The positive effect of negative emotions in protracted conflict: The case of anger

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 157-164

  Reifen Tagar, Michal ^a   Federico, Christopher M ^a   Halperin, Eran ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Anger; Group emotions; Intergroup conflict; Non violence; Policy preferences; Risk taking

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650016652     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.09.011     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Arnold M.B. Emotion and personality 1960, Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Averill J.R. Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion 1982, Springer-Verlag, New York.
3. Averill J.A. Studies on anger and aggression. American Psychologist 1983, 38:1145-1160.
4. Bar-Tal D. Socio-psychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist 2007, 50:1430-1453.
5. Bar-Tal D., Halperin E., De Rivera J. Collective emotions in conflict: Societal implications. Journal of Social Issues 2007, 63:441-460.
6. Berkowitz L. Aggression: Its causes, consequences and control 1993, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
7. Canetti-Nisim D., Halperin E., Sharvit K., Hobfoll S. A new stress-based model of political extremism: Personal exposure to terrorism, psychological distress and exclusionist political attitudes. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2008, 53:363-369.
8. Carver C.S., Harmon-Jones E. Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:183-204.
9. Central Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Statistical abstract of Israel. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics.
10. Cheung-Blunden V., Blunden B. The emotional construal of war: Anger, fear and other negative emotions. Peace and Conflict - Journal of Peace Psychology 2008, 14:123-150.
11. Collins D. Pretesting survey instruments: An overview of cognitive methods. Quality of Life Research 2003, 12:229-238.
12. Davidson R.J., Jackson D.C., Kalin N.H. Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:890-909.
13. Fischer A.H., Roseman I.J. Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:103-115.
14. Fischhoff B., Gonzalez R.M., Lerner J.S., Small D.A. Evolving judgments of terror risks: Foresight, hindsight, and emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 2005, 11:124-139.
15. Friedman R., Anderson C., Brett J., Olekalns M., Goates N., Lisco C.C. The positive and negative effects of anger on dispute resolution: Evidence from electronically mediated disputes. Journal of Applied Psychology 2004, 89:369-376.
16. Frijda N.H. The emotions 1986, Cambridge University Press, New York.
17. Halperin E. Group-based hatred in intractable conflict in Israel. Journal of Conflict Resolution 2008, 52:713-736.
18. Halperin E. (in press). Emotional barriers to peace: Negative emotions and public opinion about the peace process in the Middle East. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology.
19. Halperin, E & Gross, J. J. (in press). Long-term sentiments predict anger responses during the Gaza war. Group processes and intergroup relations.
20. Halperin, E., Russell, A., Dweck, C & Gross, J. J. (in press). Anger, hatred, and the quest for peace: Anger can be constructive in the absence of hatred. Journal of Conflict Resolution.
21. Halperin, E., Sharvit, K., & Gross, J. J. (in press). Emotions and emotion regulation in conflicts. In D, Bar-Tal (Ed) Intergroup conflicts and their resolution: Social psychological perspective. New-York: Psychology Press.
22. Harmon-Jones E., Sigelman J. State anger and prefrontal brain activity: evidence that insult-related relative left prefrontal activity is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80:797-803.
23. Heider F. The psychology of interpersonal relations 1958, Wiley, New York.
24. Hogg M.A., Abrams D. Social identity and social cognition: Historical background and current trends. Social identity and social cognition 1999, 1-25. Blackwell, Oxford. D. Abrams, M. Hogg (Eds.).
25. Horowitz D.L. Ethnic groups in conflict 1985, University of California Press, Berkeley.
26. Huddy L., Feldman S., Cassese E. On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. The dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior 2007, 202-230. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL. A. Crigler, M. MacKuen, G. Marcus, W.R. Neuman (Eds.).
27. Iyer A., Leach C.W. Emotion in inter-group relations. European Review of Social Psychology 2008, 19:86-125.
28. James W. What is an emotion?. Mind 1884, 19:188-204.
29. Lazarus R.S. Emotion and adaptation 1991, Oxford University Press, New York.
30. Lerner J.S., Gonzalez R.M., Small D.A., Fischhoff B. Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science 2003, 14:144-150.
31. Lerner J.S., Keltner D. Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition and Emotion 2000, 14:473-493.
32. Lerner J.S., Keltner D. Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:146-159.
33. Mackie D.M., Devos T., Smith E.R. Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:602-616.
34. Mackie D.M., Smith E.R. Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review 1998, 105:499-529.
35. From prejudice to intergroup relations: Differentiated reactions to social groups 2002, Psychology Press, Philadelphia. D.M. Mackie, E.R. Smith (Eds.).
36. Mackie D.M., Smith E.R., Ray D.G. Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:1866-1880.
37. Maoz I., McCauley C. Threat perceptions and feelings as predictors of Jewish-Israeli support for compromise with Palestinians. Journal of Peace Research 2009, 46:525-539.
38. Mayer B. The dynamics of conflict resolution 2000, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
39. Mook D.G. In defense of external invalidity. American Psychologist 1983, 38:379-387.
40. Moons, W. R., Leonard, D. J., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2008). I feel our pain: Conformity to group-based emotion norms. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Santa Barbara.
41. Petersen R.D. Understanding ethnic violence: Fear, hatred, and resentment in twentieth century Eastern Europe 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
42. Pronin E., Kennedy K., Butsch S. Bombing versus negotiating: How preferences for combating terrorism are affected by perceived terrorist rationality. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2006, 28:385-392.
43. Roseman I.J., Wiest C., Swartz T.S. Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 67:206-221.
44. Rydell R.J., Hugenberg K., Ray D., Mackie D.M. Implicit theories about groups and stereotyping: The role of group entitativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007, 33:549-558.
45. Rydell R.J., Mackie D.M., Maitner A.T., Claypool H.M., Ryan M.J., Smith E.R. Arousal, processing, and risk-taking: The consequences of intergroup anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008, 34:1141-1152.
46. Skitka L.J., Bauman C.B., Aramovich N.P., Morgan S.G. Confrontational and preventative policy responses to terrorism: Anger wants a fight and fear wants "them" to go away. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2006, 28:375-384.
47. Scherer K.R. On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. Approaches to emotion 1984, 293-317. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. K.R. Scherer, P. Ekman (Eds.).
48. Small D.A., Lerner J.S., Fischhoff B. Emotion priming and attributions for terrorism: Americans' reactions in a national field experiment. Political Psychology 2006, 27:289-298.
49. Smith E.R. Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception 1993, 297-315. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.M. Mackie, D.L. Hamilton (Eds.).
50. Smith E.R. Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and of the self-concept. Social identity and social cognition 1999, 183-196. Blackwell, Oxford. D. Abrams, M. Hogg (Eds.).
51. Smith C.A., Ellsworth P.C. Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1985, 48:813-838.
52. Smith E.R., Mackie D.M. Intergroup emotions. Handbook of emotions 2008, 428-439. Guilford, New York, NY. 3rd ed. M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland-Jones, L.F. Barrett (Eds.).
53. Smith E.R., Seger C.R., Mackie D.M. Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:431-446.
54. Snyder M. Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1974, 30:526-537.
55. Tam T., Hewstone M., Cairns E., Tausch N., Maio G., Kenworthy J. The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 2007, 10:119-136.
56. Van Dijk E., Van Kleef G.A., Steinel W., Van Beest I. A social functional approach to emotions in bargaining: When communicating anger pays and when it backfires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:600-614.
57. Van Kleef G.A., Van Dijk E., Steinel W., Harinck F., Van Beest I. Anger in social conflict: Cross-situational comparisons and suggestions for the future. Group Decision and Negotiation 2008, 17:13-30.
58. Watson D., Clark L.A., Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:1063-1070.
59. Yzerbyt V., Dumont M., Wigboldus D., Gordin E. I feel for us: The impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies. British Journal of Social Psychology 2003, 42:533-549.
60. Zajonc R.B. Emotions. The handbook of social psychology 1998, Vol. 1:591-632. McGraw-Hill, Boston. 4th ed. D. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, G. Lindzey (Eds.).