Reform, openness and public health: On the economic and social determinants of HIV/AIDS in China

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 20, Issue 68, 2011, Pages 117-133

  Sutherland, Dylan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; EPIDEMIC; GENDER; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; INCOME; PROSTITUTION; PUBLIC HEALTH;

CHINA;

EID: 78650063051     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2011.520851     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Wu Zunyou, J. Zhang, Roger Detels, V. Li, H. Cheng, S. Duan, Z. Li, L. Dong, S. Huang, M. Jia and X. Bi, 'Characteristics of risk-taking behaviors, HIV and AIDS knowledge and risk perception among young males in Southwest China', AIDS Education and Prevention 9(2), (2002), pp. 147-160.
2. UNAIDS, China's Titanic Peril. Update of the AIDS Situation and Needs Assessment Report: UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China (UNAIDS China Office, December 2002).
3. Mervyn Susser and Ezra Susser, 'Choosing a future for epidemiology: eras and paradigms', American Journal of Public Health 85(5), (May 1996), pp. 668-673.
4. Tony Barnett and Alan Whiteside, AIDS in the Twenty-First Century: Disease and Globalization (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002), p. 77.
5. Josef Decosas, Paper Prepared for the UNRISD Project HIV/AIDS and Development (Geneva: UNRISD, 2002), p. 3.
6. Susser and Susser, 'Choosing a future for epidemiology', p. 668.
7. Barnett and Whiteside, AIDS in the Twenty-First Century, p. 77.
8. This study draws indirectly from insights made during two months of fieldwork in Beijing, Yunnan and Sichuan during August and September 2005 and in Henan in 2006. Representatives of various UN agencies (UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA) and Chinese academic institutions were interviewed (Renmin University, Beijing University and Kunming University). Individuals in the Departments of Health responsible for HIV/AIDS policy in both Yunnan and Sichuan Provincial Governments were interviewed. It also draws directly from public security data and Chinese sentinel surveillance data as reported by UNAIDS. See Yu Zhu, 'The floating population's household strategies and the role of migration in China's regional development and integration', International Journal of Population Geography 9, (2005), pp. 485-502.
9. UNAIDS, Statistics by Province of HIV/AIDS Epidemic (by the end of 2005), available at: www.unaids.org.cn (accessed 3 March 2006).
10. One much discussed example of modern public health and social epidemiology, for example, is the discovery of a relationship between population health and income inequality. This shows that an international relationship between per capita income and life expectancy grows progressively weaker across countries as they get richer and disappears altogether among the wealthiest countries. In wealthy nations, income inequalities and the social gradient in health within countries is primarily a gradient in relative income, or social status, rather than a reflection of absolute material living standards. Thus social epidemiology has become an important way of understanding health, particularly within the developed world.
11. Eileeen Stillwaggon, AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
12. See Susan Craddock, 'Beyond epidemiology: locating AIDS in Africa', in Susan Craddock, Ezekiel Kalipeni, Joseph Oppong and Jayati Ghosh, eds, HIV/AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004).
13. Paul Farmer, Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), p. 15.
14. Barnett and Whiteside, AIDS in the Twenty-First Century, p. 77.
15. Farmer, Infections and Inequalities.
16. Stillwaggon, AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty.
17. Decosas, Paper Prepared for the UNRISD Project HIV/AIDS and Development.
18. Craddock et al., eds, HIV/AIDS in Africa.
19. P. K. Drain, J. S. Smith, J. P. Hughes, D. T. Halperin and K. K. Holmes, 'Correlates of national HIV seroprevalence. An ecologic analysis of 122 developing countries', Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 35(4), (2004).
20. John R. Talbott, 'Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic', PLoS ONE 2(6), (2007), p. e543.
21. Paul K. Drain, Daniel T. Halperin, James P. Hughes, Jeffrey D. Klausner and Robert C. Bailey, 'Correlates of national HIV seroprevalence. An ecologic analysis of 122 developing countries', BMC Infectious Diseases 6(172), (2006), pp. 1-10.
22. M. Over, 'The effect of societal variables on urban rates of HIV infections in developing countries', in M. Ainsworth, L. Fransen and M. Over, eds, Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the Developing World (Brussels: European Commission, 1998).
23. Binod Nepal, 'Prosperity, equity, good governance and good health: focus on HIV/AIDS pandemic and its feminization', World Health and Population, (October 2007).
24. Binod Nepal, 'Prosperity, equity, good governance and good health: focus on HIV/AIDS pandemic and its feminization', World Health and Population, (October 2007), p. 4.
25. UNDP, Human Development Report (Geneva: United Nations, 2003).
26. World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997).
27. UNDP, Human Development Report, p. 284.
28. World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes.
29. World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes.
30. State Statistical Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 2004).
31. See Günseli Berik, Xiao-yuan Dong and Gale Summerfield, 'China's transition and feminist economics', Feminist Economics 13(3), (2007), pp. 1-33.
32. Xiao-Yuan Dong, Fiona Macphail, Paul Bowles and Samuel P. S. Ho, 'Gender segmentation at work in China's privatized rural industry: some evidence from Shandong and Jiangsu', World Development 32(6), (2004), pp. 979-998.
33. Xiao-Yuan Dong, Fiona Macphail, Paul Bowles and Samuel P. S. Ho, 'Gender segmentation at work in China's privatized rural industry: some evidence from Shandong and Jiangsu', World Development 32(6), (2004), pp. 979-998.
34. China Development Research Foundation (Development Research Centre of the State Council) and UNDP, China Human Development Report (Beijing: CDRF, 2005), p. 2.
35. UN China, Millennium Development Goals: China's Progress (Beijing: Office of the UN Country Coordinator China, 2004), p. 16.
36. See, for example the aforementioned publications by Barnett and Whiteside, AIDS in the Twenty-First Century.
37. Farmer, Infections and Inequalities.
38. Stillwaggon, AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty.
39. and Craddock et al., eds, HIV/AIDS in Africa.
40. Farmer, Infections and Inequalities, p. 5.
41. For an exception see the works of Pan Suiming, Three 'Red Light Districts' in China (Beijing: Qunyan Publishing House, 1999).
42. Heather Zhang, 'The gathering storm: Aids policy in China', Journal of International Development 16(8), (2004), pp. 1155-1168.
43. Wu Zunyou, K. Rou and H. Cui, 'The HIV/AIDS epidemic in China: history, current strategies and future challenges', AIDS Education and Prevention 16(3 suppl. A), (2004), pp. 7-17.
44. China Ministry of Health and UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China (Beijing: National Center for AIDS/STD Prevention and Control, China CDC, 2003), p. 12.
45. China Ministry of Health, UNAIDS and WHO, Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China (Beijing: National Center for AIDS/STD Prevention and Control, China CDC, 2006), p. 4.
46. State Council Aids Working Committee Office and the UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS, A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China (Beijing: National Center for AIDS/STD Prevention and Control, China CDC, 2004, p. 4).
47. China Ministry of Health et al., Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China, p. 2.
48. See Pan Suimin's work, for example.
49. Lin Lean Lim, ed., The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998).
50. According to a village leader from Anhui province, quoted in B. Lou, Z. Zheng, R. Connelly and K. Roberts, 'The migration experiences of four young women from four counties in Sichuan and Anhui', in Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Jacka, eds., On the Move: Women in Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 213.
51. Wathinee Boochalaksi and Philip Guest, in Lin, ed., The Sex Sector, p. 10.
52. Zai Liang and Yiu Por Chen, 'Migration and gender in China: an origin-destination linked approach', Economic Development and Cultural Change 52, (2004), pp. 423-443.
53. China Development Research Foundation (Development Research Centre of the State Council) and UNDP, China Human Development Report, p. 40.
54. China Development Research Foundation (Development Research Centre of the State Council) and UNDP, China Human Development Report, p. 231.
55. Alan De Brauw, Linxiu Zhang and Scott Rozelle, 'China's rural labor market development and its gender implications', China Economic Review 15, (2004), pp. 230-247.
56. Alan De Brauw, Linxiu Zhang and Scott Rozelle, 'China's rural labor market development and its gender implications', China Economic Review 15, (2004), pp. 231.
57. Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Jacka, eds, On the Move: Women in Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 25.
58. Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Jacka, eds, On the Move: Women in Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 26.
59. World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 40.
60. World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 40.
61. World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 38.
62. Cindy Fan, 'Out to the city and back to the village', in Gaetano and Jacka, eds, On the Move, ch. 6, p. 177.
63. E. Gil, M. Wang, F. Anderson, G. Lin and O. Wu, 'Prostitutes, prostitution and STD/HIV transmission in Mainland China', Social Science and Medicine 21(1), (1996), p. 144.
64. E. Gil, M. Wang, F. Anderson, G. Lin and O. Wu, 'Prostitutes, prostitution and STD/HIV transmission in Mainland China', Social Science and Medicine 21(1), (1996), p. 145.
65. Zheng Tiantian, 'From peasant women to bar hostesses: Gender and modernity in post-Mao Dalian', in Gaetano and Jacka, eds, On the Move, p. 85.
66. Bates Gill, Jennifer Chang and Sarah Palmer, 'China's HIV crisis', Foreign Affairs, (March/April 2002), p. 4.
67. See Reuters, (4 August 2006).
68. See China Daily, (2 August 2005).
69. Therese Hesketh, X. M. Huang, Z. B. Wang, Z. W. Xing, D. Cubitt and M. Tomkins, 'Using the premarital examination for population based surveillance for HIV in China: a pilot study', AIDS (17)10, (2003), pp. 1574-1576.
70. Stillwaggon, AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty.
71. Gil et al, 'Prostitutes, prostitution and STD/HIV transmission in mainland China'.
72. Lin, ed., The Sex Sector, p. 13.
73. IOM (International Organization for Migration), HIV/AIDS Population Mobility and Migration in Southern Africa (Geneva: IOM, 2004).
74. See, for example, UNOPS and UNDP, Assessing Population Mobility and HIV Vulnerability Guangxi, People's Republic of China (Bangkok: UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Project and Guangxi Centre for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, 2002).
75. CIDA and UNDP, Population Movement and HIV/AIDS: The Case of Ruili, Yunnan, China (UNDP Thailand, 2003).
76. See, for example, A. F. Andersen et al., 'China's floating population and the potential for HIV transmission: a social behavioural perspective', AIDS CARE 15(2), (2003), pp. 177-185.
77. D. Lin et al., 'Alcohol intoxication and sexual risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China', Drug and Alcohol Dependence 79(1), (2005), pp. 103-112.
78. Joseph D. Tucker, Gail Henderson, Tian Wang, Ying Huang, William Parish, Pan Suimin, Chen Xiang and Myron Cohen, 'Surplus men, sex work, and the spread of HIV in China', AIDS 19, (2005), pp. 539-547.
79. Lin et al., 'Alcohol intoxication and sexual risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China'.
80. Andersen et al., 'China's floating population and the potential for HIV transmission'.
81. Therese Hesketh, L. Li, X. Ye, H. Wang, M. Jiang and A. Tomkins, 'HIV and syphilis in migrant workers in eastern China', Sexually Transmitted Infections 82(11), (2006), pp. 11-14.
82. Therese Hesketh, L. Li, X. Ye, H. Wang, M. Jiang and A. Tomkins, 'HIV and syphilis in migrant workers in eastern China', Sexually Transmitted Infections 82(11), (2006), pp. 11-14.
83. For example, Bates Gill, China's HIV/AIDS Crisis: Implications for Human Rights, the Rule of Law and US-China Relations, Testimony Before the Congressional Executive (2002).
84. Z. H. Qian, Sten H. Vermund and N. Wang, 'Risk of HIV/AIDS in China: subpopulations of special importance', Sexually Transmitted Infections 81(1), (2005), pp. 442-447.
85. Zhu, 'The floating population's household strategies'.
86. Zhu, 'The floating population's household strategies', p. 490.
87. State Statistical Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 1990).
88. State Statistical Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 1990), p. 490.
89. Wu et al., 'The HIV/AIDS epidemic in China'.
90. Wu et al., 'The HIV/AIDS epidemic in China', p. 8.
91. China Ministry of Health et al., Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China, p. 1.
92. China Ministry of Health et al., Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China, p. 1.
93. Zhu, 'The floating population's household strategies'.
94. Zhu, 'The floating population's household strategies'., p. 491.
95. See Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, 'Introduction', in Craddock et al., eds, HIV/AIDS in Africa.