamison, W. R., and J. H. Spang (1976), Use of calcite twin lamellae to infer differential stress, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87(6), 868-872, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<868:UOCTLT>2.0.CO;2.
39. Jaoul, O., J. Tullis, and A. K. Kronenberg (1984), The effect of varying water contents on the creep behavior of Heavitree quartzite, J. Geophys. Res., 89(B6), 4298-4312, doi:10.1029/JB089iB06p04298. (Pubitemid 14600448)
40. Johnson, A. M., and R. C. Fletcher (1994), Folding of Viscous Layers, 461 pp., Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
41. Koch, P. S., J. M. Christie, A. Ord, and R. P. George Jr. (1989), Effect of water on the rheology of experimentally deformed quartzite, J. Geophys. Res., 94(B10), 13,975-13,996, doi:10.1029/JB094iB10pl3975.
42. Kohlstedt, D. L., B. Evans, and S. J. Mackwell (1995), Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100(B9), 17,587-17,602, doi:10.1029/95JB01460.
43. Kronenberg, A. K., and J. Tullis (1984), Flow strengths of quartz aggregates: Grain-size and pressure effects due to hydrolytic weakening, J. Geophys. Res., 89(B6), 4281-4297, doi:10.1029/JB089iB06p04281.
44. Lacombe, O., and P. Laurent (1996), Determination of deviatoric stress tensors based on inversion of calcite twin data from experimentally deformed monophase samples: Preliminary results, Tectonophysics, 255(34), 189-202, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00136-0.
45. Lavrent'eva, I. V., and L. L. Perchuk (1981), Phase correspondence in the system biotite-garnet: Experimental data, Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR, 260, 731-734.
46. Mancktelow, N. S. (2006), How ductile are ductile shear zones?, Geology, 34(5), 345-348, doi:10.1130/G22260.1.
47. Mancktelow, N. S. (2008), Tectonic pressure: Theoretical concepts and modelled examples, Lithos, 103(1-2), 149-177, doi:10.1016/ j.lithos.2007.09.013.
48. Mancktelow, N. S., and G. Pennacchioni (2004), The influence of grain boundary fluids on the microstructure of quartz-feldspar mylonites, J. Struct. Geol., 26(1), 47-69, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00081-6. (Pubitemid 38098162)
49. Mancktelow, N. S., L. Arbaret, and G. Pennacchioni (2002), Experimental observations on the effect of interface slip on rotation and stabilisation of rigid particles in simple shear and a comparison with natural mylonites, J. Struct. Geol., 24(3), 567-585, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00084-0. (Pubitemid 34039595)
50. Mulchrone, K. F., and K. Walsh (2006), The motion of a non-rigid ellipse in a general 2D deformation, J. Struct. Geol., 28(3), 392-407, doi:10.1016/ j.jsg.2005.12.008.
51. Passchier, C. W., and C. Simpson (1986), Porphyroclast systems as kinematic indicators, J. Struct. Geol., 8(8), 831-843, doi: 10.1016/0191- 8141(86)90029-5.
52. Paterson, M. S. (1987), Problems in the extrapolation of laboratory Theological data, Tectonophysics, 133(1-2), 33-43, doi:10.1016/00401951(87) 90278-2.
53. Paterson, M. S. (1989), The interaction of water with quartz and its influence in dislocation flow-An overview, in Rheology of Solids and of the Earth, edited by S.-I. Karato and M. Toriumi, pp. 107-142, Oxford Sci., Oxford, U. K.
54. Paterson, M. S., and F. C. Luan (1990), Quartzite rheology under geological conditions, in Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics, edited by R. J. Knipe and E. H. Rutter, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 54, 299-307.
55. Pennacchioni, G., and N. S. Mancktelow (2007), Nucleation and initial growth of a shear zone network within compositionally and structurally heterogeneous granitoids under amphibolite faciès conditions, J. Struct. Geol., 29(11), 1757-1780, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.002. (Pubitemid 350048410)
56. Pennacchioni, G., G. Di Toro, and N. S. Mancktelow (2001), Straininsensitive preferred orientation of porphyroclasts in Mont Mary mylonites, J. Struct. Geol., 23(8), 1281-1298, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00189- 9. (Pubitemid 32533536)
57. Perchuk, L. L., and I. V. Lavrent'eva (1983), Experimental investigation of exchange equilibria in the system cordierite-garnet-biotite, in Kinetics and Equilibrium in Mineral Reactions, edited by S. K. Saxena, pp. 199-239, Springer, New York.
58. Perchuk, L. L., K. K. Podlesskii, and L. Y Aronvich (1981), Calculations of thermodynamic properties of end-member minerals from natural paragenesis, in Thermodynamics of Minerals and Melts, edited by R. C. Newton, A. Navrotsky, and B. J. Woods, pp. 111-129, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
59. Pfiffner, O. A., and J. G. Ramsay (1982), Constraints on geological strain rates: Arguments from finite strain states of naturally deformed rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 87(B1), 311-321, doi: 10.1029/JB087iB01p00311.
60. Pieri, M., L. Burlini, K. Kunze, I. Stretton, and D. L. Olgaard (2001), Rheological and microstructural evolution of Carrara marble with high shear strain: Results from high temperature torsion experiments, J. Struct. Geol., 23(9), 1393-1413, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00006-2. (Pubitemid 32696453)
61. Pigage, L. C., and H. J. Greenwood (1982), Internally consistent estimates of pressure and temperature: The staurolite problem, Am. J. Sci., 282(1), 943-969.
62. Poirier, J. P. (1985), Creep of Crystals, 260 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
63. Post, A. D., J. Tullis, and R. A. Yund (1996), Effects of chemical environment on dislocation creep of quartzite, J. Geophys. Res., 101 22,143-22,155, doi:10.1029/96JB01926.
64. Ranalli, G. (1987), Rheology of the Earth, 1st ed., 366 pp., Allen and Unwin, London.
65. Rao, D. R. (1995), BGT-The macros driven spreadsheet program for biotite-garnet thermometry, Comput. Geosci., 21(4), 593-604, doi: 10.1016/0098-3004(94)00098-F.
66. Renner, J., B. Evans, and G. Siddiqi (2002), Dislocation creep of calcite, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2364, doi:10.1029/2001JB001680.
67. Rowe, K. J., and E. H. Rutter (1990), Palaeostress estimation using calcite twinning: Experimental calibration and application to nature, J. Struct. Geol., 12(1), 1-17, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(90)90044-Y (Pubitemid 21666019)
68. Rutter, E. H. (1974), The influence of temperature, strain rate and interstitial water in the experimental deformation of calcite rocks, Tectonophysics, 22, 311-334, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(74)90089-4.
69. Rutter, E. H. (1995), Experimental study of the influence of stress, temperature, and strain on the dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble, J. Geophys. Res., 700(B 12), 24,651-24,663, doi:10.1029/95JB02500.
70. Rutter, E. H., and K. H. Brodie (2004a), Experimental grain size-sensitive flow of hot-pressed Brazilian quartz aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 2S(11), 2011-2023, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.04.006. (Pubitemid 40273431)
71. Rutter, E. H., and K. H. Brodie (2004b), Experimental intracrystalline plastic flow in hot-pressed synthetic quartzite prepared from Brazilian quartz crystals, J. Struct. Geol., 26(2), 259-270, doi:10.1016/S01918141(03)00096-8. (Pubitemid 38098307)
72. Sassier, C., P. H. Leloup, D. Rubatto, O. Galland, Y Yue, and D. Lin (2009), Direct measurement of strain rates in ductile shear zones: A new method based on syntectonic dikes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B01406, doi:10.1029/ 2008JB005597.
73. Schmid, D. W., and Y Y Podladchikov (2003), Analytical solutions for deformable elliptical inclusions in general shear, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 269-288, doi:10.1046/j.l365-246X.2003.02042.x. (Pubitemid 37293471)
74. Schmid, S. M., and M. Casey (1986), Complete fabric analysis of some commonly observed quartz c-axis patterns, in Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies: The Paterson Volume, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol. 36, edited by B. E. Hobbs and H. C. Heard, pp. 263-286, AGU, Washington, D. C.
75. Schmid, S. M., M. S. Paterson, and J. N. Boland (1980), High temperature flow and dynamic recrystallization in Carrara marble, Tectonophysics, 65(3-4), 245-280, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(80)90077-3.
76. Schmid, S. M., R. Panozzo, and S. Bauer (1987), Simple shear experiments on calcite rocks: Rheology and microfabric, J. Struct. Geol., 9(5-6), 747-778, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(87)90157-X.
77. Stipp, M., and J. Tullis (2003), The recrystallized grain size piezometer for quartz, Geophys. Res. Lett, 30(21), 2088, doi:10.1029/2003GL018444.
78. Stipp, M., H. Stunitz, R. Heilbrunner, and S. M. Schmid (2002), The eastern Tonale fault zone: A 'natural laboratory' for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700°C, J. Struct. Geol., 24(12), 1861-1884, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00035-4.
79. Stipp, M., J. Tullis, and H. Behrens (2006), Effect of water on the dislocation creep micro structure and flow stress of quartz and implications for the recrystallized grain size piezometer, J. Geophys. Res., 777(B4), B04201,doi:10.1029/2005JB003852.
80. Thomson, A. B. (1976), Mineral reaction in politic rocks. Calculation of some P-T-X (Fe-Mg) phase relations, Am. J. Sci., 276(4), 425-454.
81. Tödheide, K. (1972), Water at high temperatures and pressures, in Water: A Comprehensive Treatise, edited by F. Franks, pp. 463-514, Plenum, New York.
82. Tullis, J., and R. A. Yund (1989), Hydrolytic weakening of quartz aggregates: The effects of water and pressure on recovery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16(11), 1343-1346, doi:10.1029/GL016i011p01343.
83. Tullis, T. E. (1980), The use of mechanical twinning in minerals as a measure of shear stress magnitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85(B11), 62636268, doi:10.1029/JB085iB11p06263.
84. Turner, F. J., D. T. Griggs, and H. C. Heard (1954), Experimental deformation of calcite crystals, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 65(9), 883-934, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[883:EDOCC]2.0.CO;2.
85. Urai, J. L., W. D. Means, and G. S. Lister (1986), Dynamic recrystallization of minerals, in Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies: The Paterson Volume, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol. 36, edited by B. E. Hobbs and H. C. Heard, pp. 161-191, AGU, Washington, D. C.
86. Wang, Z.-C., Q. Bai, G. Dresen, and R. Wirth (1996), High-temperature deformation of calcite single crystals, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B9), 20,377-20,390, doi:10.1029/96JB01186.
87. Weertman, J. (1955), Theory of steady-state creep based on dislocation climb, J. Appl. Phys., 26(10), 1213-1217, doi:10.1063/l.1721875.
88. Weertman, J. (1968), Dislocation climb theory of steady-state creep, Q. Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 61(4), 681-694.
89. Williams, M. L., and J. A. Grambling (1990), Manganese, ferric iron, and the equilibrium between garnet and biotite, Am. Mineral, 75(7-8), 886-908.
90. Xu, L., J. Renner, M. Herwegh, and B. Evans (2009), The effect of dissolved magnesium on creep of calcite II: Transition from diffusion creep to dislocation creep, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 157(3), 339-358, doi:10.1007/s00410-008-0338-5.