Heavy metals in sediments from constructed wetlands treating municipal wastewater

Biogeochemistry

Volumn 101, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 335-356

  Vymazal, Jan ^a,b   Švehla, Jaroslav ^c   Kröpfelová, Lenka ^a,b   Němcová, Jana ^c   Suchý, Vladimír ^c  

^a CZECH UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE   (Czech Republic)

^b ENKI ops   (Czech Republic)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Constructed wetlands; Gravel; Heavy metals; Horizontal flow; Wastewater treatment

Indexed keywords

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND; GRAVEL; HEAVY METAL; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; SEDIMENT POLLUTION; WASTE TREATMENT; WASTEWATER;

CZECH REPUBLIC;

EID: 78650021676     PISSN: 01682563     EISSN: 1573515X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10533-010-9504-8     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Accornero A, Gnerre R, Manfra L (2008) Sediment concentrations of trace metals in the Berre Lagoon (France): An assessment of contamination. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 372-385.
2. Achterberg EP, van den Berg CGM, Boussemart M, Davison W (1997) Speciation and cycling of trace metals in Esthwaite Water: a productive English lake with seasonal deep-water anoxia. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 5233-5253.
3. Aksoy A, Demirezen D, Duman F (2005) Bioaccumulation, detection and analyses of heavy metal pollution in Sultan Marsh and its environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 164: 241-255.
4. Babcock MF, Evans DW, Alberts JJ (1983) Comparative uptake and translocation of trace elements from coal ash by Typha latifolia. Sci Total Environ 28: 203-214.
5. Baldantoni D, Ligrone R, Alfani A (2009) Macro- and trace-element concentrations in leaves and roots of Phragmites australis in a volcanic lake in Southern Italy. J Geochem Explor 101: 166-174.
6. Batty LC, Baker AJ, Wheeler BD (2002) Aluminum and phosphate uptake by Phragmites australis: the role of Fe, Mn and Al root plaques. Ann Bot 89: 443-449.
7. Baudo R, Canzian E, Galanti G, Guilizzoni P, Rapetti G (1985) Relationship between heavy metals and aquatic organisms in Lake Mezzola hydrographic system (Northern Italy). 6. Metal concentrations in two species emergent of macrophytes. Mem Ist Ital Idrobiol 43: 161-180.
8. Bi X, Feng X, Yang Y, Li X, Sin GPY, Qiu G, Qian X, Li F, He T, Li P, Liu T, Fu Z (2007) Heavy metals in an impacted wetland system: a typical case from southwestern China. Sci Tot Environ 387: 257-268.
9. Bostick BC, Hansel CM, Force MJL, Fendorf S (2001) Seasonal fluctuations in zinc speciation within a contaminated wetland. Environ Sci Technol 35: 3823-3829.
10. Bowen HJM (1979) Environmental chemistry of the elements. Academic Press, London.
11. Bragato C, Brix H, Malagoli M (2006) Accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steudel and Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla in a constructed wetland of the Venice lagoon watershed. Environ Pollut 144: 967-975.
12. Carapeto C, Purchase D (2002) Artificial wetlands and their importance for water quality. In: Pries J (ed) Treatment Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. CH2M HILL Canada, Waterloo, pp 45-52.
13. Cardwell AJ, Hawker DW, Greenway M (2002) Metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from southeast Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere 48: 653-663.
14. Carranza-Álvarez C, Alonso-Castro AJ, Alfaro-De La Torre MC, Garcia-De La Cruz RF (2008) Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in Scirpus americanus and Typha latifolia from an artificial lagoon in San Luis Potosí, México. Water Air Soil Pollut 188: 297-309.
15. Cervantes C, Campo-Garcia J, Devars S, Gutierrez-Corona F, Loza-Tavera H, Torres-Guzman JC, Moreno-Sanchez R (2001) Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25: 335-347.
16. Cooper DC, Picardal EF, Coby AJ (2006) Interaction between microbial iron reduction and metal geochemistry: effect of redox cycling on transition, metal speciation in iron bearing sediments. Environ Sci Technol 40: 1884-1891.
17. Davison W (1993) Iron and manganese in lakes. Earth Sci Rev 34: 119-163.
18. De Volder PS, Brown SL, Hesterberg D, Pandya K (2003) Metal bioavailability and speciation in a wetland tailings repository amended with biosolids compost, wood ash and sulfate. J Environ Qual 32: 851-864.
19. DeLaune RD, Gambrell RP, Knox RS (1989) Accumulation of heavy metals and PCB's in an urban lake. Environ Technol Lett 10: 753-762.
20. DeLaune RD, Patrick WH Jr, Guo T (1998) The redox-pH chemistry of chromium in water and sediment. In: Allen HE, Garrison AW, Luther GW (eds) Metals in surface waters. Sleeping Bear Press Inc., Chelsea, pp 241-255.
21. Deng H, Ye ZH, Wong MH (2004) Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China. Environ Pollut 132: 29-40.
22. Deng H, Ye ZH, Wong MH (2006) Lead and zinc accumulation and tolerance in populations of six wetland plants. Environ Pollut 141: 69-80.
23. Deng PY, Shu WS, Lan CY, Liu W (2008) Metal contamination in the sediment, pondweed, and snails of a stream receiving effluent from a lead/zinc mine in southern China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 69-74.
24. Department of Soil Protection, Netherlands (1994) The Netherlands soil contamination guidelines. Netherlands Intervention Values for Soil Remediation, DBO/07494013.
25. Du Laing G, Rinklebe J, Vandecasteele B, Meers E, Tack FMG (2008) Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments: a review. Sci Tot Environ 407: 3972-3985.
26. Duman F, Cicek M, Sezen G (2007) Seasonal changes of metal accumulation and distribution in common club rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) and common reed (Phragmites australis). Ecotoxicology 16: 457-463.
27. Dušek J, Picek T, Čížková H (2008) Redox potential dynamics in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for wastewater treatment: diel, seasonal and spatial fluctuations. Ecol Eng 34: 223-232.
28. Dzombak DA, Morel FMM (1990) Surface complexation modeling: hydrous ferric oxide. Wiley, New York.
29. Eckhardt DAV, Surface JM, Peverly JH (1999) A constructed wetland system for treatment of landfill leachate, Monroe County, New York. In: Mulamoottil G, McBean EA, Rovers F (eds) Constructed wetlands for the treatment of landfill leachate. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 205-222.
30. Engler RP, Patrick WH Jr (1975) Stability of sulfides of manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and mercury in flooded and nonflooded soil. Soil Sci 119: 217-221.
31. Feely RD, Massoth GJ, Paulson AJ, Gendron JF (1983) Possible evidence for enrichment of trace elements in the hydrous manganese oxide phases of suspended matter from an urbanized embayment. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 7: 693-708.
32. Fejitel TC, DeLaune RD, Patrick WH Jr (1988) Biogeochemical control of metal distribution and accumulation in Louisiana sediments. J Environ Qual 17: 88-94.
33. Ferris FG, Schultze S, Witten TC, Fyfe WS, Beveridge TJ (1989) Metal interactions with microbial biofilms in acidic and neutral pH environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 1249-1257.
34. Folsom BL, Lee CR (1981) Zinc and cadmium uptake by the freshwater marsh plant Cyperus esculentus grown in contaminated sediments under reduced (flooded) and oxidized (upland) conditions. J Plant Nutr 3: 233-244.
35. Gambrell RP (1994) Trace and toxic metals in wetlands-a review. J Environ Qual 23: 883-891.
36. Gambrell RP, Patrick WH Jr (1978) Chemical and microbiological properties of anaerobic soils and sediment. In: Hook DD, Crawford RMM (eds) Plant life in anaerobic environments. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, pp 375-423.
37. Gambrell RP, Khalid RA, Patrick WH Jr (1980) Chemical availability of mercury, lead, and zinc in mobile bay sediment suspensions as affected by pH and oxidation-reduction conditions. Environ Sci Technol 14: 431-436.
38. Green CH, Heil DM, Cardon GE, Butters GL, Kelly EF (2003) Solubilization of manganese and trace metals in soils affected by acid mine runoff. J Environ Qual 32: 1323-1334.
39. 3, montmorillonite, humic acid and calcite: a comparative study. Environ Technol 18: 807-815.
40. Gschlössl T, Stuible H (2000) Reed bed systems: design, performance and maintainability. Water Sci Technol 41(1): 73-76.
41. Guo T, DeLaune RD, Patrick WH (1997) The influence of sediment redox chemistry on chemically active forms of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and zinc in estuarine sediments. Environ Int 23: 305-316.
42. Haberl R, Perfler R (1990) Seven years of research work and experience with wastewater treatment by a reed bed system. In: Cooper PF, Findlater BC (eds) Constructed wetlands in water pollution control. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 205-214.
43. Hansel CM, Fendorf S, Sutton S, Newville M (2001) Characterization of Fe plaque and associated metals on the roots of mine-waste impacted aquatic plants. Environ Sci Technol 35: 3863-3868.
44. Higgins J, Brown T (1999) The use of constructed wetland to treat landfarm leachate at the Sunoco Refinery in Sarnia, Ontario. In: Mulamoottil G, McBean EA, Rovers F (eds) Constructed wetlands for the treatment of landfill leachates. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 235-250.
45. Huerta-Diaz MA, Carigan R, Tessier A (1993) Measurement of trace metals associated with acid volatile sulfides and pyrite in organic freshwater sediments. Environ Sci Technol 27: 2367-2372.
46. Huerta-Diaz MA, Tessier A, Carignan R (1998) Geochemistry of trace metals associated with reduced sulphur in freshwater sediments. Appl Geochem 13: 13-33.
47. Jacob DL, Otte ML (2003) Conflicting processes in the wetland plant rhizosphere: metal retention or mobilization. Water Air Soil Pollut 3: 91-104.
48. Jacobson ME (1994) Chemical and biological mobilization of Fe(III) in marsh sediments. Biogeochemistry 25: 41-60.
49. Jenne EA (1968) Controls of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn concentration in soils and water: significant role of hydrous Mn and Fe oxides. Adv Chem Ser 73: 337-387.
50. Jiménez-Cárceles FJ, Álvarez-Rogel J, Conesa Alcazar HM (2008) Trace elements concentrations in saltmarsh soils strongly affected by wastes from metal sulphide mining areas. Water Air Soil Pollut 188: 283-295.
51. Khalid RA (1980) Chemical mobility of cadmium in sediment-water systems. In: Nriagu JO (ed) Cadmium in the environment. Part I. Wiley, New York, pp 258-304.
52. Khalid RA, Patrick WH Jr, Gambrell RP (1978) Effect of dissolved oxygen on chemical transformations of heavy metals, phosphorus, and nitrogen in an estuarine sediment. Estuar Coast Mar Sci 6: 21-35.
53. Koretsky CM, Cuellar A, Haveman M, Beuving L, Shattuck T, Wagner M (2008) Influence of Spartina and Juncus on saltmarsh sediments. II. Trace element geochemistry. Chem Geol 255: 100-113.
54. Kosolapov DB, Kuschk P, Vainshtein MB, Vatsourina AV, Wiessner A, Kästner M, Müller RA (2004) Microbial processes of heavy metal removal from carbon-deficient effluents in constructed wetlands. Eng Life Sci 4: 403-411.
55. Krauskopf KB (1956) Separation of manganese from iron in sedimentary processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 12: 61-84.
56. Kröpfelová L, Vymazal J, Švehla J, Štíchová J (2009) Removal of trace elements in three horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands in the Czech Republic. Environ Pollut 157: 1186-1194.
57. Laanbroek HJ (1990) Bacterial cycling of minerals that affect plant growth in waterlogged soils: a review. Aquat Bot 38: 109-125.
58. Laanbroek HJ, Veldkamp H (1982) Microbial interactions in sediment communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 297: 533-550.
59. Lan C, Chen G, Li L, Wong MH (1990) Purification of wastewater from a Pb/Zn mine using hydrophytes. In: Cooper PF, Findlater BC (eds) Constructed wetlands in water pollution control. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 419-427.
60. Lesage E (2006) Behaviour of heavy metals in constructed treatment wetlands. Dissertation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
61. Lesage E, Rousseau DPL, Meers E, van de Moortel AMK, Du Laing G, Tack FMG, De Pauw N, Verloo MG (2007a) Accumulation of metals in the sediment and reed biomass of a combined constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater. Water Air Soil Pollut 183: 253-264.
62. Lesage E, Rousseau DPL, Meers E, Tack FMG, De Pauw N (2007b) Accumulation of metals in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater in Flanders, Belgium. Sci Tot Environ 380: 102-115.
63. Li QS, Wu ZF, Chu B, Zhang N, Cai SS, Fang JH (2007) Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ Pollut 149: 158-164.
64. Liang Y, Wong MH (2003) Spatial and temporal organic and heavy metal pollution at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. Chemosphere 52: 1647-1658.
65. Lin LY (1995) Wastewater treatment for inorganics. In: Encyclopedia of environmental biology, vol 3. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 479-484.
66. Lindau CW, Hossner LR (1982) Sediment fractionation of Cu, NI, Zn, Cr, Mn, and Fe in one experimental and three natural marshes. J Environ Qual 11: 540-545.
67. Lovley DR (1995) Microbial reduction of iron, manganese, and other metals. Adv Agron 54: 175-231.
68. Lwanga MS, Kansiime F, Denny P, Scullion J (2003) Heavy metals in Lake George, Uganda, with relation to metal concentrations in tissues of common fish species. Hydrobiologia 499: 83-93.
69. Madejón P, Murillo JM, Maraňón T, Espinar JL, Cabrera F (2006) Accumulation of As, Cd and selected trace elements in tubers of Scirpus maritimus L. from Daňana marshes (South Spain). Chemosphere 64: 742-748.
70. Mandernack KW, Lynch L, Krouse HR, Morgan MD (2000) Sulfur cycling in wetland peat of the New Jersey Pinelands and its effect on stream water chemistry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64: 3949-3964.
71. Mansfeldt T (2004) Redox potential of bulk soil and soil solution concentration of nitrate, manganese, iron, and sulfate in two Gleysols. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 167: 7-16.
72. Marcussen H, Joergensen K, Holm PE, Brocca D, Simmons RW, Dalsgaard A (2008) Element contents and food safety of water spinach (Ipomea aquatica Forssk.) cultivated with wastewater in Hanoi, Vietnam. Environ Monit Assess 139: 77-91.
73. Masscheleyn PH, Pardue JH, DeLaune RD, Patrick WH Jr (1992) Chromium redox chemistry in lower Mississippi Valley Bottomland Hardwood wetland. Environ Sci Technol 26: 1217-1227.
74. Mattiuzzo E, Favero L, Zennaro F, Franco D (2007) Heavy metal behavior in an experimental free water surface wetland in the Venice Lagoon watershed. Water Air Soil Pollut 183: 143-151.
75. Mazej Z, Germ M (2009) Trace element accumulation and distribution in four aquatic macrophytes. Chemosphere 74: 642-647.
76. McDonald DD, Ingersoll CG, Berger TA (2000) Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Tocixol 39: 20-31.
77. Megonikal JP, Hines ME, Visscher PT (2004) Anaerobic metabolism: linkage to trace gases and aerobic processes. In: Schlesinger WH (ed) Biogeochemistry. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, pp 317-424.
78. Mishra VK, Upadhyay AR, Pandey SK, Tripathi BD (2008) Concentrations of heavy metals and aquatic macrophytes of Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar an anthropogenic lake affected by coal mining effluent. Environ Monit Assess 141: 49-58.
79. Moore JW, Sutherland DJ (1981) Distribution of heavy metals and radionuclides in sediments, water, and fish in an area of Great Bear Lake contaminated with mine waters. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 10: 329-338.
80. Morel FMM, Hering JG (1993) Principles and applications of aquatic chemistry. Wiley, New York.
81. Morse JW, Luther GW (1999) Chemical influences on trace metal-sulfide interaction in anoxic sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63: 3373-3378.
82. Mungur AS, Shutes RBE, Revitt DM, House MA (1994) An assessment of highway runoff treatment by natural wetlands. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on wetland systems for water pollution control. ICWS Secretariat, Guangzhou, P. R. China, pp 669-676.
83. Murdoch A, Capobianco J (1978) Study of selected metals in marshes on Lake St. Clair, Ontario. Arch Hydrobiol 84: 87-108.
84. National Standard of PR China (1995) Soil Environmental Quality (GB 15618-1995). Standards Press of China, Beijing.
85. Obarska-Pempkowiak H (2001) Retention of selected heavy metals: Cd, Cu, Pb in a hybrid wetland system. Watere Sci Technol 44(11-12): 463-468.
86. Obarska-Pempkowiak H, Klimkowska K (1999) Distribution of nutrients and heavy metals in a constructed wetland system. Chemosphere 39: 303-312.
87. Ojo OE, Mashauri DA (1996) Uptake of heavy metals in the root-zone of Msimbazi reeds. In: Proceedings of 5th international conference on wetland systems for water pollution control. Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria.
88. Oke BH, Juwarkar AS (1996) Removal of heavy metals from domestic wastewater using constructed wetland system. In: Proceedings of 5th international conference on wetland systems for water pollution control. Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria.
89. Orru H, Orru M (2006) Sources and distribution of trace elements in Estonian peat. Glob Planet Change 53: 249-258.
90. Otero XL, Macias F (2002) Variation with depth and season in metal sulfides in salt marsh soils. Biogeochemistry 61: 247-268.
91. Otte ML, Kearns CC, Doyle MO (1995) Accumulation of arsenic and zinc in the rhizosphere of wetland plants. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55: 154-161.
92. PAS (1994) Protection of Agricultural Soils. Czech Law 13/1994 (in Czech).
93. Peng K, Luo C, Lou L, Li X, Shen Z (2008) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the aquatic plants Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq. And their potential use for contamination indicators and in wastewater treatment. Sci Tot Environ 392: 22-29.
94. Pokorný J, Pechar L, Radová J, Bastl J, Drbal K, Švehla J (1999) Heavy metals in ecosystems of Luznice River and Nadeje fishpond system (Trebon Biosphere Reserve. In: Vymazal J (ed) Nutrient cycling and retention in natural and constructed wetlands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp 144-155.
95. Ramos L, Hernandez LM, Gonzales MJ (1994) Sequential fraction of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in soils from or near Donana National Park. J Environ Qual 23: 50-57.
96. Remacle J, Muguruza L, Fransolet M (1992) Cadmium removal by a strain Alcaligenes denitrificans isolated from a metal-polluted pond. Water Res 26: 923-926.
97. Samecka-Cymerman A, Kempers AJ (2001) Concentration of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification. Sci Tot Environ 281: 87-98.
98. Samecka-Cymerman A, Kempers AJ (2004) Toxic metals in aquatic plants surviving in surface water polluted by copper mining industry. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 59: 64-69.
99. Samecka-Cymerman A, Stepien D, Kempers AJ (2004) Efficiency in removing pollutants by constructed wetland purification systems in Poland. J Toxicol Environ Health A 67: 265-275.
100. Santos-Oliveira J, Fernandes JA, Alves C, Morais J, Urbano P (1999) Metals in sediment and water of free reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steudel) stands. Hydrobiologia 415: 41-45.
101. Schierup H-H, Larsen VJ (1981) Macrophyte cycling of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in the littoral zone of a polluted and a non-polluted lakes I. Availability, uptake and translocation of heavy metals in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Aquat Bot 11: 197-210.
102. Scholes L, Shutes RBE, Revitt DM, Forshaw M, Purchase D (1998) The treatment of metals in urban runoff by constructed wetlands. Sci Tot Environ 214: 211-219.
103. Sheoran AS, Sheoran V (2006) Heavy metal removal mechanism of acid mine drainage in wetlands: a critical review. Miner Eng 19: 105-116.
104. Shomar BH, Müller G, Yahya A (2005) Seasonal variations of chemical composition of water and bottom sediments in the wetland of Wadi Gaza, Gaza Strip. Wetl Ecol Manag 13: 419-431.
105. Shutes RB, Ellis JB, Revitt DM, Zhang TT (1993) The use of Typha latifolia for heavy metal pollution control in urban wetlands. In: Moshiri GA (ed) Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 407-414.
106. Simpson RL, Good RE, Walker R, Frasco BR (1983) The role of Delaware River freshwater tidal wetlands in the retention of nutrients and heavy metals. J Environ Qual 12: 41-48.
107. Singer PC, Stumm W (1970) Acid mine drainage-the rate limiting step. Science 167: 1121-1123.
108. Sobolewski A (1996) Metal species indicate the potential of constructed wetlands for long-term treatment of mine drainage. J Ecol Eng 6: 259-271.
109. Sobolewski A (1999) A review of processes responsible for metal removal in wetlands treating contaminated mine drainage. Int J Phytoremed 1: 19-51.
110. Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1981) Aquatic chemistry. An introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
111. Sundby B, Caetano M, Vale C, Gobeil C, Luther GW, Nuzzio DB (2005) Metal-rich concretions on the roots of salt marsh sediments. Environ Sci Technol 39: 2080-2086.
112. Švehla J, Chrastný V, Bastl J, Mikuláš R (2002) Content of some hazardous heavy metals in sediments of selected fishponds in South Bohemia. In: Papáček M (ed) Biodiversity and nature of Novohradské mountains. South Bohemian University and Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic, pp 53-57.
113. Szymanowska A, Samecka-Cymerman A, Kempers AJ (1999) Heavy metals in three lakes in west Poland. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 43: 21-29.
114. Taylor GJ, Crowder AA (1983) Uptake and accumulation of heavy metals by Typhalatifolia in wetlands of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Can J Bot 61: 63-73.
115. Teuchies J, de Deckere E, Bervoets L, Meynendonckx J, van Regenmortel S, Blust R, Meire P (2008) Influence of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in a contaminated tidal freshwater marsh soil colonized with common reed (Phragmites australis). Environ Pollut 155: 20-30.
116. Tonkin JW, Balistrieri LS, Murray JW (2004) Modeling sorption of divalent metal cations on hydrous manganese oxide using the diffuse double layer model. Appl Geochem 19: 29-53.
117. U. S. EPA (1994) Determination of trace elements in waters and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Method 200. 8. US Environmental Protection Agency.
118. U. S. EPA (1995) Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices including ash, biological tissue, oil, oil contaminated soil, sediment, sludge, and soil, Method 3052. US Environmental Protection Agency.
119. Verloo M, Cottenie A (1972) Stability and behavior of complexes of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb with humic substances in soil. Pedologie 22: 174-184.
120. VLAREBO (1996) Decision of the Flemish Government of 05/03/96 concerning Flemish regulations with regard to soil remediation. Belgian Government Gazette 05/03/96 (in Dutch).
121. Von der Heyden CJ, New MG (2004) Sedimentary chemistry: a history of mine contaminant remediation and an assessment of processes and pollution potential. J Geochem Explor 82: 35-57.
122. Vymazal J (1995) Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic-state of the art. Water Sci Technol 32(2): 357-364.
123. Vymazal J (1996) The use of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic. Ecol Eng 7: 1-14.
124. Vymazal J (2001) Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: their potential for nutrient removal. In: Vymazal J (ed) Transformations of nutrients in natural and constructed wetlands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp 1-93.
125. Vymazal J (2002) The use of sub-surface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic: 10 years experience. Ecol Eng 18: 633-646.
126. Vymazal J (2003) Distribution of iron, cadmium, nickel and lead in a constructed wetland receiving municipal sewage. In: Vymazal J (ed) Wetlands-nutrients, metals and mass cycling. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp 341-363.
127. Vymazal J (2009) Horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands Ondřejov and Spálené Poříčí in the Czech Republic-15 years of operation. Desalination 246: 226-237.
128. Vymazal J, Krása P (2003) Distribution of Mn, Al, Cu and Zn in a constructed wetland receiving municipal sewage. Water Sci Technol 48(5): 299-305.
129. Vymazal J, Kröpfelová L (2005) Growth of Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic. Ecol Eng 25: 606-621.
130. Wieder RK (1989) A survey of constructed wetlands for acid coal mine drainage treatment in the eastern United States. Wetlands 9: 299-315.
131. Wong CSC, Wu SC, Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Aydin A, Wong MH (2007) Trace metal contamination of sediments in an e-waste processing village in China. Environ Pollut 145: 434-442.
132. Woulds C, Ngwenya BT (2004) Geochemical processes governing the performance of a constructed wetland treating acid mine drainage, Central Scotland. Appl Geochem 19: 1773-1783.
133. Yang Z, Li B, Li G, Wang W (2007) Nutrient elements and heavy metals in the sediment of Baiyangdian and Taihu Lakes: a comparative analysis of pollution trends. Front Agric China 1: 203-209.
134. Yao Z, Gao P (2007) Heavy metal research in lacustrine sediment: a review. Chin J Ocean Limnol 25: 444-454.
135. Ye ZH, Baker AJM, Wong M-H, Willis AJ (1997) Zinc, lead and cadmium tolerance, uptake and accumulation by Typha latifolia. New Phytol 136: 469-480.
136. Ye Z, Baker AJM, Wong M-H, Willis AJ (1998) Zinc, lead and cadmium accumulation and tolerance in Typha latifolia as affected by iron plaque on the root surface. Aquat Bot 61: 55-67.
137. Zhulidov AV, Headley JV, Robarts RD, Nikanorov AM, Ischenko AA, Champ MA (1997) Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in contaminated wetlands of the Russian Arctic. Mar Pollut Bull 35: 252-259.
138. Zuidervaart I (1996) Heavy metals in constructed wetlands. Institute of Botany, Třeboň.