Interaction of engineered nanoparticles with various components of the environment and possible strategies for their risk assessment

Chemosphere

Volumn 82, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 308-317

  Bhatt, Indu ^a   Tripathi, Bhumi Nath ^a  

^a BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotubes; Ecotoxicity; Engineered nanoparticles; Fullerenes; Zero valent metal

Indexed keywords

BIOHAZARDS; CARBON NANOTUBES; FULLERENES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT;

ARTIFICIAL SYNTHESIS; BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS; ECOTOXICITY; ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES; NATURAL PRODUCTS; TWO-DIMENSION; UPDATED INFORMATIONS; ZERO-VALENT METALS;

SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

CADMIUM OXIDE; CARBON NANOTUBE; CERIUM OXIDE; DENDRIMER; FULLERENE; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOPARTICLE; NANOWIRE; NICKEL; POLYMER; QUANTUM DOT; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; ZINC OXIDE;

ACCELERATION; ECOTOXICOLOGY; GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTY; HAZARDOUS WASTE; PARTICLE SIZE; RISK ASSESSMENT; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING;

CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; COLLOID; DIFFUSION; ECOTOXICITY; ENDOCYTOSIS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NANOENGINEERING; PARTICLE SIZE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEMICONDUCTOR;

EID: 78650046570     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Alivisatos A.P., Gu W.W., Larabell C. Quantum dots as cellular probes. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 7:55-76.
2. 2 nanoparticles. Mater. Lett. 2007, 61:4559-4561.
3. Arepalli S., Nikolaev P., Holmes W., Files B.S. Production and measurements of individual single-wall nanotubes and small ropes of carbon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78:1610-1612.
4. Badireddy A.R., Hotze E.M., Chellam S., Alvarez P., Wiesner M.R. Inactivation of bacteriophages via photosensitization of fullerol nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:6627-6632.
5. Bard D., Mark D., Mohlmann C. Current standardisation for nanotechnology. Nanosafe 2008: international conference on safe production and use of nanomaterials. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2009, 170:012036.
6. 60. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 86:379-387.
7. 2 aqueous dispersions and films. Chem. Phys. 2007, 339:94-103.
8. Biswas P., Wu C.Y. Nanoparticles and the environment. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55:708-746.
9. Borm P., Robbins D., Haubold S., Kuhlbusch T., Fissan H., Donaldson K., Schins R., Stone V., Kreyling W., Lademann J., Krutmann J., Warheit D., Oberdorster E. The potential risks of nanoparticles: a review carried out for ECETOC. Particle Fibre Toxicol. 2006, 3:11.
10. Bosi S., Da Ros T., Castellano S., Banfi E., Prato M. Antimycobacterial activity of ionic fullerene derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10:1043-1045.
11. 60) in aqueous suspensions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(17):6343-6351.
12. Brunauer S., Emmet P.H., Teller E. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60:309-319.
13. Buffle J., Wilkinson K.J., Stoll S., Filella M., Zhang J. A generalized description of aquatic colloidal interactions: the three-colloidal component approach. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:2887-2899.
14. Cabiscol E., Tamarit J., Ros J. Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species. Int. Microb. 2000, 3:3-8.
15. Caminati G., Turro N.J., Tomalia D.A. Photophysical investigation of starburst dendrimers and their interactions with anionic and cationic surfactants. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112:8515-8522.
16. Christian P., Von der Krammer F., Baalousha M., Hofmann Th. Nanoparticles: structure, properties, preparation and behaviour in environmental media. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:326-343.
17. 2 mesoconstructed composite materials and their application for the removal of sulphur compounds from gasoline. J. Catal. 2004, 224:441-448.
18. Crane M., Handy R.D., Garrod J., Owen R. Ecotoxicity test methods and environmental hazard assessment for engineered nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:421-431.
19. Doty R.C., Tshikhudo T.R., Brust M. Extremely stable water-soluble Ag nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17:4630-4635.
20. Drobne D. Nanotoxicology for safe and sustainable nanotechnology. Arh. Hig. Toksikol. 2007, 58:471-478.
21. Dunphy Guzman K.A., Finnegan M.P., Banfield J.F. Influence of surface potential on aggregation and transport of titania nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:7688-7693.
22. Federici G., Shaw B.J., Handy R.D. Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects. Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 84:415-430.
23. Feng Q.L., Wu J., Chen G.Q., Cui F.Z., Ki T.N., Kim J.O. A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Esherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 52:662-668.
24. Filella M. Colloidal properties of submicron particles in natural waters. Environmental colloids and particles: behaviour, structure and characterization. IUPAC series on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems 2007, 17-93. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. K.J. Wilkinson, J.R. Lead (Eds.).
25. Frechet J.M.J. Functional polymers and dendrimers: reactivity, molecular architecture, and interfacial energy. Science 1994, 263:1710-1715.
26. Gao G. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials. Synthesis, Properties & Applications 2004, Imperial College Press, London.
27. Gee G.W., Bauder J.W. Particle size analysis, methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods; agronomy monograph no. 9 1986, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 383-411. third ed.
28. Geiser M., Rothen-Rutishauser B., Kapp N., Schurch S., Kreyling W., Shulz H., Semmler M., Imhof V., Heyder J., Gehr P. Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nanophagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1555-1560.
29. Gimbert L.J., Hamon R.E., Casey P.S., Worsfold P.J. Partitioning and stability of engineered ZnO nanoparticles in soil suspensions using field-flow fractionation. Environ. Chem. 2007, 4:8-10.
30. Goodman C.M., Mc Cusker C.D., Yilmaz T., Rotello V.M. Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic sidechains. Bioconjugate Chem. 2004, 15:897-900.
31. Guzman K.A.D., Finnegan M.P., Banfield J.F. Influence of surface potential on aggregation and transport of titania nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:7688-7693.
32. Hall G.E.M. Relative contamination of levels observed in different types of bottles used to collect water samples. Explorer 1998, 101:1-7.
33. Handy R.D., Shaw B.J. Toxic effects of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: implications for public health, risk management and the public perception of nanotechnology. Health Risk Soc. 2007, 9(2):125-144.
34. Handy R.D., Owen R., Valsami-Jones E. The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:315-325.
35. Handy R.D., von der Kramer F., Lead J.R., Hassellov M., Owen R., Crane M. The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:287-314.
36. Hardman R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots. Toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:165-172.
37. Hassellov M., Readman J.W., Ranville J.F., Tiede K. Nanoparticle analysis and characterization methodologies in environmental risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:344-361.
38. Holzinger M., Steinmetz J., Samaille D., Glerup M., Paillet M., Bernier P., Ley L., Graupner R. [2+1] cycloaddition for cross-linking SWCNTs. Carbon 2004, 42:941-947.
39. Hoshino A., Fujioka K., Oku T., Suga M., Sasaki Y.F., Ohta T., Yasuhara M., Suzuki K., Yamamoto K. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett. 2004, 4(11):2163-2169.
40. 2 on algae and daphnids. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2006, 13:225-232.
41. Hussain S.M., Hess K.L., Gearhart J.M., Geiss K.T., Schlager J.J. In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2005, 19:975-983.
42. Hwang, E.T., Lee, J.H., Chae, Y.J., Kim, B.C., Sang, B.I., Gu, M.B., 2007. Analysis of nanoparticles' toxic modes of actions by using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria; abstracts, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, November 4-9, p. 60e.
43. Hyung H., Fortner J.D., Hughes J.B., Kim J.H. Natural organic matter stabilizes carbon nanotubes in the aqueous phase. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:179-184.
44. Jiang L., Gao L., Sun J. Production of aqueous colloidal dispersions of carbon nanotubes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 260:89-94.
45. Karathanasis A.D. Subsurface migration of copper and zinc mediated by soil colloids. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1999, 63:830-838.
46. Kashiwada S. Distribution of nanoparticles in the seethrough medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1697-1702.
47. 2 as photocatalyst in water decontamination at solar pilot plant scale. J. Sol. Energy Eng. - Trans. ASME. 2006, 128:331-337.
48. Kim J.S., Yoon T.J., Yu K.N., Kim B.G., Park S.J., Kim H.W., Lee K.H., Park S.B., Lee J.K., Cho M.H. Toxicity and tissue distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 89:338-347.
49. Kim J.S., Kuk E., Yu K.N., Kim J.H., Park S.J., Lee H.J., Kim S.H., Park Y.K., Park Y.H., Hwang C.Y., Kim Y.K., Lee Y.S., Jeong D.H., Cho M.H. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2007, 3:95-101.
50. Klaine S.J., Alvarez P.J.J., Batley G.E., Fernandes T.F., Handy R.D., Lyon D.Y., Mahendra S., McLaughlin M.J., Lead J.R. Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27(9):1825-1851.
51. Kretzschmar R., Robarge W.P., Amoozegar A. Influence of natural organic-matter on colloid transport through saprolite. Water Resour. Res. 1995, 31:435-445.
52. 60: buckminsterfullerene. Nature 1985, 318:162.
53. Kukovitsky E.F., L'vov S.G., Sainov N.A. VLS-growth of carbon nanotubes from the vapour. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 317:65-70.
54. Lam C.W., James J.T., McCluskey R., Hunter R.L. Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol. Sci. 2004, 77:126-134.
55. Lead J.R., Wilkinson K.J. Aquatic colloids and nanoparticles: current knowledge and future trends. Environ. Chem. 2006, 3:159-171.
56. 2 powder synthesized self-assembly of nano crystals. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 389:124-128.
57. Li A.Q., Elliot D.W., Zhang W.X. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for abatement of environmental pollutants: materials and engineering aspects. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2006, 31:111-122.
58. Lihitkar N.B., Abyaneh M.K., Samuel V., Pasricha R., Gosavi S.W., Kulkarni S.K. Titania nanoparticles synthesis in mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 314:310-316.
59. Lin D., Xing B. Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: inhibition of seed germination and root growth. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 150:243-250.
60. Lin S., Keskar D., Wu Y., Wang X., Mount A.S., Klaine S.J., More J.M., Rao A.M., Ke P.C. Detection of phospholipid-carbon nanotube translocation using fluorescence energy transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 89:143118.
61. Liu J.Q., Paddon-Row M.N., Gooding J.J. Heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics for flavin adenine dinucleotide and ferrocene through alkanethiol mixed monolayers on gold electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108:8460-8466.
62. Logothetidis S. Nanotechnology in medicine: the medicine of tomorrow and nanomedicine. Hippokratia 2006, 1(10):7-21.
63. 60) nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25:1132-1137.
64. Lovern S.B., Strickler J.R., Klaper R. Behavioral and physiological changes in Daphnia magna when exposed to nanoparticle suspensions (titanium dioxide, nano C-60, and C(60)HxC(70)Hx). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:4465-4470.
65. Mafune F., Kohno J., Takeda Y., Kondow T., Sawabe H. Structure and stability of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution produced by laser ablation. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104:8333-8337.
66. Mashino T., Nishikawa S., Takahashi K., Usui N., Yamori T., Seki M., Endo T., Mochizuki M. Antibacterial and antiproliferative activity of cationic fullerene derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13:4395-4397.
67. Matsumura Y., Yoshikata K., Kunisaki S., Tsuchido T. Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:4278-4281.
68. Mauter M.S., Elimelech M. Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42(16):5843-5859.
69. Moore M.N. Do nanoparticles present ecotoxicological risks for the health of the aquatic environment?. Environ. Int. 2006, 32:967-976.
70. Muller J., Huaux F., Moreau N., Misson P., Heiler J.F., Delos M., Arras M., Fonseca A., Nagy J.B., Lison D. Respiratory toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207:221-231.
71. Murr L.E., Esquivel E.V., Bang J.J., de la Rosa G., Gardea-Torresdey J.L. Chemistry and nanoparticulate compositions of a 10000 year-old ice core melt water. Water Res. 2004, 38:4282-4296.
72. Murray C.B., Sun S., Gascler W., Doyle H., Betley T.A., Kagan C.R. Colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals and nanocrystal superlattices. IBM J. Res. Dev. 2001, 45:47-56.
73. Navarro E., Baun A., Behra R., Hartmann N.B., Filser J., Miao A.J., Quigg A., Santschi P.H., Sigg L. Environmental behaviour and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to algae, plants and fungi. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17:372-386.
74. Nielsen H.D., Berry L.S., Stone V., Burridge T.R., Fernandes T.F. Interactions between carbon black nanoparticles and the brown algae Fucus serratus: inhibition of fertilization and zygotic development. Nanotechnology 2008, 2:88-97.
75. Noack A.G., Grant C.D., Chittleborough D.J. Colloid movement through stable soils of low cation-exchange capacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:2490-2497.
76. Noguez C. Surface plasmons on metal nanoparticles: the influence of shape and physical environment. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111:3806-3819.
77. Nowack B., Bucheli T.D. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 150:5-22.
78. 60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1058-1062.
79. Oberdorster E., Zhu S.Q., Blickley T.M., Clellan-Green P., Haasch M.L. Ecotoxicology of carbon-based engineered nanoparticles: effects of fullerene (C-60) on aquatic organisms. Carbon 2006, 44:1112-1120.
80. Pappa A., Franco R., Schoneveld O., Galanis A., Sandaltzopoulos R., Panayiotidis M.I. Sulfur-containing compounds in protecting against oxidant-mediated lung disease. Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14:2590-2596.
81. 60 and its derivatives across a lipid bilayer. Nano Lett. 2007, 7:614-619.
82. Reijnders L. Hazard reduction for the application to titania nanoparticles in environmental technology. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 152:440-445.
83. Robinson R.D., Spanier J.E., Zhang F., Chan S.W., Herman I.P. Visible thermal emission from sub-band gap laser excited cerium oxide particles. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92:1936-1941.
84. Roszek, B., Jong, W.H. de., Geertsma, R.E., 2005. Nanotechnology for medical applications: state-of-the-art in materials and devices, RIVM Report 265001001, 2005. RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
85. Royal Society, 2004. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties. Report by the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering. http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm.
86. Scentific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), 2005. The appropriateness of existing methodologies to assess the potential risks associated with engineered and adventitious products of nanotechnologies (SCENIHR report 002/05) (European Commission: Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks). http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs.
87. Scentific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), 2007. Opinion on the appropriateness of the risk assessment methodology in accordance with the technical guidance documents for new and existing substances for assessing the risks of nanomaterials. 29th March 2007.
88. Schmid G. Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application 2004, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. first ed.
89. Schurtenberger P., Newman M.E. Characterization of biological and environmental particles using static and dynamic light scattering. Environmental Particles 1993, 37-115. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. J. Buffle, H.P. van Leeuwen (Eds.).
90. Seaman J.C., Bertsch P.M. Selective colloid mobilization through surface-charge manipulation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:3749-3755.
91. Serita F., Kyono H., Seki Y. Pulmonary clearance and lesions in rats after a single inhalation of ultrafine metallic nickel at dose levels comparable to the threshold limit value. Ind. Health 1999, 37:353-363.
92. Shim S.E., Lee H., Soonja C. Synthesis of functionalized monodisperse poly (methylacryacrylate) nanoparticles by a RAFT agent carrying carboxyl eng group. Macromolecules 2004, 37:5565-5571.
93. Singh S., Thiyagarajan P., Kant K.M., Anita D., Thirupathiah S., Rama N., Tiwari B., Kottaiswamy M., Rao M.S.R. Structure, microstructure and physical properties of ZnO based materials in various forms: bulk, thin film and nano. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2007, 40:6312-6327.
94. Smart S.K., Cassady A.I., Lu G.Q., Martin D.J. The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2006, 44:1034-1047.
95. Smith C.J., Shaw B.J., Handy R.H. Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes on rainbow trout (Oncorhyncos mykiss): respiratory toxicity, organ pathologies, and other physiological effects. Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 82:94-109.
96. Takenaka S., Karg E., Kreyling W., Lentner B., Schulz H., Ziesenis A., Schramel P., Heyder J. Fate and toxic effects of inhaled ultrafine cadmium oxide particles in the rat lung. Inhalation Toxicol. 2004, 16:83-92.
97. Templeton R.C., Fergusson P.L., Washburn K.M., Scrivens W.A., Chandler G.T. Life cycle effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on an estuarine meiobenthic copepod. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:7387-7393.
98. 2 nanoparticles for Escherichia coli: a physico-chemical insight of the cytotoxicity mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6151-6156.
99. Tsao N., Kanakamma P.P., Luh T.Y., Chou C.K., Lei H.Y. Inhibition of Escherichia coli-induced meningitis by carboxyfullerene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999, 43:2273-2277.
100. Verma H.C., Upadhyaya C., Tripathi A., Tripathi R.P., Bhandari N. Thermal decomposition pattern and particle size estimation of iron minerals associated with the cretaceous-tertiary boundary at Gubbio. Meteorit. Planet Sci. 2002, 37:901-909.
101. Viguie J.R., Sukmanowski J., Nolting B., Royer F.X. Study of agglomeration of alumina nanoparticles by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Colloids Surf. Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 2007, 302:269-275.
102. Wang I.C., Tai L.A., Lee D.D., Kanakamma P.P., Shen C.K.F., Luh T.Y., Cheng C.H., Hwang K.C. C-60 and water-soluble fullerene derivatives as antioxidants against radical-initiated lipid peroxidation. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42:4614-4620.
103. Wang X.J., Ruedas-Rama M.J., Hall E.A.H. The emerging use of quantum dots in analysis. Anal. Lett. 2007, 40:1497-1520.
104. Watts P.C.P., Hsu W.K., Randall D.P., Kroto H.W., Walton D.R.M. Non-linear current-voltage characteristics of electrically conducting carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2002, 4:655-662.
105. Wei W., Aethuraman A., Jin C., Monteiro-Riviere N.A., Narayan R.J. Biological properties of carbon nanotubes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2007, 7:1284-1297.
106. Yang L., Watts D.J. Particle surface characteristics may play an important role in phytotoxicity of alumina nanoparticles. Toxicol. Lett. 2005, 158:122-132.
107. Zemke-White W.L., Clements K.D., Harris P.J. Acid lysis of microalgae by marine herbivorous fishes: effects of acid pH on cell wall porosity. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2000, 245:57-68.
108. Zhang W.S. Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation, an overview. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2003, 5:323-332.
109. 2. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104:3481-3487.
110. 60 binds to and deforms nucleotides. Biophys. J. 2005, 89:3856-3862.
111. Zhao X.U., Liz W., Chen Y., Ahi L.Y., Zhu Y.F. Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene plastic under UV and solar light irradiation. J. Mol. Catal. A - Chem. 2007, 268:101-106.
112. 2 on strength of naturally and growth aged seeds of spinach. Biol. Trace Element Res. 2005, 104:83-91.
113. Zhu Y., Zhao Q., Li Y., Cal X., Li W. The interaction and toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with Stylonychia mytilus. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2006, 6:1357-1364.