Sexes, species, and genomes: Why males and females are not like humans and chimpanzees

Biology and Philosophy

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 823-841

  Richardson, Sarah S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Comparative genomics; Gender; Genomics; Human genome; Sex; Sex differences; Species

Indexed keywords

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CRITICAL ANALYSIS; GENDER ISSUE; GENOME; RESEARCH WORK; SEXUALITY;

PAN;

EID: 78650028233     PISSN: 01693867     EISSN: 15728404     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10539-010-9207-5     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Armour JAL (2009) Human genetics: sharp focus on the variable genome. Nature 461(7265): 735-736.
2. Bainbridge D (2003) He and she: what's the real difference? A new study of the Y chromosome suggests that the genetic variation between men and women is greater than we thought. In: The Boston Globe: H1.
3. Bleier R (1984) Science and gender: a critique of biology and its theories on women. Pergamon Press, New York.
4. Brown CJ, Carrel L et al (1997) Expression of genes from the human active and inactive X chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 60: 1333-1343.
5. Carrel L, Willard HF (2005) X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature 434(7031): 400-404.
6. Craig IW, Mill J et al (2004) Application of microarrays to the analysis of the inactivation status of human X-linked genes expressed in lymphocytes. Eur J Hum Genet 12(8): 639-646.
7. de Queiroz K, Donoghue MJ (1998 [1988]) Phylogenetic systematics and the species problem. In: Hull DL, Ruse M (eds) The philosophy of biology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 319-347.
8. Delongchamp RR, Velasco C, et al. (2005) Genome-wide estimation of gender differences in the gene expression of human livers: statistical design and analysis. BMC Bioinform 6 (Suppl 2): S13.
9. Dowd M (2005) X-celling over men. The New York Times.
10. Dupré J (1993) The disorder of things: metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
11. Dutch Scientists Sequence Female Genome (2008) Biotechniques weekly. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
12. Fausto-Sterling A (1985) Myths of gender: biological theories about women and men. Basic Books, New York.
13. Fausto-Sterling A (2000) Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Books, New York.
14. Fehr CJ (2001) The evolution of sex: domains and explanatory pluralism. Biol Philos 16: 145-170.
15. Ghiselin MJ (1974) A radical solution to the species problem. Syst Zool 23: 536-544.
16. Glick P, Fiske ST (1999) Gender, power dynamics, and social interaction. In: Ferree M, Lorber J, Hess B (eds) Revisioning gender. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp 365-398.
17. Gould SJ (1996) The mismeasure of man. Norton, New York.
18. Gregory TR (2005) Genome size evolution in animals. In: Gregory TR (ed) The evolution of the genome. Elsevier, New York, pp 3-87.
19. Guterl F (2005) The truth about gender. Newsweek: 42.
20. Haraway DJ (1991 [1980]) Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. In: Simians, cyborgs and women: the reinvention of nature. Routledge, New York, pp 149-181.
21. Hotz RL (2005) Women are very much not alike, gene study finds. Los Angeles Times: 18.
22. Hull DL (1978) A matter of individuality. Philos Sci 45: 335-360.
23. Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome (2005) Nature 437(7055): 69-87.
24. International Haplotype Consortium (2004) Integrating ethics and science in the international HapMap project. Nat Rev Genetics 5: 467-475.
25. Jay N (1981) Gender and dichotomy. Fem Stud 7(1): 38-56.
26. Keller EF (1992) Secrets of life, secrets of death: essays on language, gender, and science. Routledge, New York.
27. King MC, Wilson AC (1975) Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188(4184): 107-116.
28. Koenig BA, Lee SS-J et al (2008) Revisiting race in a genomic age. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
29. Lahn BT, Ebenstein L (2009) Let's celebrate human genetic diversity. Nature 461(7265): 726-728.
30. Lederberg J, McCray A (2001) 'Ome sweet 'omics: a genealogical treasury of words. Scientist 15(7): 8.
31. Lee C (2005) Vive la difference. Nat Genet 37(7): 660-661.
32. Leroi AM (2005) On human diversity. Scientist 19(20): 16.
33. Marks J (2002) What it means to be 98 percent chimpanzee: apes, people, and their genes. University of California Press, Berkeley.
34. Mishler BD, Brandon RN (1998 [1987]) Individuality, pluralism, and the phylogenetic species concept. In: Hull DL, Ruse M (eds) The philosophy of biology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 300-318.
35. Nguyen DK, Disteche CM (2006) Dosage compensation of the active X chromosome in mammals. Nat Genet 38(1): 47-53.
36. Ohno S (1979 [1971]) Major sex-determining genes. Springer, New York.
37. Patsopoulos NA, Tatsioni A et al (2007) Claims of sex differences: an empirical assessment in genetic associations. JAMA 298(8): 880-893.
38. Rinn JL, Snyder M (2005) Sexual dimorphism in mammalian gene expression. Trends Genet 21(5): 298-305.
39. Ross MT (2005) The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature 434: 325-337.
40. Roughgarden J (2004) Evolution's rainbow: diversity, gender, and sexuality in nature and people. University of California Press, Berkeley.
41. Roughgarden J (2009) The genial gene: deconstructing Darwinian selfishness. University of California Press, Berkeley.
42. Schiebinger LL (1993) Nature's body: gender in the making of modern science. Beacon Press, Boston.
43. Shapiro LJ, Mohandas T et al (1979) Non-inactivation of an X-chromosome locus in man. Science 204(4398): 1224-1226.
44. Skaletsky H, Kuroda-Kawaguchi T et al (2003) The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes. Nature 423(6942): 825-837.
45. Talebizadeh Z, Simon SD et al (2006) X chromosome gene expression in human tissues: male and female comparisons. Genomics 88(6): 675-681.
46. The Cancer Genome Atlas (2008) Retrieved 4 January, 2008, from http://cancergenome. nih. gov.
47. The Cancer Genome Project (2007) Retrieved 4 January, 2008, from http://www. sanger. ac. uk/genetics/CGP.
48. Tuzun E et al (2005) Fine-scale structural variation of the human genome. Nat Genet 37(7): 727-732.
49. Variation in women's X chromosomes may explain difference among individuals, between sexes (press release) (2005) Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy. Retrieved 1 September, 2005, from http://www. genome. duke. edu/pressevents/news/news_050316.